civil engineering for risk mitigation

The purpose of the course is to revise the main concepts of the mechanics of solids and structures and to introduce the basics of computational mechanics.
The contents introduced with the course should let students perform the numerical analysis of structural problems with a critical assessment of the results.

Knowledge and understanding:
Passing the examination allows the student to understand the basics of the numerical approaches commonly employed in structural analysis, and become aware of their limitations.
Capability to apply knowledge and understanding:
Passing the examination allows the student to gain the ability to perform the numerical analysis of prototype structures using specific software (open source).
Judgement autonomy:
Passing the examination requires the student to perform the critical assessment of the results of his/her homework and lab work, justifying all assumptions made.
Communication skills:
Students performing the voluntary part of the lab work shall cooperate with their classmate and present their results in a clear and concise form.

Linear elastic structural problems: displacement-based formulation.
Linear elements (trusses, thin and thick planar beams): shape functions, compatibility, elastic stiffness matrix, equivalent nodal forces, boundary conditions, reaction forces.
Solution details: beam deflection, internal force distribution.
Geometric stiffness matrix: cables; buckling problems.
Solid elements: shape functions, compatibility matrix, stiffness matrix, selective and reduced integration, stress recovery. Plane problems. Thermal effects.

Altro
The examination consists of a test on the course content and a critical discussion on the results of the numerical application(s) developed by the student in class and at home.
Two lab works are proposed. The first one is individual and compulsory for all students; the second one is performed in pairs, on voluntary basis, and implies the public presentation of the results to the class. Attending only the first lab entails a penalty on the final mark.
The student must be able to self-assess the correttness of the delivered homeworks, making use of all available information sources (handbooks, web, specific software, group discussions,...).

O.C. Zienkiewicz and R.L. Taylor, The Finite Element Method, Volume 1: The basis, Editore: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN: 0-07506-5049-4
A. Taliercio and U. Perego, Fundamentals of structural mechanics, Editore: Esculapio, ISBN: 978-88-9385-289-0
A. Carpinteri, Structural Mechanics - A Unified Approach, Editore: E&FN Spon, London, ISBN: 0-419-19160-7
L. Corradi dell'Acqua, Meccanica delle Strutture, Volume 2, Le Teorie Strutturali e il Metodo degli Elementi Finiti, Editore: McGraw-Hill, Milano, ISBN: 978-88-386-6715-2
A. Corigliano and A. Taliercio, Meccanica Computazionale, Soluzione del Problema Elastico Lineare, Editore: Progetto Leonardo, Bologna, ISBN: 88-7488-188-6

The aim of the course is to provide thourough knowledge about Geographic Information Systems. Particular attention will be given to explain the fundamental characteristics of cartographic data and representations. Data sources and outputs will be discussed and a specific training on GIS tools will be offered.

• Knowledge and understanding:
  Knowledge of fundamental characteristics of cartographic data and, more in general, of georeferenced data.
  Knowledge of the most common cartographic representations, of their characteristics and of their use.
  Knowledge and awareness about precision, characteristics and quality of georeferenced data.
  Knowledge of a GIS structure, of its functions and of its database characteristics and design techniques.
  Knowledge about the main algorithms for geospatial data processing.
  Knowledge and understanding of characteristics and limitations of the main information sources for a GIS system (such as topographic maps, remotely sensed images,...)
  Basic knowledge of the Geoservices defined by International Standards and of WebGIS architecture.
• Applying knowledge and understanding:
  Knowledge of ArcGIS software and ability to use it as decision support system in hazard and risk management.
• Making judgments:
  Ability to understand geographic data quality and their fit for use with respect to different applications.
• Communication skills:
  Ability to prepare an adequate report presenting the analyses and the maps produced with the GIS software. Ability to discuss the learned topic during an oral test.
• Learning skills:
  Ability to autonomously delve deeper into the topics taught during classes, considering different sources.

The content is exposed through lectures and laboratory exercises. The course deals with the following main topics:
Principles of cartographic representations, concept of scale, datums and mapping grids, representation of heights, errors and mapping tolerances;
Geographic Information Systems;
Geographic data models and structures (raster and vector);
Vector data operators;
Raster data operators: map algebra (global, local and neighbouring operators);
3D surface modelling (TIN and GRID);
Database design;
Datum and Cartographic transformations;
Production process of maps: principles of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing;
Web services and WebGIS;
Meta-information, data quality and interoperability.
Practical laboratory activity: aimed at becoming familiar with GIS software and functions and at handling maps and geographic data in general. Some specific problems about the use of GIS in hazard and risk management are presented. Exercises are based on the use of a popular proprietary desktop GIS software package (ESRI® ArcGIS). A case study is analyzed during the second part of the course and maps for hazard analysis are produced with ArcGIS. The practical activities with ArcGIS will be mainly performed in class, partly with guided exercises, partly with autonomous exercises, performed in group, with the teacher supervision. The active work during the course is recommended to maximise the learning process during the semester.

Prova scritta condizionata (a scelta del docente), senza prove in itinere
Prova orale obbligatoria
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
A report discussing the case study must be submitted. The exam consists in the evaluation of the report plus an oral or written test.
During the exam the expected learning outcomes will be tested. The knowledge and understanding about the main topics of the course, concerning cartographic representations, GIS data characteristics, GIS data sources, such as Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, main geodata processing algorithms, data quality and geodata publication on Internet will be assessed.
In addition, the full understanding of the work done for the project will be verified.

