Agricultural Engineering

AGRONOMY MOD. 2 has a primary objective of imparting scientific, technical, and practical knowledge for understanding the evaluation and management of key factors influencing crop production. The course offers an overview of applied agronomy fundamentals, catering to students aspiring to strengthen their expertise in topics essential for sustainable agroecosystem management within planetary limits. Special emphasis will be placed on soil tillage/management systems, equipment/machinery, and irrigation and fertilization practices across various agricultural contexts, with a focus on integrating strategies for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Dublin Descriptors
Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
Students will understand:
The significance of soil- and crop-related variables (e.g., soil properties, crop species) and soil–crop management practices (e.g., tillage, irrigation, fertilization) in optimizing yield performance and quality standards of field crops within sustainable agro-ecosystems.
The key elements of the cropping cycle for the most commonly cultivated field crops in the Po Valley.
Climate-smart fertilization strategies, including methods for assessing nutrient losses and improving nutrient use efficiency.
The principles of efficient agro-hydraulic installations and irrigation systems, along with techniques for evaluating water losses and increasing irrigation water use efficiency.
Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to:
Analyse soil and crop variables to inform management decisions for yield and quality optimization in sustainable farming systems.
Design and implement climate-smart fertilization plans based on nutrient balance assessments.
Evaluate and improve irrigation system performance to enhance water use efficiency.
Apply regenerative agriculture practices to real-world field conditions in the Po Valley context.
Making judgement
Students will be able to:
Assess the suitability of different soil management, fertilization, and irrigation strategies for specific crops and environmental conditions.
Critically evaluate the environmental and agronomic impacts of alternative management practices.
Communication
Students will learn to:
Prepare technical reports on soil and crop management strategies, justifying chosen approaches and evaluating results.
Present findings and recommendations effectively to peers, farmers, and technical stakeholders.
Lifelong learning skills
Students will learn:
 How to address complex soil–crop management challenges from problem identification to the design, implementation, and evaluation of sustainable solutions.
 How to continuously integrate scientific advances and new technologies into practical agricultural decision-making.

Course contents:
Topic 1. Sustainable agro-ecosystems for sustainable crop production: principles and approaches to maintaining and improving soil health, with a focus on regenerative agriculture practices. Topics include soil physical, chemical, and biological properties; the role of organic matter; and strategies to enhance soil quality through targeted soil management practices. Special attention will be given to soil tillage operations, examining both conventional techniques and innovative approaches aimed at improving soil structure and sustainability.
Topic 2. Nitrogen balance and fertilization planning: methods for calculating N-balance at field scale; development of tailored fertilization plans based on crop requirements, soil nutrient availability, and environmental constraints. Overview of fertilizers (mineral, organic, and bio-based) and fertilization strategies, including timing, dosage, application methods, and the reuse and valorization of organic fertilizers from agricultural and agro-industrial sources.
Topic 3. Agro-hydraulic installations and irrigation systems: design principles, components, and operational aspects of modern irrigation systems (surface, sprinkler, and drip systems). Practical methods for assessing system efficiency, detecting water losses, and applying best practices to improve irrigation water use efficiency in different soil and crop conditions.

Prova orale obbligatoria
Oral examination on covered topics and relevant sources, with three questions for each student. Each question carries a maximum score of 10/30.
Type of assessment
Description
Dublin descriptor
Oral exam
Theoretical questions
Exercises
1,4
1, 2, 3

Comprehensive notes and study materials provided during the lectures
Hanks, J., Principles of Agronomy, Editore: Callisto Reference, Anno edizione: 2016, ISBN: 1632396408
Ceccon, P., Fagnano, M., Grignani, C., Monti, M., Orlandini, S., Agronomia, Editore: EdiSES edizioni, Anno edizione: 2017, ISBN: 9788879599658

Funzioni reali di due o più variabili reali: limiti, continuità, curve e superfici di livello, gradiente, differenziabilità e approssimazione lineare, derivate successive, formula di Taylor; ottimizzazione libera; ottimizzazione vincolata, metodo dei moltiplicatori di Lagrange. Equazioni differenziali lineari: equazioni del primo e del secondo ordine, principio di sovrapposizione, struttura dell'integrale generale, esistenza ed unicità per il problema ai valori iniziali, tecniche di risoluzione. Serie di Fourier: convergenza puntuale, spettro di ampiezza. Integrali doppi e tripli: proprietà ed applicazioni, formule di riduzione, cambiamento di variabili (coordinate polari, cilindriche, sferiche). Curve nello spazio: regolarità, retta tangente e piano normale. Integrali di linea: lunghezza di una curva, lavoro di un campo vettoriale, campi vettoriali conservativi, funzione potenziale.
Un argomento in alternativa tra
a) Superfici in R3: area, integrali di superficie, flusso di un campo vettoriale attraverso una
superficie; teoremi della divergenza e del rotore nel piano e nello spazio.
b) Sistemi differenziali lineari: struttura dell'integrale generale, esistenza ed unicità per il problema ai valori iniziali.

This course aims at introducing the students to the basic concepts of farm animal anatomy and physiology, particularly those related to livestock productions. Cellular and molecular mechanisms will be presented to build a general view of physiological principles and bodily functions. Emphasis will be placed on nervous, muscular, endocrine, and reproductive systems. On completion of this course, students will be able to describe the basic structure and functions of cells, tissues, and organs, the general functioning and anatomical features of the animal body. The students will also be able to analyze the regulatory mechanisms that maintain homeostasis, and the physiological mechanisms underlying farm animal productions (e.g. milk, meat, eggs) and reproduction. Students are expected to be able to successfully deliver a correct and precise description of the main physiological mechanisms, using proper scientific and biological terms and to integrate the information gained during the course with knowledge on biochemistry and genetics. At the end of the course the students are expected to hold learning capacities suitable to autonomously elaborate on specific topics related to animal physiology, and to evaluate them in a critical way.

The course develops the concept of energy and focuses on the processes involved in energy conversion, transport and storage highlighting the limitations implied by the fulfillment of the 1 st and 2 nd principles of thermodynamics. The different energy sources are considered with respect to their nature (renewable or not), environmental impact, suitability to meet specific energy needs, and conversion technologies, with specific emphasis on the agricultural context.
Teaching implements innovative teaching through active learning and continuous feedback.

DdD 1: Knowledge and Understanding
Upon passing the exam, the student knows and understands:
fundamental principles, generalizations, theories, and concepts of the 1st and 2nd principles of thermodynamics with the underlying basic concepts of thermodynamics.
theoretical and empirical tools necessary to apply mass, energy, and entropy balances to systems containing perfect gases, liquids, solids, or two-phase fluids.
main forms of energy: mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, and electromagnetic.
heat transfer mechanisms.
main processes of energy conversion, transport, and storage, being aware of their environmental impact and their application to the agricultural sector.
main energy sources and their potential to meet global energy needs, with specific regard to the agricultural sector.
DdD 2: Applying Knowledge and Understanding
Upon passing the exam, the student:
is able to select useful principles to solve problems of energy conversion, transport, and storage.
is capable of using basic models for the analysis and design of energy systems.
draws diagrams and designs simple energy systems.
measures the performance and defines the specifications of energy systems.
computes the efficiency of basic energy conversion processes.
identifies and quantifies conductive, convective, and radiative heat transfer.
sizes simple systems like distribution pipelines, pumps, compressors, turbines, heat exchangers, engines, HVAC systems, PV panels, etc.
is able to apply knowledge to specific problems in the agricultural energy sector.
DdD 3: Making Judgments
Upon passing the exam, the student:
evaluates the accuracy of the operations and calculations performed.
identifies the most suitable data structures and procedures to solve the specific proposed problems.
compares benefits and drawbacks of different energy approaches.
DdD 5: Learning Skills
Upon passing the exam, the student:
independently makes and communicates design choices made.
is able to use the knowledge and skills acquired to methodically address energy engineering and plant-related problems.
These expected learning outcomes are aligned with the “Descrittori di Dublino” and ensure that students acquire a solid foundation of theoretical knowledge, practical skills, and critical competences necessary to tackle challenges in the field of energy engineering.