The teaching aims at offering to the students the basic theoretical and operational tools to deal with the professional questions that may arise in the context of hydrological studies for flood risk evaluation, covering the main topics connecting the formation of precipitation to the flood propagation, and finally the flood risk.

The student will acquire the knowledge and understanding of the fundamental hydrological processes and the essential contents for flood risk management activity, including the ability to:
outline a hydrographic basin on the map (also using GIS) and calculate the essential hydrological parameters for flood analyses.
Perform rainfall and runoff statistical extreme analyses.
Comprehend and model the partitioning of precipitation into the different components of the hydrological cycle (runoff, infiltration, etc.), with emphasis on the schemes valid under flood conditions.
Transform an extreme rainfall event on a watershed into runoff at the basin outlet.
Understand the concept of flood risk, its main components, and the hydrological tools necessary for a flood risk evaluation.

Introduction
General definitions of hydrology and flood risk; objectives of the teaching and examples of applications.
Characterization of a water basin
Definition of basin and sub-basin; contour lines and digital elevation models; catchment outlining; Horton ordering; hypsometric curve; drainage network, flow direction and flow accumulation; morphological indexes.
Rainfall and runoff: from point scale to spatial information
Rain gauges; rainfall depth and intensity; spatialization of point data: Thiessen polygons, isohyetal method; IDW, geostatistical methods; weather and satellite radars; role of radar in flood nowcasting; flow gauges; hydrometry: main components of a hydrograph, flow duration curve, rating curve; base flow separation; peak flow analysis and regionalization methods; radar altimetry, SAR and optical sensor for flow detection and flooded area mapping.
The hydrological balance during flood conditions
Classification of hydrological balance schemes; approximations under flood conditions; interception; infiltration: SCS-CN, Horton model, bucket model, empirical methods (runoff coefficient, f index, cut-off value).
Statistic of hydrological extremes
Discrete and continuous random variables; independent and identical distributed (i.i.d.) hypothesis; linearity and stationarity; moments; pdf and cdf; examples of discrete probability distributions (uniform, Gauss, Poison) and continuous probability distributions (uniform, Gauss, exponential, Gamma, Beta, log-normal, Gumbel, GEV) used in hydrology; return period; probabilistic definition of hydrological risk; statistical inference; statistical tests (Kolmogorov, Pearson).
Modelling of rainfall extremes
Rainfall depth-duration-frequency (DDF) and intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves; histogram and cumulative frequency; rainfall depth for a given period; scale invariance; DDF modelling with three parameters.
Rainfall-runoff methods
Introduction to lumped and distributed models; effects of the hypotheses of linearity and stationarity; definition of instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH); convolution; conceptual lumped models: time of concentration; linear reservoir scheme, Nash; Clark; examples of GIUHs and TIUHs; the rational method for simple peak discharge estimation.
Flood propagation modelling
Introduction to lumped (hydrological) and distributed (hydraulic) models; hydrological models: Muskingum method, Fantoli - De Marchi method; basic notions on distributed modelling and inundation models; De Saint Venant equations: conservation of mass and conservation of linear momentum, kinematic, dynamic and diffusive waves.
Flood risk and mitigation
From hazard to risk; risk analysis: vulnerability and exposure; flood impacts: direct and indirect impacts, structural and non-structural; impact assessment: integral method, event-based method; flood mitigation and civil protection; introduction to flood protection solutions: dykes, river diversions, detention basins; floodproofing; examples of flood early warning systems; flood risk under climate change.

Prova orale obbligatoria
The exam takes place in oral form, in which the student will have to demonstrate to fully handle the skills acquired during the teaching, as required by the application of these skills in real use case scenarios.
The student will be asked to:
show the capability to understand how to apply the acquired skills under conditions analogous to real-case flood risk management problems.
Critically analyse rainfall and runoff records and their statistical properties relevant for flood risk evaluation.
Prove a theoretical and practical understanding of how hydrological quantities are collected and how they can be spatialized for flood analyses.
Be able to characterize a watershed from a hydrological standpoint, and to demonstrate an understanding of the implications of these quantities for flood propagation.
Fully describe the implementation of a rainfall-runoff modelling scheme for the estimation of a hydrograph.
Elaborate on different aspect of flood risk, flood early warning and the role of hydrology on the flood risk evaluation.

Slides https://webeep.polimi.it
Kottegoda Nathabandu T., Rosso Renzo, Statistics, Probability and Reliability for Civil and Environmental Engineers, Editore: McGraw-Hill, Anno edizione: 1997, ISBN: 0070359660
Kottegoda, Nathabandu T., Rosso Renzo, Applied Statistics For Civil And Environmental Engineers, Editore: Wiley-Blackwell, Anno edizione: 2008, ISBN: 1405179171

Course goals
The goal of the course is to provide students with the theoretical knowledge of the numerical techniques for the approximation of basic concepts in analysis and solutions of ordinary and partial differential equations, as well as with the ability to apply it to relevant model problems. The course covers the fundamental topics of numerical mathematics and the basic finite difference techniques for the approximation of ordinary and partial differential equations. All topics are presented at a theoretical level and the corresponding methods are applied to the solution of numerical problems in the computer laboratory sessions based on the use of Python scientific software.
Course organization
The course will be organized according to the flipped classroom approach. Recorded lectures giving an introduction to the topics for each week will be provided in advance during the previous week. Study of the theoretical topics will have to be started before the meeting with the teacher devoted to the corresponding topic. During the meetings with the teacher, simple tests will be provided for the initial self assessment of the level of understanding of each topic and students will be asked to solve basic exercises and to explain how they proceed to obtain the solution. More advanced exercises will then be proposed as home assignment, to be completed every three weeks. The course will be offered in either attendance or non attendance mode, to which will correspond different evaluation procedures. To be eligible for the attendance mode, students will be required to attend at least 75% of the classroom activities and to participate actively, according to the teacher's judgement, in the discussion on the theoretical topics and in the solution of exercises.
Attendance mode: Students who have attended at least 75% of the classroom activities and participated actively in the discussion on the theoretical topics and in the solution of exercises according to the teacher's judgement will be considered in attendance mode.
Non attendance mode: Students who attend less than 75% of the classroom activities or do not participate actively in the same activities will be
considered as taking the course in non attendance mode. All the material and the introductory recorded lectures will be available online and the teacher will be available two hours per week outside the lectures for assistance on the course topics and material.

The students will acquire detailed knowledge and understanding ( DD1 ) of the basic principles of numerical approximation and will be able to apply this knowledge ( DD2 ) to the solution of relevant numerical probems making use of the resources of the Python scientific software. The student will be able to make judgements ( DD3 ) on the most appropriate numerical method to be applied for the solution of different classes of problems in terms of accuracy and efficiency. The student will be able to present the results of the numerical approximation of the solution to a mathematical problem with appropriate technical language ( DD4 ) and to understand mathematical proofs presented in applied mathematics textbooks.

1) Introduction to basic concepts of numerical analysis and scientific computing.
2) Floating point representation of real numbers: Machine accuracy, cancellation of significant digits.
3) Random number generation, simulation of discrete and continuous random variables.
4) Polynomial interpolation: Existence and unicity of the interpolating polynomial. Bounds on the approximation error. Newton's form for the interpolating polynomial. Composite polynomial interpolation.
5) Methods for nonlinear equations: Bisection method: error estimate and convergence proof. Newton's method and its variants (chord, secant method). Fixed point method: sufficient conditions for convergence.
6) Finite difference approximation of derivatives: Forward, backward and centered finite differences. Finite difference approximation of second order derivatives.Richardson extrapolation.
7) Numerical integration methods: Basic quadrature rules: midpoint, trapezoidal and Simpson rule. Composite integration rules. Error estimates for simple and composite rules.
8) Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations: Overview of basic existence and uniqueness theorems. Examples of simple numerical methods: forward Euler, Heun, second order Runge Kutta, leapfrog, backward Euler, Crank Nicolson, Adams-Bashforth, higher order Runge-Kutta. Convergence of one step methods. A-stability of numerical methods. Extension to ODE systems.
9) Numerical methods for linear systems: Methods for upper and lower triangular systems. Gaussian elimination and LU factorization. Pivoting. Special cases of gaussian elimination: tridiagonal systems.
10) The linear, 1d advection-diffusion equation: Existence and uniqueness of solutions, representation formulae. Properties of the solution: regularity, maximum principle. Boundary conditions.
11) Finite difference methods for the linear, 1d advection diffusion equation: Examples of basic methods. Consistency, convergence and stability. Analysis of truncation error: numerical diffusion.
12) The wave equation and its relationship to hyperbolic systems. Basic numerical methods for the wave equation and hyperbolic systems.

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
Prova orale obbligatoria
Valutazione continua facoltativa (a scelta dello studente)
Attendance mode: During the meetings with the teacher, students will be asked basic questions on the exercises they are solving and on the assignments to be completed at home. These questions will assess the ability to apply knowledge and understanding,the ability to make judgements and the oral communication skills in the presentation of the results ( DD2,DD3,DD4 ). Attending students will then be allowed to take a final written test (in December), consisting in some written answers to be given on theoretical topics, in order to assess their level of knowledge and understanding and their written communications skills ( DD1, DD4 ).
Students who pass the final test will be given a final mark for the course before the December break.
Students who do not pass the final test or want to improve their mark will be required to take the exam as in non attendance mode.
Non attendance mode: Students who attend less than 75% of the classroom activities or do not participate actively in the same activities according to the teacher's judgement will be considered as taking the course in non attendance mode. Students in non attendance mode cannot participate to the final test and will be required to take
1) a written test in the regular exam sessions, consisting in some exercises to be solved with Python, aimed at assessing the ability to apply knowledge and understanding,the ability to make judgements and the written communication skills in the presentation of the results ( DD2,DD3,DD4 ).
2) an oral discussion on the exam results which will include questions on the theoretical topics of the course, aimed at assessing their level of knowledge and understanding and their oral communications skills ( DD1, DD4 ).

Course lecture notes
Alfio Quarteroni, Fausto Saleri, Paola Gervasio, Scientific Computing with MATLAB and Octave, Editore: Springer, ISBN: 978-3-642-45366-3

The course aims at presenting several aspects of river flow modelling, starting from the fundamental equations and then moving to application of computational tools used in engineering practice. The purposes are the students’ knowledge of the theoretical issues, capability to perform territorial evaluations based on modelling results, capability to present their conclusions.