1. Fundamentals of energy, energy sources, and energy needs (6 h)
a) Basic concepts and quantities: systems, state quantities (intensive and extensive), equilibrium and non-equilibrium states, reversible and irreversible processes. b) Forms of energy: internal (sensible, latent, chemical, and nuclear energy) and mechanical (kinetic, potential, and flow energy). c) Energy transfer by heat and by work: – Mechanical forms: dilation and deformation of elastic bodies, shafts, springs, and stretching of liquid films. – Non-mechanical forms: electrical and magnetic. d) Challenges of the energy sector at the global level. e) Classification, reservoirs, and potential of energy resources.
2. The 1st and 2nd principles of thermodynamics: limitations of energy conversion processes (16 h)
a) Energy balance and mechanisms of energy transfer in closed and open systems. b) Energy conversion efficiencies. c) Thermal energy reservoirs, heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps: physical limitations to thermomechanical energy conversion efficiencies. d) The concept of entropy and its relation to the limitations in thermomechanical energy conversion. e) Entropy balance and lost work in closed and open systems.
3. Review of the calculation of the properties of pure substances and mixtures (6 h)
a) Specific heat capacities and phase-change enthalpy. b) Calculation of energy, enthalpy, and entropy variations for ideal gases, liquids, and solids.
4. Basic thermomechanical energy conversion (6 h)
a) Ideal gas cycles and gas engines: Otto, Diesel, Stirling, and Joule–Brayton. b) Vapor cycles and steam engines: Rankine, Hirn. c) Vapor compression refrigerators and heat pumps.
5. Thermal energy transport: conduction, convection, and radiation (8 h)
a) Conductive and convective thermal resistances. b) Forced and natural convection principles. c) Heat transfer between black and gray bodies. d) Simultaneous heat transfer mechanisms.
6. Basic solar and wind energy (4 h)
a) Characteristics of extraterrestrial and terrestrial solar radiation and availability of solar radiation on a surface. b) Flat-plate thermal collectors: principle of operation, thermal energy balance, and basic design. c) Photovoltaic cells: principle of operation, electrical characteristics of the cell, thermal energy balance, and basic design. d) Wind turbines: wind speed availability, principle of operation, and basic design.
7. Applications to the agricultural sector and smart farms (4 h)
a) Agrivoltaics, agricultural vehicles, and land use. b) Solar greenhouse: principles and basic design. c) Earth-to-air heat exchangers. d) Eco-sustainable materials for food storage, animal stalls, and farming.

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
Students will be evaluated with a written test with questions and exercises.
Assessment Methods (DdD 1):
Exercises: Exercises related to the 1st and 2nd principles of thermodynamics assess students' comprehension of energy balance, energy transfer mechanisms, and thermodynamic limitations. Exercises on basic thermomechanical energy conversion processes, thermal energy transport mechanisms, heat transfer, and solar and wind energy principles allow students to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios.
Questions: These questions gauge students' understanding of the application of energy fundamentals and different forms of energy in the agricultural field.
Assessment Methods (DdD 2):
Design and Analysis Tasks: Exercises include drawing diagrams, designing simple energy systems, measuring performance, defining specifications, and sizing systems such as distribution pipelines, pumps, compressors, turbines, heat exchangers, engines, HVAC systems, and PV panels.
Assessment Methods (DdD 3):
Comparison with the numerical solution: Exercises require students to evaluate the accuracy of their operations and calculations, identify appropriate data structures and procedures, and compare different energy approaches.
Assessment Methods (DdD 5):
Active Learning: Engaging students in solving exercises in the classroom through group activities and discussions to foster collaboration and enhance problem-solving skills.
Continuous Feedback: Implementing a continuous feedback system that allows students to monitor their learning progress and receive guidance on areas for improvement. This includes providing a series of completed and unfinished exercises, as well as self-assessment sheets.

Yunus Cengel, John Cimbala and Afshin Ghajar, Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences, Editore: McGraw-Hill
Note: Sixth Edition

The goal of the course is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of biomolecules and how they are involved in metabolic processes, as well as the ability to apply this knowledge to solve complex problems in biological systems. Each topic is treated theoretically, and some concepts will be acquired through laboratory experiences (If the laboratory is available) and class exercises.

Lectures and exercise sessions will allow students to:
Understanding of Biomolecules: Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the structure, properties, and functions of biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Enzyme Catalysis: Students will learn about enzyme structure, mechanisms of enzyme catalysis, and factors that influence enzyme activity. They will understand how enzymes function as biological catalysts and regulate biochemical reactions.
Metabolic Pathways: Students will explore the major metabolic pathways involved in energy production and utilization, such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. They will understand the interconnectedness of these pathways and how they contribute to cellular metabolism.
Bioenergetics: Students will gain knowledge of the principles of bioenergetics, including thermodynamics and the role of ATP in energy transfer and utilization within cells.
The project laboratory will allow students to acquire biochemical techniques:
Students will develop practical skills in basic biochemical techniques. They will understand how these techniques are used in biochemical processes.
Summarize and present the results achieved during the analysis and specification activities.

This course will cover a wide range of topics that delve into the molecular basis of life and the chemical processes occurring within living organisms, such as:
Introduction to biochemistry: an overview of the scope and importance of biochemistry, introduction to biomolecules, and basic principles of bioenergetics.
Structure and function of biomolecules: an in-depth study of the structure, properties, and functions of biomolecules, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Enzymes and enzyme kinetics: enzyme structure, mechanism of enzyme catalysis, enzyme kinetics, and factors influencing enzyme activity.
Metabolism: an overview of metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and photosynthesis. Emphasis on energy production and utilization.
Carbohydrate metabolism: study of carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and metabolism, including glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis.
Lipid metabolism: an examination of lipid digestion, absorption, and metabolism, including fatty acid oxidation, biosynthesis, and cholesterol metabolism.
Amino acid and protein metabolism: amino acid structure and classification, protein synthesis, post-translational modifications, and amino acid metabolism, including nitrogen balance, urea cycle, and amino acid degradation.

Prova scritta obbligatoria, con prove in itinere
Prova orale obbligatoria
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
A written and oral exam at the end of the course is required.

The aim of this course is to introduce the student to the fundamental aspects of logic control systems, and to the advanced architectures of continuously modulated control systems, with particular attention to their applications to smart agriculture. Furthermore, technological issues related to the implementation of these control systems are discussed as well.
At the end of the course, case studies are presented to show the application of continuously modulated and logic control systems to different fields of agriculture automation, including farming and livestock management.

Dublin Descriptors
Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
Students will understand:
The mathematical representation of a continuous and discrete process
The methods to design and tune modulated and logic control systems
The methods to design and tune industrial regulators, and advanced control architectures for continuous processes
The methods to design and tune pole placement, optimal and model predictive controllers for continuous processes
The technological aspects involved in the implementation of modulated and logic control systems
Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to:
Develop the model of simple continuous and discrete processes
Select the most appropriate design and tuning approach to solve a specific modulated or logic control problem
Implement and test different modulated and logic control algorithms applied to simple experimental processes relevant to the agricultural field
Making judgement
Students will be able to:
Decide which modelling, design and tuning technique to adopt and how to apply them for the control of continuous and discrete processes
Communication
Students will learn to:
Write a report on a project describing and motivating the decisions taken and the results obtained
Present their work in front of their colleagues and teachers
Lifelong learning skills
Students will learn:
How to solve a realistic control problem, including modulated and logic control, from the development of the model, to the design, tuning and implementation of the control system

The course is structured in five modules. Among them, two core modules act as the foundations of the course, developing students’ understanding of key aspects of continuously modulated and logic control systems. A further module builds students’ understanding on how control systems fit into the context of agriculture automation.
Module 1: Introduction
The role of control in smart agriculture and precision farming.
Introduction to continuously modulated and logic control systems.
Examples of applications of continuously modulated and logic control systems to farming and livestock management.
Fundamentals of hardware, software and control architectures.
Module 2: Logic control systems
Introduction to logic control systems and logic control architectures.
PLC hardware and software architecture.
Fundamentals of PLC programming and IEC61131 standard.
SFC language: states, transitions and actions, control structures.
Discrete event systems. Plant modelling using SFC and finite state machines.
Module 3: Modulated control systems
A review on frequency domain control system design tools.
Industrial regulators: tuning and auto-tuning techniques, implementation issues, two-degree-of-freedom controllers.
Cascaded-control and feed-forward control actions.
Fundamentals of advanced control structures and multivariable control.
A review on time domain control system design tools.
Pole placement control and state estimation of LTI systems.
Fundamentals of optimal control for nonlinear systems. Finite and infinite horizon LQ control.
Fundamental of linear and nonlinear Model Predictive Control.
Module 4: Case studies
Examples of application of continuously modulated control systems to smart agriculture and precision farming.
Examples of application of logic control systems to livestock management.
The theoretical part is combined by:
numerical exercises on modulated control system analysis and design, and logic control system modelling, analysis and desgin;
software laboratories on implementation and validation of logic and modulated control systems.