With reference to the European descriptors:
Knowledge and understanding: knowledge of theories for free-surface hydraulics (1-D and 2-D equations).
Applying knowledge and understanding: know how to make a study of river hazard by means of suitable software tools complemented with ad hoc computations.
Making judgments: ability to identify the critical points of a hydraulic-territorial model, and to propose strategies for problem solving.
Communication skills: ability to interact with peers for the development of a project work; ability to clearly convey to any audience the conclusions of a flood hazard study with appropriate motivation.
Learning skills: ability to autonomously increase knowledge in comparison with what has been taught during classes.

Introduction. Purpose of hydraulic modeling, modelling possibilities, data requirements.
Theory of one-dimensional open-channel flow. Refresh of basic theory for gradually-varied flow: differential equations and boundary conditions, backwater profiles, numerical integration. Spatially-varied flow. Unsteady flow.
One-dimensional modeling of river flow. Geometric representation of a natural channel. Physical parameterization. Head losses. Analysis of compound sections. Numerical solution for steady-flow processes. Unsteady-flow processes.
Two-dimensional modeling. Shallow-water equations. Boundary conditions and physical parameterization.
River works for risk mitigation. Works to increase river conveyance, works to reduce flood volumes.
Application classes include all the topics and lead to the preparation of a report with quantitative analyses. The students work on the report in groups.

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, senza presentazione/discussione finale
The exam is written and includes: (1) sketch of a profile, that intends to verify a student's ability to apply one-dimensional theory, and (3) open questions on theory, aiming at further testing of a student's knowledge.
A report with the results obtained during the application classes must be submitted for preliminary evaluation at least 7 days before the examination date.
The report is prepared in groups with strong interaction between the mates and counts for 35% of the final score, while the exam is individual and counts for 65% of the final score.

Chanson, The Hydraulics of open channel flow: an introduction, Anno edizione: 1999, ISBN: 0-7506-5978-5
Jain, Open-channel flow, Anno edizione: 2001, ISBN: 0-471-35641-7

The course is aimed at providing the basis of soil-structure interaction problems and advanced soil and rock mass behaviour. The problems are trated also under the light of Eurocodes, showing its application and validity limits. Classic static problems, such as foundations and earth retaining strutures, are treated as well as dynamic problems concerning impacts of various types of lanslides on structures. The main purpose of the course is to discuss both theoretical framework and practical solution of the involved engineering problems. Students will be provided with conceptual and practical (i.e. numerical) tools for analysing and solving problems that involve the interaction between structures and soils, in the framework of current standards.

The purpose of the course is to give students knowledge of the theoretical issues, capability to perform structural design analyses and choose the appropariate methods, capability to present their conclusions. With reference to the European descriptors:
Knowledge and understanding (DdD1): knowledge of theories for modelling of soils and soil-structure interaction both in static and dynamic conditions.
Applying knowledge and understanding (DdD2): ability to choose the appropriate modelling approach and the design parameters of the problems under investigation.
Communication skills (DdD4): capability to report the conclusions of the analyses and the outcomes of the design procedure in a clear and consistent way.
Learning skills (DdD5): ability to elaborate information on the basis of the provided teaching.

The "macro-element" concept
Ultimate load, load-displacement curves. Application to: shallow foundations, retaining walls, cyclic loading conditions, buried structures (pipeline-landslide interaction).
Eurocode 7
Principles and application to geotechnical design. Shallow and deep foundations, retaining structures, anchors.
Protection structures
Rockfall Shelters and dynamic interaction problems. Experimental results and design approaches. Structural response in dynamic conditions.
Principles of rock mechanics and rock slope stability
Rock mass classification. Mechanical behaviour of joints. Discrete modelling of rock masses.
Insitu tests for soils and rocks
CPT, SPT, vane test, pressuremeter, dilatometer. Correlations with soil mechanical parameters.
Numerical analysis of rock masses
Principles and use of a the Distinct Element Method, with practical application to a case study.

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
Prova orale obbligatoria
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, senza revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
Home assignment: individual evaluation of design calculation performed with numerical codes, as introduced during the laboratory sessions of the course.
Written test: solution of design problems on selected topics (EC application, shallow foundations under combined loads, retaining structures, rock blocks stability).
Oral exam: questions on all theoretical topics treated during the lectures.
The oral exam will start with the discussion of the report and of the written exam.

F. Schnaid, In situ testing in geomechanics: the main tests, ISBN: 978-04-15-43385-3
C. Viggiani, G. Russo, A. Mandolini, Piles and pile foundations, ISBN: 978-04-15-49066-5
R. Nova, Meccanica delle costruzioni geotecniche, ISBN: 978-88-251-7322-2
F. Calvetti, C. di Prisco, Linee guida per la progettazione di gallerie paramassi, ISBN: 978-88-89720-79-0
R. Nova, Soil Mechanics, Editore: Wiley, Anno edizione: 2010, ISBN: 978-1-84821-102-5
R.E. Goodman, Introduction to rock mechanics, Editore: Wiley, ISBN: 04-7181-200-5
E. Hoek and J. Bray, Rock slope engineering, ISBN: 09-00-48857-3

The course provides an introduction to the dynamics of structural systems, with special emphasis on civil engineering applications. Students will learn to model and simulate the response of linear structures to dynamic loads, such as those typically induced on civil engineering structures by environmental and anthropic actions (e.g. seismic and wind loads, machine-induced vibrations).
More in detail, the course aims at providing the students with a strong theoretical background on the modeling and analysis techniques that allow to: (1) set up a discrete linear structural model, properly addressing both the dynamic loading and structural representation, and (2) computing its response to deterministic dynamic loads.
Students will be guided, throughout the course, to apply the aforementioned techniques to investigate the dynamic response of simple yet meaningful structures, widely adopted in the civil engineering context, such as: taut cables, beams and planar frame structures.

The students are expected to gain confidence and insight into the analytical and numerical techniques currently employed in civil engineering dynamics.
After having attended the course and passed the exam, the student will
know the principles and fundamental methods to set up a discrete model of a structural dynamic problem;
know the principles and fundamental methods for solving the equations of motion of a discrete structural system under the most common deterministic dynamic loading conditions applied to civil engineering structures;
acquire an adequate knowledge of the principles, capabilities and limitations of the general procedures at the basis of the modern techniques for computer-based simulation of dynamic structural response;
be able to manage simple hand procedures for the estimation of the dynamic response of a discrete linear structural system, to be used for preliminary design and for checking the outcomes of more refined procedures (e.g. computer-based simulations);
be able to manage refined simulations of the dynamic response of linear discrete structural systems, by consciously employing available software packages.

Equations of motion for linear discret e structural systems.
Lagrange equations. Discretization methods: lumped mass and assumed-mode methods. Viscous damping. Cases of rotating masses and moving reference system.
One-degree-of-freedom systems.
Free vibration. Harmonic forces: transient and steady state response, frequency response function, magnification factor. Dynamic equilibrium; Argand diagrams. Arbitrary forces: Duhamel integral, numerical step-by-step analysis, frequency domain analysis.
Multi-degree-of-freedom systems.
Free vibration. Properties of eigenpairs. Modal superposition analysis for undamped and damped systems. The case of seismic actions; response Spectrum method. Direct methods; frequency analysis, numerical integration in time and frequency domain. Application of harmonic analysis to the case of machine foundations. Mitigation of structural vibrations through passive damping devices.
Vibration measure and analysis.
Vibrometers, measurement chains, harmonic analysis of vibration.

Prova scritta obbligatoria, con prove in itinere
Prova orale obbligatoria
The exam/evaluation is based on a written test and a final oral exam.
During the written test, the student will be asked to answer practical questions and solve problems aimed at verifying the learning objectives 1,2 and 4.
During the final oral exam, the student will be asked to answer questions related to the theoretical/methodological aspects of the course and aimed at verifying all the expected learning objectives of the course.

M. Géradin and D. Rixen, Mechanical vibrations, Second Ed., Editore: John Wiley & Sons, Anno edizione: 1997, ISBN: 0-471-97524-9

The course aims at:

• describing in detail the linear elastic problem as the fundamental problem governing the behavior of solids and structures;
• describing the elasto-plastic behavior of materials and structures;
• presenting the theory of limit analysis for elasto-plastic continua and structures;
• providing the skills to implement computational tools for the assessment of elasto-plastic collapse through Python laboratory sessions.

After attending the course and after the final examination, the student will:

• know the formulation and relevant hypotheses of the linear elastic problem for solid continua and structural elements;
• know the formulation of elasto-plastic constituive laws;
• know the theory of limit analysis for elasto-perfectly plastic continua and structures;
• be able to apply the theory of limit analysis for the determination of the collapse load of bi-dimensional elasto-plastic frame structures;
• know how to implement computer codes for the assessment of the collapse load of two-dimensional elasto-plastic frame structures.
  The student will be able to discuss the above acquired knowledges with a clear and appropriate language and will be able to reproduce the fundamental reasoning and proofs that bring to the demonstration of the theorems presented during the classes.

• Part 1: Fundamentals of Solid and Structural mechanics.
  General formulation of the elastic boundary-value problem.
  Virtual work principle.
  Plane strain and plane stress elastic problems.
  Euler-Bernoulli beam theory.
• Part 2: Elasto-plastic behavior of materials and beams
  Uni-dimensional elasto-plastic constitutive law: perfectly-plastic and hardening behaviors.
  Three-dimensional elasto-plastic constitutive law: von Mises yielding function, associative flow rule, isotropic hardening.
  Perfectly-plastic beams under bending and axial force.
  Limit domains for beam sections under bending and axial force.
• Part 3: Limit analysis
  Fundamentals of limit analysis for frames: static and kinematic theorems, corollaries.
  Limit analysis of frames by direct methods and by linear programming.
  Limit analysis for elasto-plastic continua.

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
Prova orale obbligatoria
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i facoltativo (a scelta dello studente), individuale, senza revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
The examination includes the following parts:

• a written exam including quantitative exercises and open questions on the course topics;
• an oral exam in which the examiner check the student's preparation asking supplementary information on the solved quantitative exercises of the written text and ask general questions on the course contents;
• an elective project in which the student apply the knowledge acquired during the laboratory sessions to determine the collapse load of two-dimensional elasto-plastic frame structures.
  During the final oral exam, the student must be able to clearly describe and critically discuss the topics, with the related hypotheses, the critical points, the mechanical meaning and their consequences.