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
Prova orale condizionata (a scelta del docente)
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i facoltativo (a scelta dello studente), di gruppo, senza revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
The final assessment can be:
a) a written exam, consisting of both numerical exercises and theoretical questions; or
b) a practical project, that each student or group of students can partially develop during laboratories and partially at home (project description and corresponding submission rules are introduced during laboratories), followed by an oral discussion (to access the oral discussion and present the project, each student must pass a short multiple-choice test on theory).
An oral exam may be requested, at the teacher's discretion, only in cases where there are doubts or issues regarding the evaluation of the written exam.
Type of assessment
Description
Dublin descriptor
Written exam
Theoretical questions
Exercises
1,4
1, 2, 3
Practical project
Assessment of the design and experimental implementation of a modulated and logic control system developed by students in groups
2, 3, 4, 5
Oral presentation
Assessment of the presentation of the practical project developed by students in groups
2, 3, 4, 5

P. Bolzern, R. Scattolini, N. Schiavoni, Fondamenti di controlli automatici, Editore: McGraw-Hill Italia, Anno edizione: 2015, ISBN: 9788838668821
Gene F. Franklin, J. Da Powell, Abbas Emami-Naeini, Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems, Editore: Pearson, Anno edizione: 2015, ISBN: 9780133496598
Norman S. Nise, Control Systems Engineering, Editore: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., ISBN: 9780470917695
Lalo Magni, Riccardo Scattolini, Advanced and multivariable control, Editore: Esculapio, Anno edizione: 2023, ISBN: 9788893853675
Bonfatti, Monari, Sampieri, IEC 1131-3 Programming Methodology, Editore: CJ International
C. Bonivento, L. Gentili, A. Paoli, Sistemi di automazione industriale - Architetture e controllo, Editore: McGraw-Hill Italia, Anno edizione: 2011, ISBN: 8838664404
G. Magnani, G. Ferretti, P. Rocco, Tecnologie dei sistemi di controllo, Editore: McGraw-Hill Italia, Anno edizione: 2007, ISBN: 9788838663215

The collection, analysis, and interpretation of data generated by natural and artificial processes are paramount to making informed decisions. The processes investigated in this course are related to agriculture, with the aim of optimizing agricultural production through the use of resources where they are needed and only when they are needed. The course will lead to the understanding of which are the various data sources available in agriculture, from which sensors they originate, and what they can be used for.
The main descriptive (mathematical) and operational (software) tools for processing, visualizing, and analyzing data will be provided. In particular, the following topics will be covered:
Integration, cleaning, and encoding of tabular, temporal, and spatial data.
Basic models for regression, classification, and clustering.

Dublin Descriptors
Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
Students will learn:
· How to process tabular, temporal, and spatial data in terms of cleaning and encoding
· Basic principles of regression, classification and clustering
Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to:
· Pre-process acquired data for cleaning and storage
· Design a regression / classification / clustering solution for the problem at hand
Making judgements
Given a relatively complex problem, students will be able to:
· Analyze and understand the goals, assumptions, and requirements associated with the problem
· Define the algorithmic procedure to solve the problem (e.g., choice of a suitable solution, parameters estimation and tuning, etc.)

The course is organized through a mix of theoretical lectures and practical computer activities that contribute to the assessment of students' learning outcomes. Lectures include the following topics:
Data management: data pre-processing, data cleaning, feature engineering, data imputation, and data rebalancing.
Algorithms: supervised and unsupervised learning paradigms, feature selection and model assessment, basic supervised models for regression and classification, and basic unsupervised models for clustering.
In order to bring students closer to software implementations of the topics of the course, students will be shown how to develop prototypes of the mentioned algorithms in Python.

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i condizionato (a scelta del docente), individuale, senza revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
The assessment will be based on a written exam at the end of the course that consists of theoretical questions and exercises. Students may ask for an additional project and the requests will be evaluated by the instructors.
Type of assessment
Description
Dublin descriptor
Written test
Theoretical questions on all course topics
· Data cleaning and managing techniques
· Supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods
1, 2, 3
Assessment of practical homework
Execution of practical homework exercises
· Application of machine learning techniques to small datasets
· Application of data pre-processing techniques
2, 3

Gareth James, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, Jonathan Taylor, An Introduction to Statistical Learning with Applications in Python, Editore: Springer, Anno edizione: 2023, ISBN: 978-3-031-38746-3 https://www.statlearning.com
Note: The textbook can be downloaded for free from https://www.statlearning.com
Other material could be made available during the course.

Introduzione ai problemi di controllo (finalita, prestazioni e strategie). Sistemi fisici e modelli matematici. Sistemi dinamici e non dinamici, variabili di stato e forma normale, equilibrio, modello lineare tangente a un sistema in un punto di lavoro. Analisi di sistemi lineari tempo-invarianti nel dominio del tempo: movimento e risposta, principio di sovrapposizione degli effetti, stabilita. Analisi di sistemi lineari tempo-invarianti nel dominio della frequenza: trasformazione di Laplace, funzione di trasferimento, cancellazioni e stabilizzabilita, realizzazioni di una funzione di trasferimento, schemi a blocchi, risposta in frequenza, banda passante. Analisi delle prestazioni di un sistema di controllo in retroazione lineare, tempo-invariante: criteri di stabilita, margini di fase e di guadagno, precisione dinamica (banda passante e funzione di sensibilita, disturbi sulla linea d'andata, errori di misura e di trasmissione), precisione statica, disturbi periodici. Progetto di massima per tentativi di un sistema di controllo elementare. Controllori industriali lineari (PID) e non lineari (a commutazione). Regole di taratura

Introduzione ai problemi di controllo (finalita del controllo, prestazioni e tipologie dei sistemi di controllo). Sistemi fisici e modelli matematici. Sistemi orientati (sistemi dinamici e non dinamici, tempo-invarianti e tempo-varianti, lineari e non lineari; variabili di stato e forma normale, condizioni di equilibrio, modello lineare tangente a un sistema in un punto di lavoro). Analisi di sistemi lineari tempo-invarianti nel dominio del tempo (movimento e risposta, principio di sovrapposizione degli effetti, stabilita di un movimento, stabilita del sistema, criteri di stabilita). Elementi di analisi dei segnali: trasformazioni principali e loro proprieta. Analisi di sistemi lineari tempo-invarianti nel dominio della frequenza (movimento e risposta, principio di sovrapposizione degli effetti, funzione di trasferimento, cancellazioni e scomposizione canonica di Kalman (cenno), stabilizzabilita, realizzazioni di una funzione di trasferimento, schemi a blocchi, analisi di stabilita di un sistema descritto da uno schema a blocchi, risposta in frequenza, banda passante). Analisi delle prestazioni di un sistema di controllo lineare, tempo-invariante, ad anello chiuso: criteri di stabilita (asintotica, robusta), margini di fase e di guadagno, precisione dinamica (banda passante e funzione di sensibilita, disturbi sulla linea d'andata (di carico e d'uscita), errori di misura e di trasmissione), precisione statica, disturbi periodici. Progetto di massima per tentativi di un sistema di controllo elementare. Controllori industriali lineari (PID) e non lineari (a commutazione). Regole empiriche di taratura. Architetture non elementari (controllo e compensazione ad anello aperto, controllo in cascata, disaccoppiamento). Controllo digitale (cenni).
Struttura di massima di un calcolatore, algoritmi, programmi e linguaggi, sistemi operativi. Logica e codifica binaria dell'informazione (logica proposizionale, operatori logici AND, OR, NOT, rappresentazione dei numeri interi in forma binaria ed esadecimale, codifica dei numeri reali, codifica dei caratteri). Aspetti fondamentali della programmazione (con riferimento al linguaggio C): il linguaggio di programmazione e le esigenze di astrazione, la sintassi dei linguaggi, struttura di un programma monomodulo, astrazione sui dati (concetto di tipo e tipi base del linguaggio, operatori e compatibilità, i costruttori di tipo array, struct, puntatori), astrazione sul controllo dell'esecuzione (strutture di controllo condizionali, di selezione, iterative). Sottoprogrammi e ricorsione: sottoprogrammi come astrazione sul controllo a livello di unità, passaggio dei parametri, dati locali, regole di visibilità, sviluppo top down per raffinamento, ricorsione, record di attivazione, pila. Strutture dati dinamiche, liste collegate a puntatori. Strutture dati persistenti: i file (concetti, operazioni, organizzazione logica).

Materials play a primary role in modern agriculture and in primary food production.
The course on Materials for agriculture aims to introduce:
The main properties of materials relevant for Food and Agriculture applications;
A review of the main materials classes and the basic principles of materials selection;
The application of materials in some agritech-relevant context.

At the end of the course, students will be able to demonstrate the following competencies, aligned with the Dublin Descriptors:
ILO Code
Intended Learning Outcome (ILO)
Dublin Descriptor
1.1
Describe the industrial landscape and technical requirements of materials used in agritech applications.
Knowledge and Understanding
1.2
Explain the main physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of materials, including relevant transport phenomena.
Knowledge and Understanding
1.3
Outline the criteria for materials selection in agritech contexts.
Knowledge and Understanding
2.1
Apply knowledge of materials properties and selection criteria to identify and solve technical problems in the agritech industry.
Applying Knowledge and Understanding
2.2
Develop technically sound solutions for case-study problems through systematic analysis.
Applying Knowledge and Understanding
3.1
Critically evaluate technical data and information from diverse sources.
Making Judgements
3.2
Assess the suitability of materials and solutions for specific agritech applications, considering technical performance, cost, and sustainability.
Making Judgements
4.1
Organize and present technical content clearly and effectively, both in written reports and oral presentations.
Communication Skills
4.2
Communicate the results of a technical solution to a case-study problem to both specialist and non-specialist audiences.
Communication Skills
5.1
Independently research, collect, and synthesize technical information relevant to materials for agritech.
Learning Skills
5.2
Demonstrate the ability to continue learning and updating knowledge in the field of materials science for agritech applications.
Learning Skills