A. Corigliano, A. Taliercio, Meccanica Computazionale. Soluzione del problema elastico lineare. Esculapio, Editore: Esculapio, Bologna, Anno edizione: 2005
L. Corradi, Meccanica delle strutture. voll. 1, 2, 3, Editore: McGraw-Hill, seconda edizione, Anno edizione: 2010
L. E. Malvern, Introduction to the mechanics of a continuous medium, Editore: Prentice Hall, Anno edizione: 1969
M. Bonnet, A. Frangi, C. Rey, The finite element method in solid mechanics, Editore: Mc Graw Hill, Anno edizione: 2014
K.J. Bathe, Finite Element Procedures, Editore: Prentice Hall, Anno edizione: 1996
C. Massonet e M. Save., Calcolo plastico a rottura delle costruzioni, Editore: CLUP, Milano, Anno edizione: 1980
V. Franciosi, Calcolo a Rottura, Editore: Liguori, Anno edizione: 1986
S. Kaliszky,, Plasticity: Theory and Engineering Applications,, Editore: Elsevier, Anno edizione: 1989
A. Khan, Huang, Continuum theory of plasticity, Editore: John Wiley & Sons, Anno edizione: 1995

The main objective is to provide students with basic notions regarding the definitions of hazard, risk, vulnerability and mitigation. Such introduction will prepare them to confront with the challenges ahead in the master program, such as preparing a contingency plan or a spatial plan embedding prevention as one of its main goals. An additional objective is to provide an understanding of the indicators and variables that are used to assess risk, to develop risk scenarios both for one threat at a time and for multi-risk environments

Students will get an overall understanding of basic concepts of risk, exposure, vulnerability, and resilience that are the core of the so called “disaster science” and that are key to deal with topics related to risk assessment and mitigation. Furthermore, they will get a capacity to analyse critically approaches to risk assessment and management, acknowledging the complexity and the uncertainties that models and methods, both quantitative and qualitative, must inevitably face.
Knowledge and understanding: knowledge of theories and tools for multi-risk vulnerability and risk assessment, based on both a probabilistic and a scenario approach. Knowledge of the main mitigation measures, both structural and non structural, that may be blended in different ways according to contexts and institutional capacity in different countries.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Exercises are proposed so as to apply concepts and tools of risk assessment and scenario modelling so as to make the entire subject less theoretical and more tangible in terms of planning and decision making implications.
Making judgments: the optimal result of this course should be developing a critical understanding of the results of risk assessments and the recognition of the value of multidisciplinary work. However this is not a compulsory requirement of this course, it is appreciated but not required.
Communication skills: students are required to interact in group to carry out their exercises and they must present the result of one assignment in particular that has to be developed over a number of weeks to their colleagues.
Learning skills: students are encouraged to go beyond the information that is provided during lesson, blending class material with their previous experience and studying and with exercises and reading. It is required that students develop their own understanding of what a risk assessment is, what are the main limitations to any risk assessment effort.
Clever use of AI: students will use some AI applications based also on availability of advanced versions to students in order to learn how to use it in a professional way, how to prompt based on knowledge and understanding of required topics and how critically assess the result of queries

In this course concepts and tools related to risk and crisis management will be illustrated, discussed and analysed. The main objective is to provide students with basic notions regarding the definitions of hazard, risk, vulnerability, resilience, and mitigation. Such introduction will prepare them to confront with the challenges ahead in the master program, such as preparing a contingency plan or a spatial plan embedding prevention as one of its main goals.
International organisations devoted to disaster prevention and management as well as organisational models of civil protection existing in various countries will be presented in order to make students aware of the tremendous complexity involved in any risk and crisis situation. Fundamental requirements established in international agreements, national and international directives, laws that can be considered as relevant references in the field of risk mitigation and reduction, will be analysed as well.
Besides, it will be shown how technical, organisational, juridical, social, economic, and political perspectives are inevitably blended in any serious decision regarding long or short term mitigation measures, the latter to be distinguished upon the time needed to develop their efficacy and to be fully implemented. The difference between structural and non structural measures will be also discussed, proposing criteria to find the best combination of the two tailored, to the specific situation at stake.
Real case studies will complement the theoretical approach of the course, to show how the latter has been developed by scientists in different fields observing and reflecting on processes and development of real events.

Prova orale obbligatoria
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
The exam consists in an oral discussion of the following issues: concepts and definitions discussed during lessons, exercises carried out during the semester, and readings suggested by the teacher.
Evaluation criteria will include the mastering of a correct professional language and critical understanding of concepts and their application in the examples carried out during the course.
Students will have to demonstrate:

• the acquired knowledge about risk, risk assessment and management;
• their capabilities to apply the acquired knowledge and skills discussing examples, answering to questions, developing exercises, especially the long exercise that will be discussed in a seminar at the end of the course;
• their capabilities to understand and carry out a preliminary risk assessment in an area exposed to natural and na-tech hazards

K. Poljansek, M. Martin Ferrer, T. De Groeve, I. Clark, Science for disaster risk management 2017. Knowing better and losing less, Editore: European Commission
Note: This year students will be asked to read a selection of chapters from this book