Section I. Properties of Agricultural Materials:
Physical properties. Shape and size. Surface area. Volume and density. Thermal and hygroscopic expansion.
Mechanical properties. The background of rheology and Characteristics of biological materials. Methods of characterization
Water storage in agricultural materials. Physics of water storage. Adsorption and desorption of water. Equilibrium moisture content. Moisture adsorption by hygroscopic materials. Internal moisture movement. Mass transfer at the surface. Mass-transfer coefficients. Moisture gradients. Contact moisture exchange.
Food Contact Materials. Legal framework, methods for the evaluation migration in FCM.
Behaviour of agricultural produce when sealed and its influence on packaging materials
Section II. Materials classes and selection of materials.
The materials selection process. The approach for analytical selection. The Ashby maps. Software and databases for selection.
Polymers and composites. Classification. Biostable and Biodegradable Materials. Composting.
Hydrogel-based materials for delivery of nutrients and plant protection products
Natural materials. Biomass and processing.
Inorganic materials.
Section III. Examples of applications and assignments:
The class will be divided into working groups, to each workgroup will be assigned a topic/case study in some agritech-relevant context
Each work group will analyze the assigned case study and present the progress to the class in two or three milestone
Applications and practical examples will be selected on a yearly basis and introduced with industrial seminars and/or field visits

Prova scritta condizionata (a scelta del docente), senza prove in itinere
Prova orale obbligatoria
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
The final exam will be based on a case study related to an agritech materials problem in an industrial context developed during the year. The case studies will be proposed either by the instructor or by invited speakers.
The students will present to the class their progress at each milestone report, and a peer-review evaluation process will be performed. The grade obtained during the peer-review process will be part of the final grade ( Dublin descriptors: Making Judgements; Learning Skills ).
The final exam will consist of three parts:
1. A written report, to be submitted at least one week before the examination date ( Dublin descriptors: Applying Knowledge and Understanding; Making Judgements; Learning Skills );
2. An oral presentation, based on the selected case study, supported by slides ( Dublin descriptor: Communication Skills );
3. At the end of the presentation, the instructor will pose questions related to the presentation and topics presented during class hours. Depending on the number of students, this part may be converted into a written test ( Dublin Descriptors: Knowledge and Understanding; Applying Knowledge and Understanding ).
The written report will assess:
1. The ability of the student to correctly define the scenario and the technical needs;
2. The ability to collect and critically evaluate information from literature, market and patents;
3. The ability to summarize results and present them in a technical/scientific report.
The written/oral examination and the milestone report presentation will assess:
1. The quality of exposure and expertise in the use of specialized vocabulary;
2. The ability to discuss technical problems, by organizing discursively knowledge;
3. The level of general knowledge of the topics proposed during the teaching.

Gy. Sitkey, Mechanics of agricultural materials, Editore: Elsevier https://shop.elsevier.com/books/mechanics-of-agricultural-materials/sitkei/978-0-444-99523-0
Tomy J. Gutiérrez, Polymers for Agri-Food Applications, Editore: Springer https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-19416-1

The course aims to provide students with foundational knowledge in microbiology, enabling them to understand the roles and significance of microorganisms in agricultural, food, and environmental systems. It will provide a broad understanding of the biochemical and genetic mechanisms that govern the life of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms, and introduce the principles behind the systems that control their growth, ecological interactions, and industrial applications.

Dublin Descriptors
Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
Students will:
Demonstrate understanding of prokaryotic cell structure, morphology, genetics, metabolism, and growth requirements.
Describe microbial taxonomy, classification methods, and phylogenetic relationships.
Explain microbial ecological roles in soil, water, and plant-associated environments, including their influence on biogeochemical cycles and plant health.
Understand microbial applications in agriculture, environmental management, and bioenergy production.
Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to:
Identify and classify microorganisms using phenotypic and molecular methods.
Select and prepare appropriate culture media and conditions for microbial growth and isolation.
Apply knowledge of microbial metabolism and ecology to propose solutions for environmental or agricultural challenges, such as bioremediation or sustainable crop production.
Relate microbial genetic mechanisms to their applications in biotechnology and industrial processes.
Making judgement
Students will be able to:
Assess the potential benefits and risks of microorganisms in agri-food and environmental systems.
Evaluate microbial data to make informed conclusions about community composition, diversity, and functional roles.
Critically interpret experimental results to propose appropriate microbial management strategies.
Communication
Students will learn to:
Present microbiology-related topics clearly to both specialist and non-specialist audiences, using correct scientific terminology.
Prepare written reports or oral presentations on microbial identification, ecology, and applications.
Lifelong learning skills
Students will learn to:
Access, interpret, and critically evaluate scientific literature in microbiology.
Develop autonomous learning strategies to keep pace with advances in microbial ecology, biotechnology, and environmental microbiology.

Credit 1
The prokaryotic cell: morphology, size, chemical composition, and structure
Movement of the bacterial cell
Bacterial endospores
Energy metabolism or catabolism
Transportation systems
Bacterial nutrition and growth: nutritional groups and relevant culture media
Pure culture, type strain, conservation of bacterial cells and international collections
Credit 2
Prokaryote genetics and chromosome organisation.
Plasmids
Insertion sequences and transposons
Bacteriophages and phage-resistance
Horizontal genetic transfer systems: transformation, conjugation, translation
The organisation of the prokaryotic gene. Hints on gene regulation. Mutations, the Ames test and mutagenicity.
Credit 3
Classical or phenotypic taxonomy
Taxonomy and phylogenesis
Genotypic methods for classification
Bergey's Manual and bacterial systematics
Phylogenetic classification
Bacterial identification methods
Credit 4
Elements of microbial ecology,, definitions, terminology, and concepts
From individuals to populations and communities. α-diversity and β-diversity, factors shaping the structure and functions of microbial communities
Interactions among microorganisms: quorum sensing, syntrophy, antimicrobials
Anaerobic digestion for biogas and biomethane production
Dark fermentation, photofermentation, and microbial electrolysis cells for biohydrogen production
Wastewater and drinking water treatments
Credit 5
Soil functions governed by microbes: biogeochemical cycles, plant nutrition, turnover and stabilization of organic matter, bioremediation, greenhouse gases emissions and sinks
The rhizosphere at the heart of soil fertility: definitions, structure, and activity
Friends and foes at the plant-soil interface: microbial pathogens and useful microorganisms
Direct and indirect mechanisms of plant growth promotion by bacteria and fungi
Impact of agronomical practices on the soil microbiota
Biostimulants and microbial plant protection products

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
At the end of the course there will be a final written test that will cover the five credits of the course. The exam is aimed at ascertaining the student's level of knowledge, understanding, and linking skills regarding the topics covered.

Pdf files, Lectures
Scientific research articles, Case studies
Madigan, Bender, Buckley, Sattley, Stahl, Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Editore: Pearson, Anno edizione: 2021, ISBN: 9780134874401
Note: 16th Edition
Reineke, Schlömann, Environmental Microbiology, Editore: Springer, Anno edizione: 2023, ISBN: 978-3-662-66546-6

Il principale obiettivo dell'insegnamento è quello di fornire le nozioni necessarie per comprendere il funzionamento di una macchina e degli organi che la compongono, nonché di fornire i metodi e gli strumenti necessari ad affrontare, formalizzare e risolvere alcuni tra i principali problemi ingegneristici relativi alla cinematica e alla dinamica di una macchina e, più in generale, di un sistema di corpi rigidi in moto piano.
Gli obiettivi dell’insegnamento riguardano in particolare:
strumenti e metodi per costruire un modello matematico di un sistema meccanico piano o di una macchina atto a rappresentarne il comportamento dal punto di vista cinematico e dinamico;
le conoscenze necessarie per la comprensione del funzionamento di una macchina (o di un sistema meccanico piano in generale), e dei loro principali componenti, con riferimento ai dispositivi e organi per la trasmissione e la trasformazione del moto anche nelle fasi di avviamento e di arresto;
i procedimenti per valutare le prestazioni di una macchina o di un sistema meccanico;
i criteri in base ai quali selezionare il motore e gli organi di una macchina in relazione al loro tipo di impiego.
L’insegnamento si inserisce all’interno del percorso degli studi perseguendo alcuni degli obiettivi generali di apprendimento dichiarati. In particolare, l’insegnamento contribuisce allo sviluppo delle capacità di:
Comprendere i principi scientifici ed ingegneristici fondamentali e la loro declinazione nelle principali tecnologie adottate in impresa
Interagire in modo professionale, efficace, responsabile e costruttivo con i colleghi in ambito lavorativo.

Conoscenza e comprensione
A seguito del superamento dell’esame, lo studente:
conosce le metodologie ed i principi per analizzare la cinematica e la dinamica di un sistema meccanico in moto piano e di una macchina
comprende e conosce le modalità di funzionamento di una macchina e di un sistema meccanico in moto piano
conosce la modalità di funzionamento dei principali organi delle macchine
apprende le modalità di descrizione e rappresentazione anche mediante metodi grafici del comportamento dei sistemi meccanici
Capacità di applicare conoscenza e comprensione
A seguito del superamento dell’esame, lo studente:
è in grado di effettuare analisi cinematiche e dinamiche di semplici sistemi meccanici nel piano e di semplici macchine
è in grado di comprendere e descrivere il funzionamento di una macchina o di un sistema meccanico dal punto di vista cinematico e dinamico
sa analizzare il movimento e calcolare le azioni dinamiche agenti su un sistema meccanico in moto piano e su una macchina
è in grado di rappresentare le prestazioni ed il movimento di una macchina e di un sistema meccanico piano anche mediante rappresentazioni grafiche
è in grado di analizzare le caratteristiche dei principali componenti di una macchina
sa comunicare efficacemente i risultati dell’analisi prestazionale svolta su un sistema meccanico

Cinematica del corpo rigido e dei sistemi meccanici a corpi rigidi. Richiami di cinematica del punto. Il corpo rigido: il vincolo di rigidità - coordinate libere di un corpo rigido - atto di moto rigido piano. I vincoli più comuni e la loro descrizione cinematica (cerniera, appoggio, contatto, puro rotolamento...). Il teorema dei moti relativi nel piano. Calcolo del numero di gradi di libertà per sistemi di corpi rigidi nel piano. Il metodo dei numeri complessi per l’analisi cinematica di sistemi piani - catene cinematiche aperte e chiuse, equazione di chiusura. Applicazioni: cinematica del manipolatore piano R-R, cinematica del manovellismo ordinario centrato (approssimazioni del primo e secondo ordine), del quadrilatero articolato e del glifo.
Dinamica dei sistemi meccanici a corpi rigidi. Baricentro di un corpo e sue proprietà - Momento di inerzia di massa rispetto a un asse - Equilibrio dinamico dei sistemi di corpi rigidi: cinetostatica e dinamica dei sistemi meccanici piani. Teorema di conservazione dell’energia (bilancio delle potenze). Applicazioni al calcolo del moto di sistemi meccanici.
Azioni mutue nei sistemi meccanici. Il contatto tra solidi, attrito statico, radente, contatto di rotolamento e resistenza al rotolamento. Cenni sulle azioni esercitate da un fluido su un solido.
Dinamica della macchina. Schema generale della macchina, caratteristica meccanica del motore e dell’utilizzatore. La trasmissione, rapporto di trasmissione e rendimento. Dinamica della macchina a regime e in moto vario.
Organi delle macchine. Sistemi per la trasmissione e la trasformazione del moto: trasmissioni a ingranaggi, a cinghia, a catena. Treni di ingranaggi semplici, composti, epicicloidali. Riduttore epicicloidale e differenziale. Cenni sul confronto tra le trasmissioni di potenza: campi di utilizzo, rendimento, ingombri, rumorosità.
Cenni sul controllo di una macchina. Controllo di una macchina e analisi di stabilità: applicazione relativo al controllo di velocità.
Le esercitazioni del corso consistono in esercizi applicativi riguardanti la maggior parte dei temi trattati durante le lezioni.

Prova orale condizionata (a scelta del docente)
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
Il corso è articolato su una serie di lezioni e di esercitazioni applicative, connesse agli argomenti delle lezioni, volte a consolidare le conoscenze ed i metodi appresi a lezione, in base anche ad esempi introduttivi per lo svolgimento della prova d'esame.
Scopo della prova d'esame è di verificare le capacità di applicare conoscenze dei metodi di analisi cinematica e dinamica a un sistema meccanico o una macchina e di verificare la capacità di esporre efficacemente le nozioni fondamentali degli argomenti trattati a lezione. L'esame riguarderà nozioni esposte a lezione e riportate sui testi consigliati o forniti direttamente agli studenti mediante la piattaforma WeBeep.
L'esame si basa principalmente sullo sviluppo di un progetto con specifiche richieste connesse agli argomenti trattati e su una prova orale in cui si discute il progetto e le esercitazioni pratiche svolte durante il corso.

N. Bachschmid, S. Bruni, A. Collina, B. Pizzigoni, F. Resta e A. Zasso, FONDAMENTI DI MECCANICA TEORICA ED APPLICATA, Editore: Mc Graw Hill, ISBN: 9788838668869

The course aims to provide basic information about terramechanics, farmland locomotion, and agricultural vehicles. Starting from current vehicle architecture and implements, the module will present their development with respect to electrification and autonomous driving. The module will also provide the student information about digital modeling applications in farming.

Knowledge and understanding

• Basics of terramechanics and soil properties
• Principles of offroad locomotion
• Knowledge of agricultural vehicle architecture, components, and implements
• Current/future development of EV and AGV in agriculture
  Applying knowledge and understanding
• Selection of appropriate vehicles and implements for specific farming tasks
• Quantitative computation of machinery performance
• Application of simulation techniques in farming operations
  Making judgements
• Critical understanding of problems in offroad locomotion
• Evaluation of vehicle/implement combinations for efficiency and sustainability
• Consideration of safety issues in farming operations
  Communication
• Communicating technical aspects of vehicle architecture, implements, and performance to both specialists (engineers, researchers) and non-specialists (farmers, stakeholders)
• Engagement with Sustainable Development Goals (societal relevance)
  Learning skills
• Ability to continue learning about emerging technologies (electrification, automation, digital modeling)
• Preparedness for research or advanced professional roles in agricultural engineering

Topic 1 Terramechanics and soil mechanical properties
Topic 2 Offroad locomotion: wheel and track sinkage, tractive performances, energy requirements.
Topic 3 Standard agricultural vehicle: architecture and main components. Special agricultural vehicles: specialized vehicles for vineyards, orchards, harvesting, …
Topic 4 Implements requirements and interface.
Topic 5 Developments in agricultural vehicles: electrification and automation.
Topic 6 Modeling farming machinery and operations.
Topic 7 Safety in farming operations

Prova orale obbligatoria
The exam will be oral. There are no partial tests.
During the oral exam, the student will be offered at least two open questions on the topics covered in the lectures and in the exercises. Short numerical exercises may also be required. The questions are formulated in order to verify the achievement of the expected results from the course.

G. Mastinu, M. Ploechl, Road and off-road vehicle system dynamics handbook, Editore: CRC, Anno edizione: 2014, ISBN: 9780849333224
Note: E-book available from https://www.biblio.polimi.it, only selected chapters are required for the course module
Macmillan, R. H., The mechanics of tractor-implement performance: theory and worked examples: a textbook for students and engineers http://hdl.handle.net/11343/33718

The aim of the course is to provide the basic instruments to understand, analyze and manage agricultural businesses and supply chains. More in detail, the first goal is to ensure that students understand the structure and the dynamics of agricultural supply chains. The second is to help students develop analytic skills to analyse the functioning of the supply chains and their impacts for society. The third is to provide students with the theoretical and conceptual resources to discuss and draw independent conclusions as they confront with real-life cases and policy choices. The latter will be developed in the second part of the course that is organised as a Lab. Students will work in teams on the project work that will be presented (and evaluated) at the end of the course.

Dublin Descriptor
Learning Outcomes
Knowledge and understanding

• Understand the structure and dynamics of agricultural supply chains and the firms operating within them
• Be aware of the main technological, sustainability, and policy trends affecting agricultural supply chains
  Applying knowledge and understanding
• Critically adapt knowledge of agricultural supply chains to real-world cases and projects
• Understand the relationship between supply chain design and management decisions and different organizational or societal outcomes
  Making judgements
• Make appropriate supply chain design and management decisions to pursue different economic, social and/or environmental goals
  Communication
• Draft effective written reports and deliver effective oral presentations on agricultural supply chain management, engaging with actors and organization of the agricultural supply chain
  Lifelong learning skills
• Learn how to critically analyze contemporary and emerging issues for agribusinesses and agricultural supply chains

This course addresses the management of agricultural businesses and supply chains. The following topics will be tackled:
Business management and economics for agriculture: Definition and importance of agricultural firms and agricultural supply chains; Organizational models for the agricultural business; Markets and competition (demand and supply, market structures, industry concentration, market power and market failures); Business strategic planning (strategic decisions and strategic planning process, SWOT analysis, Porter’s five forces, value chain model, business model canvas); Financial statements (income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, main financial analysis indicators); Evaluation of short term decisions (breakeven analysis, production mix, make or buy) and investments (Discounted Cash Flow methods; NPV, IRR, payback time)
Supply chain design and strategies in agriculture: Supply chains and supply chain management; Structure and actors in agricultural supply chains; Industry concentration across the agricultural supply chain; Price volatility and power imbalances in agricultural supply chains; Agricultural supply markets and purchasing strategies (Kraljic matrix); Downstream supply chain design (Fisher’s model); Global supply chains and their configurations (SCOR Model, Source Make Delivery); Vertical integration and transaction costs
Sustainability and trends in agricultural supply chain management: Basic concepts of business and supply chain sustainability (Stakeholders and stakeholder theory, Sustainability, Triple Bottom Line and Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainable Development Goals, synergies and trade-offs in sustainable development, Planetary boundaries, Doughnut econonomics, Circular and Regenerative economy); Social and environmental sustainability in agricultural supply chains; Sustainability certifications; Cross-sector collaboration with third sector and public organizations
Policy in agricultural supply chains: Policy for the sustainability of agricultural supply chains (environmental policy, industrial policy, trends in EU regulation on sustainability and sustainability reporting); Regulations for Geographical Indications; Common Agricultural Policy
The materials for this course is based on.ppt presentations, research articles and reports, and will be provided by the lecturers (via WeBeep)

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
Prova orale condizionata (a scelta del docente)
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
The standard assessment is made up of two parts:
Written exam: 65%
Project Work: 35% (The Project Work is carried out in groups during the second part of the course, and outputs are delivered and presented by students in a dedicated session during the last week of the course)
An increase of up to 2 points for high quality participation to teamwork and class discussions
Teachers reserve the right to integrate or replace the written exam with an in-depth oral examination.
Type of assessment
Description
Dublin descriptor
Written exam
Multiple-choice questions + Open questions on both theoretical topics, small case studies, and numerical exercises
1, 2, 3, 4
Project work
Brief tackling a real-world issue in the agricultural supply chain
2, 3, 4, 5
Class participation
Assessment of the quality of the individual contribution to class discussion (including group discussions)
2, 3, 4, 5

Please see the references to each subject in the dedicated field

The course aims to teach students the theory of mechanical modeling of agricultural systems and actuators. The first part of the course will introduce the modeling principles and techniques, focusing on the kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies in 2D and 3D space, with some agricultural machines serving as examples. The principal models in mechanical systems focus on tire-soil traction forces and rolling resistance. Then, hydraulic systems and actuators are modeled and controlled, showing their application in agricultural machines and how they are used in tractor suspensions, where the comfort induced by mechanical vibrations is analyzed. In the final part of the course, the modeling of electric motors is presented, taking into account the dynamics of the actuator. A controller for autonomous driving and navigation of tractors is proposed. Finally, the ISO bus communication system is discussed.

Dublin Descriptors
Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
Students will learn and understand:

• The physical principle governing the motion of a mechanical system made of rigid bodies
• The basic physical principle behind a hydraulic actuator and an electric motor.
  Applying knowledge and understanding
  Students will be able to:
• Model tractors and implements using equations and commercial multibody software.
• Choose from a commercial catalog the correct electric or hydraulic actuator for an agricultural machine subsystem.
• Choose the motion law for the desired motion of a tractor or implement subsystem.
  Making judgement
  Students will be able to:
• Decide which actuator and relative commanding system is most suitable for the implement under analysis.
  Communication
  Students will learn to:
• Present their work in front of their colleagues and teachers
  Lifelong learning skills
  Students will learn:
• How to size and choose the correct actuator for an agricultural implement based on the calculation of the motion and the forces applied.

Basics of Kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies in 3d space
Introduction to tire contact forces
Stability and control of a single-degree-of-freedom machine
Hydraulic actuators modeling
Hydraulic and hydro-pneumatic suspensions for tractors and implements
Comfort for operators and active control of vibrations
Electric motors generalities, thermal modeling, service level, and duty
Global positioning and path-following control for tractor autonomous driving
The ISOBUS communication protocol for data logging and implement control

Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, senza revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
The exam consists of presenting a project work that students must develop during the course. The students were asked to take an agricultural machine, which explained its kinematic and dynamic behavior. The correct actuators must be identified, taking into account their steady-state and transient behavior. Eventually, control strategies are designed to make the machine work as expected. The students will use Matlab/Simulink software to write and solve equations and generate a report based on simulation results.
After passing the exam, the students will

• learn how to model agricultural machinery from the mechanical point of view, including hydraulic and electric actuators (DdD1)
• know how to correctly choose the actuators to fulfill the force and speed requirements of the machine (DdD2 and 3)
• know how to work in a small group of engineers to complete a design task of a small machine (DdD4 and DdD5)

Lecture Notes https://webeep.polimi.it/login/index.php
Hibbler R. C., Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics in SI Units, Editore: Pearson, Anno edizione: 2016, ISBN: 978-1292088723
Cheli, F., & Diana, G., Advanced dynamics of mechanical systems, Anno edizione: 2020
Ogata, K., Modern control engineering, Anno edizione: 2010
Dorf, R. C., & Bishop, R. H., Modern Control Systems, Anno edizione: 2011

The course provides quantitative tools based on environmental engineering methodologies and techniques for the description and management of the impacts of agri-food sector on the environment and natural resources to promote its sustainability and circularity. The module A, involving a combination of lectures, classworks and project work, is specifically addressed to the introduction and discussion of most relevant elements related to environmental pollution assessment, management and control, and circular economy challenges and opportunities.

Dd1 – Knowledge and comprehension
After the course attendance, the student knows:
the basic elements related to environmental impacts and sustainability in the agri-food sector, including fundamental phenomena involved in pollutant formation, transformation, fate and impacts, risk assessment and regulatory aspects
the methodologies for pollution assessment and characterization in environmental matrices (water, air, soil) and the fundamentals of state-of-the-art technologies for pollution management and control
the principles of established and emerging circular economy solutions for resource recovery in the agri-food sector and related current challenges and opportunities in the view of sector sustainability
Dd2 – Ability to apply knowledge and comprehension
After the course attendance, the student knows:
how to technically approach environmental impact and sustainability issues in the agri-food sector (terminology, classification, methods)
how to analyse a case-study in the agri-food sector by appropriate comprehensive and quantitative methodologies (pollution phenomena identification, description and characterization)
how to identify most appropriate routes towards sustainability in the agri-food sector, including the identification of technologies and practices for pollution management and control as well as for resource recovery from waste and by-products

MODULE #1 – Environmental engineering for the agri-food sector
LECTURES: The agri-food sector in the environment: from development to sustainable development | Environmental pollution principles: conventional and emerging pollutants from the agri-food sector | Fundamentals of applied biology, chemistry and physics for pollution phenomena | Fate and impacts of contaminants on the quality and use of natural resources and on health | (Eco)toxicity principles and fundamentals of risk assessment | European and national framework legislation for environmental protection – CLASSWORKS: Basic concepts of pollution phenomena and environmental engineering applied to the agri-food sector
MODULE #2 – Pollution assessment, management and control
LECTURES: Strategies to characterize, prevent, reduce, and correct adverse environmental impacts of the agri-food sector | Pollution assessment, management and control in different environmental matrices (water, air and soil) | Technologies and pratices for water supply, wastewater treatment, air treatment, soil and solid waste | Climate change – CLASSWORKS: Applications for the different environmental matrices (water, air, soil), applications for solid waste
MODULE #3 – Circular economy
LECTURES: Circular economy principles, challenges and opportunities in the agri-food sector | Sustainable and circular management of livestock residues | Carbon bioeconomy, CCUS | Biomass and biowaste valorization| Sustainability assessment in the agri-food sector | CLASSWORK: Tools for sustainability assessment in the agri-food sector
PROJECT WORK on the application of environmental engineering in the agri-food sector by the analyses of case studies

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
Prova orale obbligatoria
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
The examination consists of different parts:

• Project work discussion (formative assessment during the semester + oral exam): up to 10 points / 31
• Combined written + oral exam (on the same day): up to 21 points / 31
  The combined written + oral exam is a way to assess the knowledge and the ability to apply it:
• The written part is composed by three questions (each counting 5 points). The overall duration is 1.5 hours. In relation to applicative contents, no structured exercises will be included, but only the simplified application of methodologies presented in the classwork will be required. Exam examples are provided.
• The oral part consists of a discussion (counting 6 points) aimed at the verification of learning, with the specific purpose of approaching proposed case-studies with a problem-solving attitude. Some questions could be focused on the project work if a mark could not be determined during the formative assessment.
  The positive outcome in the written part (9 points or more) is needed to access the oral part.
  The examination is aimed at assessing candidates' skills with respect to three Dublin descriptors: Dd1 – Knowledge and comprehension, Dd2 – Ability to apply knowledge and comprehension, Dd4 - Communications skills and Learning skills.

Handouts of the course https://webeep.polimi.it/

Main goals of the course are:

• To describe available technologies to reduce the environmental impact of the agricultural sector
• To provide criteria for appropriate technology selection
• To provide main design criteria and procedures
• To overview the European strategic programs on agriculture sustainability

Dd1 – Knowledge and comprehension
Describe the basic principles including principle of operation, field of applicability, design and selection criteria related to processes and technologies for (i) the management and control of pollution loads from animal farming and food production/processing, and (ii) processes and technologies for the recovery of resources (water, material and bioenergy) from agri-food waste/wastewater/byproducts.
Dd2 – Ability to apply knowledge and comprehension
Make basic design computations based on relevant design criteria.
Dd3 - Making judgement
Select appropriate technologies for pollution management and control for a variety of case studies within the agricultural sectors. Assess advantages and disadvantages of alternative solutions and of the drivers and constrains to be considered in this selection.

Main course contents include:
Relevant European Environmental Strategies and Regulation.
Enabling technologies for pollution management and control and for resource recovery (principles, field of applicability, relevant design/operation parameters):
separation processes, including: (i) solid/liquid separation technologies, (ii) membrane technologies, (iii) precipitation/stripping technologies
reduction/conversion processes including: (i) biological processes applied to carbon removal (aerobic/anaerobic biological solutions), nitrogen and phosphorous removal (enhanced biological nutrient removal technologies); (ii) Thermal processes (incineration, pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization)
pathogen control technologies
advanced oxidation processes for the removal and control of recalcitrant compounds and emerging micropollutants
Overview on innovating and emerging technologies for the implementation of circular economy in agriculture
Case studies of technologies and processes relevant to:
animal manure/wastewater: technologies for the liquid and solid fraction,
energy recovery: biofuels from wastes, the role of agriculture in the production of renewable energy
food processing: cheese and wine production
organic residues from food processing
intensive aquaculture systems
Technical visits to relevant industrial installations in the Cremona province and to the Bioenergy Lab at the University campus.

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
Prova orale obbligatoria
T h e examination aims at verifying that the student masters the course learning outcomes (list and describe environmental technologies, discuss their main characteristics, identify criteria for process/technology selection and design, make basic calculations on process KPIs; set-up mass balances; discuss case studies)
Examination tools include: a written text, including calculations and theoretical evaluation of technologies (for verifying Dd1-2); an oral exam where the student is requested to select appropriate technologies for specific case studies (relevant to Dd3).
The following aspects are evaluated:
Calculations (15/30 points):

• Solving procedure 70%
• Calculations 15%
• Clarity of presentation 15%
  Theoretical/oral questions (15/30 points):
• Critical approach to process selection: 70%
• Adequacy of technical language 15%
• Clarity/thoroughness of presentation 15%

This course aims at providing the student with fundamental criteria, processes and methods to manage operational and supply chain risks in uncertain business contexts and achieve operational resilience against unexpected disruptions. The student will learn and apply different risk modelling and analysis techniques, either qualitative and quantitative, in relation to specific application contexts. A clear understanding of the peculiarities and relevance of adopting risk-informed or resilience-driven decisions, at both strategic and operational level, is achieved through class discussion of real cases in different industrial sectors and seminars from industry managers.

After successful completion of this course the student:
Will demonstrate the ability of classifying and modelling different risk sources in operations and supply chains, eventually selecting sound mitigation strategies (Knowledge and understanding);
Will be able to select and apply proper qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods (Applying Knowledge and understanding);
Will be able to identify and critically discuss emerging relevant ORM&R challenges, leveraging on state-of-the art knowledge (Making Judgements and Learning skills), and editing a final report on the subject matters (Communication).

The course covers the following topics:
Introduction to Operations Risk Management. Operations strategy and Operations Risk Management (ORM). Classifications of operational risks. Integration of Operations Risk Management and Enterprise Risk Management. The Risk Management Process (ISO31000). Risk homeostasis.
Quantitative and Qualitative Risk Assessment. Anatomy of risk (the risk concept and fundamental definitions). Reference Risk Identification and Assessment Methods (ISO31010). Application of Monte Carlo Method to operations risk analysis.
Supply Chain Risk Management. Vulnerabilities of global Supply Chains, the case of COVId-19 pandemic. Operational and disruption risks in Supply Chains. Supply and Supplier Risk Management: Business Impact Analysis of supplier disruptions; FMECA-based supplier assessment; risk-based supplier segmentation. Risk mitigation strategies and the role of digital technologies. Exercises and discussion of cases.
Operational & Supply Chain Resilience. Core resilience functions and resilience capabilities. Business Continuity Management. The influence of Operations strategies and Supply Chain complexity on resilience. Business game and discussion of cases.
The learning experience of this course includes, in addition to face-to-face lectures, numerical exercises, case discussions, a group project, real examples and interactions with guest speakers from industry. Groups of students (max 3) will be engaged in a major assignment focusing on either a state-of-the-art review paper or an ex-post analysis of a supply chain disruption event. The final report will be part of the student assessment process (see next paragraph).

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, senza presentazione/discussione finale
Group Assignment: Groups of students (max 3 students per group) will be engaged in actively applying risk management and operational resilience principles, models and methods by means of a major assignment. The assignment may take the form of a state-of-the-art review paper, or an ex-post analysis of a supply chain disruption event, by making use of the methods and tools presented in class. The assignment is intended to evaluate the student’s ability of critically analysing a novel problem and discuss possible alternative solutions, by integrating different perspectives and contributions coming from the team members.
During classes some minor assignments will be suggested, as an extension of in-class exercises, to be completed in groups on a voluntary basis.
Written test: based on a mix of closed- and open-ended questions, it is intended to evaluate the student’s ability of selecting, justifying and applying the relevant knowledge to manage different sources of uncertainty in industrial operations.
Grading: Student evaluation is based on course assignments:
Group assignment: 50%;
Written test: 50%;
The submission of voluntary minor assignments may award the student with max 0.5/30 point each.

Course instructor, Teaching notes, Case texts and suggested readings
Note: Available on Beep course web page
Waters D., Supply Chain Risk Management: vulnerability and resilience in logistics, Editore: KoganPage, Anno edizione: 2011
Sheffi, Y, The Resilient Enterprise, Editore: The MIT Press, Anno edizione: 2005

ENG
The aim of the course is to provide the elements for the sustainable and efficient management of water resources in agriculture as a tool for support crop production and farm productivity also as adaptation measure to climate change. The course will deal with hydrological processes and the main agricultural practices. Among these: Soil hydrologic and vegetation fluxes, soil infiltration, actual and potential evapotranspiration, monitoring and modelling soil energy and mass fluxes, crop water needs, ground and satellite agricultural measures, European Agricultural Policy, irrigation consortia organizations, design of irrigation systems, precise and parsimonious irrigation, satellite driven automatized irrigation, water productivity, irrigation water efficiency.
ITA
L’obiettivo del corso è fornire gli elementi per la gestione sostenibile ed efficiente delle risorse idriche in agricoltura come strumento di supporto alla produttività agricola anche come misura di adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici. Il corso analizzerà i processi idrologici e le principali pratiche agricole. Tra questi: I sistemi irrigui, bilancio idrologico del terreno agrario, l’infiltrazione nel suolo, evapotraspirazione effettiva e potenziale, monitoraggio e modellizzazione dei flussi energetici e idrici del suolo e della vegetazione, fabbisogni irrigui delle colture, misure al suolo e da satellite per l’agricoltura, Politica Agricola Europea, consorzi irrigui, progettazione di sistemi irrigui, irrigazione parsimoniosa, irrigazione automatizzata guida da dati satellitari, produttività idrica, efficienza irrigua.

Knowledge and understanding: After passing the exam, the student will have the knowledge on the fundamental principles of smart irrigation systems and irrigation water management
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: After passing the exam, the student will have the capacity
-to apply knowledge to specific problems connected to smart irrigation from field to irrigation district scales,
-to design an irrigation system considering the water availability and the crop water requirements, as well as the technical characteristics of each irrigation system
Communication skills: the student will have the ability to present theoretical and practical aspects of smart irrigation in both written and oral form in a clear way.

Soil hydrologic and vegetation fluxes, soil infiltration, actual and potential evapotranspiration, monitoring and modelling soil energy and mass fluxes, crop water needs, ground and satellite agricultural measures, European Agricultural Policy, irrigation consortia organizations, design of irrigation systems, precise and parsimonious irrigation, satellite driven automatized irrigation, water productivity, irrigation water efficiency. climate change impacts on water availability -
Irrigation systems -Full remediation. Legal-administrative and territorial planning aspects connected with the use of water, integral reclamation (the new tasks of reclamation and territorial planning) - hints of hydraulic reclamation: pluviometric surveys, udometric coefficient, hydraulic calculation of reclamation networks - drainage of the soil - hydraulic reclamation for draining and filling, land reclamation, hydraulic reclamation with perennial natural drainage, mechanical drainage, mixed type, construction and operation problems of the networks, main artifacts, dewatering systems.
Irrigation: Irrigation systems (intake works; supply and distribution network; irrigation methods; drainage network; irrigation service) - irrigation water needs, equipment, watering volumes - delivery in turn and on demand, optimization of distribution irrigation networks

Prova orale obbligatoria
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, senza revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
To be admitted to the oral exam, the student should provide a written report on the laboratories carried out in small groups during the course, within one week before the oral exam.
During the oral exam, the student will discuss the achievements of the laboratories plus questions related to the entire program developed during the lessons.
The final exam will allow the student to demonstrate that he has achieved the knowledges related to the estimation of irrigation needs and the design of irrigation systems with traditional and innovative techniques. During the oral exam, the student will have to demonstrate its ability in clearly explaining the topics.

Constantino Constantinidis, Bonifica e Irrigazione, Editore: Utet, Anno edizione: 1998
Adrian Laycock, Irrigation Systems, Editore: Cabi Publications, Anno edizione: 2007
Dean E. Eisenhauer, Derrel L. Martin etc, Irrigation Systems Management, Editore: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), Anno edizione: 2021
R. G. Allen, L. S. Pereira, D. Raes, M. Smith, Crop evapotranspiration - Guidelines for computing crop water requirements http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0490E/X0490E00.htm, Editore: FAO Irrigation and drainage, paper 56, Roma, Anno edizione: 1998

This course aims to provide the basics of low-voltage electrical safety by exposing, discussing and understanding safety issues with reference to electrical industry regulations. Electrical safety is a very important section of electrical installations, because it must contextually protect electrical equipment/systems under any operating condition (transient, steady state, abnormal or fault conditions) and human beings. The course will mainly cover the safety of people from electrical systems, understood as the set of protection systems suitable for preserving the health and safety of human beings interacting with electrical systems. Bearing in mind that low-voltage may involve environments frequented even by people untrained in the selection and use of electrical materials and components, a key role in safety lies with the type of electrical system implemented and the competence of the designer and performer of the system itself.
The course will first recall the legal norms that elect safety against hazards as a right of all citizens and workers, as well as indicate the means and institutions that should guarantee this right.
Some definitions of general terms such as safety and risk will then be given and the methodology for identifying the acceptable level of safety, which, as is well known, is never absolute, will be discussed.
Finally, methods of protecting people from the hazards of electricity suitable for different low-voltage distribution systems will be addressed.
The course will consist of theoretical class lectures and seminars and exercises given by professionals in the field in order to also present the critical issues that may be encountered during the design and implementation of the system as well as the interaction with other branches of engineering with which the systems must coexist.

Upon passing the exam, the student will have achieved:
Knowledge of the legal norms that elect safety against injuries as a right of all citizens and workers and indicate the means and institutions that should guarantee this right.
Ability to recognize and interpret the purpose, structure and operation of low-voltage systems under normal and faulty conditions.
Knowledge of the effects on the human body resulting from the flow of an electric current.
Knowledge of basic concepts related to the problems of interrupting electric current and choosing protection against electrocution.
Ability to interpret and apply concepts regarding safety for people and related regulatory requirements.
Knowledge of protection systems for people to avoid hazards from direct contact with active parts of electrical power systems.
Knowledge of protection systems for people to avoid hazards from indirect contact with grounded parts of electrical power systems.
Ability to assess lightning-related risks to people and/or economic or cultural heritage.
Knowledge and understanding of the main interactions with other branches of engineering to ensure adequate protection of people.

Topic 1: Introduction to electrical safety. General principles of safety. Technical legislation on electrical safety. Electrical risk analysis.
Topic 2: Effects of current in the human body and allowable voltages. The ground as an electrical conductor.
Topic 3: Classification of electrical systems.
Topic 4: Criteria for protection against indirect contacts, in TT, TN, IT systems.
Topic 5: Protection from direct contacts.
Topic 6: Extra-low voltage systems.
Topic 7: Protection against lightnings. Fire protection measures.
Topic 8: Grounding systems.

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
A written test is planned to check the adequate achievement of the main expected learning outcomes. In particular, knowledge of correct terminology, the main industry regulations and the characteristics of different power systems for the purpose of their protection will be assessed.
The exam is written and consists of:
T/F questions (1 point for each correct answer, 0 if no answer, -0.5 points if incorrect)
multiple-choice questions (1 point for each correct answer, 0 if not answered or incorrect)
written questions (up to 7 points for each question)
The maximum final score is 33 points; those who have scored >= 32 are eligible for honors (laude)

Massimo Mitolo, Electrical Safety of Low-Voltage Systems, Editore: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Anno edizione: 2009, ISBN: 9780071508186

The course is conceived as an experiential-based learning process, where students acquire frameworks, models, and tools to develop their business mainly from the experience and advice of practitioners, i.e., entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, business angels, incubator/accelerator managers, with whom the course is designed. The faculty will provide a core of preliminary concepts through frontal lectures on high-tech start-ups’ creation and funding, after that the students will start to work in teams on their own business models, receiving inputs and feedback from practitioners, who participate as guest speakers, and throughout tutoring sessions.
The course fits into the overall program curriculum pursuing some of the defined general learning goals. In particular, the course contributes to the development of the following capabilities:
Understand and design solutions, applying a scientific and engineering approach, in relation to the setting up of a new business, the design of its business model, and the identification of the proper funding channels
Interact in a professional, effective and constructive way in teams and with external practitioners

At the end of the course, the students will be able to:
Comprehend the functioning of the entrepreneurial ecosystem (DdD1 - Capability of knowledge and understanding; DdD2 - Capability of applying knowledge and understanding)
Understand what is a business model and its building blocks (DdD1 - Capability of knowledge and understanding; DdD2 - Capability of applying knowledge and understanding)
Identify the key challenges for the creation of high-tech start-ups and the funding mechanisms available, and understand when it is appropriate to use each of them, according to the specific start-up’s industry, funding requirements and stage of the life cycle (DdD1 - Capability of knowledge and understanding; DdD2 - Capability of applying knowledge and understanding).
Through the project work, the students will also be able to:
Test and validate the business model in the real world with potential customers (DdD3 - Capability of making judgments; DdD4 - Capability of communication)
Write an effective business proposal to ask for funding (i.e., to business angels, venture capitalists, incubator programs..) (DdD3 - Capability of making judgments; DdD4 - Capability of communication)
Effectively work in teams (DdD3 - Capability of making judgments; DdD4 - Capability of communication)
Interact with practitioners of the financial sector (DdD4 - Capability of communication)
Summarize and present the results achieved in the business proposal in front of potential investors clearly and convincingly. (Capability of communication)

The course program includes the following topics:
The creation of high-tech start-ups. Entrepreneurship in high-tech industries and high-tech start-ups in Italy and in the world
The development of of high-tech start-ups, and their performances, including the success factors
The Business Model: what is a business model and how to fund it through equity capital, debt capital and public subsidies
How to design the Business Model: the value proposition and business model testing; the use of the Business Model Canvas framework; organizational structure and management; market strategy and market positioning; competitors’ analysis; how to protect competitive advantages; business model risk assessment
The financing of high-tech start-ups: a series of guest speakers, including entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, business angels, incubator/accelerator managers, will bring their direct experience through success stories regarding the funding (and creation) of high-tech start-ups (entrepreneurs) and explaining their decision-making and investment process (investors)
How to design and perform an effective elevator pitch.

Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, senza revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
Valutazione continua condizionata (a scelta del docente)
Students must identify a new business idea based on an innovative technology (e.g., the results of current scientific research) or an innovative way of doing business in an incumbent industry (e.g., an innovative business model), form an entrepreneurial team, develop a document describing the business model, and prepare an elevator pitch.
The examination consists of the evaluation, by the faculty and a commission of practitioners (including guest speakers of the course), of both the business model document and its presentation before the same commission.
In the examination, students must demonstrate that:
They have a good understanding of the challenges involved in creating and funding a new start-up and of how financial intermediaries and other actors of the entrepreneurial and financial ecosystem may support the start-up’s development
(DdD1 – Knowledge and Understanding; DdD2 – Applying Knowledge and Understanding).
They understand the structure and components of a business model and are able to design and develop one tailored to their business idea
(DdD1 – Knowledge and Understanding; DdD2 – Applying Knowledge and Understanding).
They have effectively validated the proposed business model in the real world and are able to critically assess and select the most appropriate funding channels for the venture
(DdD3 – Making Judgements; DdD2 – Applying Knowledge and Understanding).
They are able to summarize, communicate, and defend the key elements of their business model clearly and convincingly in a public setting through an effective elevator pitch
(DdD4 – Communication Skills).
During the tutoring sessions, as well as in the final examination, students must also demonstrate that:
They are able to work effectively within entrepreneurial teams, contributing constructively to the development of the project and the achievement of shared objectives
(DdD4 – Communication Skills; DdD5 – Learning Skills).
They are able to critically incorporate and leverage feedback and advice provided by practitioners and guest speakers to improve their business model and entrepreneurial proposal
(DdD3 – Making Judgements; DdD5 – Learning Skills).

clips on startup creation made available on Beep
Note: Topics:
team formation;
characteristics of entrepreneurial ecosystems;
startup funding;
business models.
Alexander Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur, Business model generation, Editore: John Wiley & Sons, Anno edizione: 2010

Fonti energetiche rinnovabili
Principi di funzionamento, soluzioni tecnologiche, impatto ambientale e contesti applicativi della grande varietà di impianti che rientrano nella casistica di impianti "FER", sia per fonti non programmabili (sole, vento, acqua corrente), sia per fonti che meglio si prestano ad accumuli (biomassa, FORSU, idroelettrico a bacino) o a produzione di base (geotermia).

Introduzione ai sistemi informativi: tipologie di sistemi informativi, evoluzione dei sistemi informativi. Sistemi di livello operativo, sistemi transazionali. Introduzione a ERP, CRM. Sistemi informativi cooperativi distribuiti. Modellazione dei processi di business (BPM). Supporto all'esecuzione dei processi: tecnologie basate su workflow management systems e su servizi web. Ciclo di vita e pianificazione dei sistemi informativi. Introduzione alla sicurezza dei sistemi informativi: principi di crittografia; applicazioni della crittografia e firma elettronica; sicurezza dei dati; piano di sicurezza.