Course topics
1) Soil-structure reactions for applied displacements of vertically embedded systems at serviceability and ultimate limit states. Design of R/C, P/C and FRC piles subjected to axial loads and bending moments.
2) Soil-structure reactions for applied displacements of horizontally embedded systems at serviceability and ultimate limit states. Hydraulic intervention measures for hazard mitigation: superficial and deep draining systems (trenches). Analysis and design of embedded pipes: pipelines, vertical hollow piles.
3) Deformation response of the soils in horizontal excavations: mechanical identification, diagnosis and operative check. Analysis and design of underground structures: prefabricated tunnels and box culverts.
4) Evaluating the triggering of a landslide through the Limit Equilibrium Approach: methods of slices (Fellenius, Bishop, Janbu, Morgenstern and Price, Spencer). Structural intervention measures for hazard mitigation: hybrid methods for designing active and passive protective structures (anchored retaining walls, slope stabilizing piles, earth reinforced embankments). Advanced numerical approaches for evaluating the propagation of a landslide: DEM and SPH methods. Analysis and Design of structures interacting with soil: ground anchors, sheet-piles, retaining walls, advanced retaining devices.
5) Dynamic and impulsive loads: (a) simplified Newmark method applied to the stability assessment of a rock slab during earthquake loading; (b) rockfall impact on sheltering structures. Design of sheltering structures under impact loading.

The integrated course comprehends two modules of HYDROGEOLOGICAL RISKS IN MOUNTAIN AREA and a module of LABORATORY OF EMERGENCY PLANNING. The structure of the course then requires the ability to merge several disciplines with different approaches in order to create a complete hydrogeological risk scenario and produce an emergency plan to orient human decisions and actions under stress.
The main goal of the engineering geology part of the course is to improve the knowledge of geological and geomorphological processes in a hydrographic basin, studying landslides as well as the erosion phenomenon, achieving the capability to critically interpret any quantitative information.
The geological section of the integrated course provides the fundamental knowledge required to understand the geological and geomorphological processes governing hydrogeological hazards in mountain environments. The module focuses on slope instability, landslide processes, erosion dynamics, and the role of geological and geomorphological conditions in controlling hazard occurrence and evolution.
Students develop the ability to interpret geological, geomorphological, and geotechnical information, critically analyse quantitative data, and identify the factors controlling hydrogeological instability. The acquired knowledge enables them to assess the geological framework of a catchment and to provide the geological basis for hydrogeological hazard assessment within the broader context of risk analysis and emergency planning.
see also: https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29HY.1943-7900.0001863

Knowledge and understanding:
After successfully completing the geological section of the course, the student:
knows the geological and geomorphological processes controlling hydrogeological hazards in mountain environments;
knows the mechanisms governing slope instability, mass movements, and erosion processes;
knows the main methods for geological and geomorphological investigations, landslide characterization, sediment transport and monitoring;
understands the role of geological and geomorphological data in hydrogeological hazard assessment.
Applying knowledge and understanding:
After successfully completing the geological section of the course, the student is able to:
interpret the geological and geomorphological framework of a study area;
identify and characterize slope instability and erosion processes using field observations and available datasets;
analyse and critically interpret geological, geomorphological, and geotechnical information for hydrogeological hazard assessment;
propose appropriate investigation, monitoring, and mitigation strategies for slope instability.
Making judgments:
The student has gained the ability to:
critically evaluate geological and geomorphological information for the assessment of hydrogeological hazards;
identify the main controlling factors and sources of uncertainty affecting slope instability and erosion processes;
autonomously interpret investigation results and support geological decisions in hydrogeological risk assessment.
Communication skills:
After successfully completing the geological section of the course, the student has proven the ability to:
communicate geological and geomorphological interpretations using appropriate scientific terminology;
present and discuss the results of geological analyses with both technical and multidisciplinary audiences;
contribute effectively to multidisciplinary teams involved in hydrogeological hazard assessment and risk management.

Engineering Geology
Introduction to hydrogeological processes in mountain environments. Geological and geomorphological processes controlling landscape evolution. Slope processes, landslides, erosion, sediment production, and their interaction within hydrographic basins.
Geological hazard and risk. Concepts of hazard, susceptibility, vulnerability, exposure, and risk. Engineering geological approaches to hazard assessment at different spatial scales. Qualitative and quantitative methods, their applicability, limitations, and uncertainty in real engineering problems.
Landslide processes and triggering factors. Landslide classification, mechanisms, predisposing and triggering factors, temporal evolution, and process recognition. Analysis of local and regional instability conditions induced by geological, geomorphological, hydrological, and climatic factors.
Engineering geological investigations and monitoring. Geological and geomorphological surveys, field mapping, remote sensing techniques, and geotechnical investigations. Monitoring methods for slope instability, including surface and subsurface instrumentation, displacement measurements, and interpretation of monitoring data for hazard assessment.
Engineering geological modelling. Development of conceptual and physical models of unstable slopes. Geometrical representation of geological bodies, definition of boundary conditions, hydrogeological and geotechnical parameterization, and integration of multidisciplinary datasets for engineering geological analyses.
Soil erosion and sediment production. Hillslope erosion processes and sediment yield estimation at the catchment scale. Empirical and physically based approaches for quantifying erosion and sediment production. Influence of land use, geology, topography, and climate on erosion dynamics.
From hillslope processes to river hazards. Coupling between slope instability, sediment production, sediment transport, and river morphology. Effects of sediment delivery on channel evolution, river conveyance, and flood hazard. Geological contribution to the assessment of cascading hydrogeological processes and integrated risk analysis.

Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
Students may sit for the examination at any scheduled exam session, provided that the project report developed during the course has been submitted in advance for preliminary evaluation.
During the course, students work in groups on a real case study, integrating the contributions of the different modules of the integrated course. Within the Engineering Geology section, students analyse geological and geomorphological data, identify the main hydrogeological hazards, develop conceptual and physical models of slope instability and erosion processes, and provide the geological input required for hazard assessment. These results are then integrated with the outcomes of the other disciplines to develop a comprehensive hydrogeological risk scenario and support the preparation of an emergency plan. The project report enables students to apply the theoretical concepts introduced during the lectures, critically interpret multidisciplinary datasets, and synthesize the results into a coherent technical document.
The final assessment consists of an individual oral examination based on both theoretical questions and the discussion of the project. The theoretical questions are aimed at verifying the student's knowledge and understanding of engineering geological concepts and methodologies. The discussion of the project evaluates the student's ability to apply this knowledge to a real case study, critically interpret the results, justify the adopted methodological choices, and effectively communicate the outcomes using appropriate scientific and technical terminology.

PLEASE REFER TO THE FORMS FOR THE SINGLE PARTS.

The course is aimed at giving the bases of design of protective and environmental structures with specific application to risk mitigation, where soil-structure interaction plays a dominant role. The specific topics are proposed using a consistent geotechnical/structural design approach in the framework of Eurocodes, and taking into accoount durability issues.
Particular attention will be devoted to the use of specific softwares, and to the development of simple customized computational tools supporting the desing process. Team working and problem oriented approach are strongly encouraged.

Knowledge and understanding (DdD1): knowledge of theories for modelling of soil-structure interaction aimed at performance-based design of interventions.
Applying knowledge and understanding (DdD2): ability to select the key-design parameters and to propose the procedure for their determination
Communication skills (DdD4): ability to clearly present the conclusions of the designed mitigation intervention.
Learning skills (DdD5): ability to autonomously increase knowledge with respect to skills taught during classes.

Introduction to Slope Stability Analysis (classification, discussion on theoretical and numerical approaches; basics of engineering modelling)
Limit Equilibrium Methods for slope stability analysis: stability of 1D systems (rock slabs and granular layers), pseudostatic and pseudodynamic (Newmark) methods for assessing the seismic stability of rock slabs and 1D soil layers. Stability analysis of 2D slopes: Taylor’s stability charts, slices methods based on Limit Equilibrium (Fellenius, Bishop, Janbu,...).
Introduction to slope stabilizing intervention measures: definition of Risk, definition of structural and non-structural mitigation strategies. Classification of stabilizing interventions.
Hydraulic intervention measures for hazard mitigation (trenches and tube drains).
Introduction to Finite Difference Method in Geotechnics (numerical analysis with FLAC). Comments c-fi reduction method for slope stability analysis (1h).
The use of Geosynthetics and the design of Mechanically Stabilized Earth walls.
Principles of Geotechnical design of slope stabilizing structures (Ultimate Limit State approach; Hybrid method; Displacement Based Method).
Rigid structures (anchored walls and plates) for slope stabilizing interventions
Deformable strucrures (piles) for slope stabilizing interventions (behaviour of single piles and pile groups under vertical/horizontal loads)
Design of slope stabilizing piles: Broms theory for laterally loaded piles, arch effect and shadow effects, ULS methods (Viggiani and Di Laora theories; Galli et al. Approaches for anchored piles in cohesive materials).
Discussion on a case Study: Protection of a railway infrastructure against creeping landslides - the case of Cadorago
Basics of the design of buried pipelines (Marston approach and Spangler formula; dead and live loads) and performace-based approaches for the protection of buried structures against landslide sisplacement. Validation vs 3D numerical analyses and discussion of real case studies.

Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, senza revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
The exam requires the discussion of a project assigned by the end of the course. The students are required to discuss and critically justify all the design choices adopted in the project, upon the technical and theoretical issues presented during the course.

Specific bibliographic references will be given directly by the lecturer
Lancellotta, R., Calavera, J., Fondazioni, Editore: Mc Graw-Hill, Anno edizione: 1999
Bowles, J.E., Fondazioni, Editore: Mc Graw-Hill
Reese, L.C., Isenhower, W.M. & Wang, S.-T., Analysis and design of shallow and deep foundations, Editore: John Wiley & sons, Anno edizione: 2006
Augusto Desideri, Salvatore Miliziano, Sebastiano Rampello, Drenaggi a gravità per la stabilizzazione dei pendii, Editore: Hevelius, ISBN: 88-86977-09-3
Doyle, J. M. and Fang, J.M, Underground Pipe - Structural Engineering Handbook, Editore: CRC Press LLC, Anno edizione: 1999
Guglielmetti et al.(eds), Mechanized Tunneling in Urban Areas, Editore: Taylor and Francis, Anno edizione: 2008
Technical manual for for design and construction of Road Tunnels - Civil Elements, Editore: U.S Department for Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Pubblication N° FHWA-NHI-10-034, Anno edizione: 2009
Francesco Calvetti e Claudio di Prisco, Linee guida per la progettazione di gallerie paramassi, Editore: Starrylink, ISBN: 978-88-89720-79-0

The course "Geological Assessmment and monitoring" is focuesed on the study of several aspects of engineering geology, starting from the detailed analysis of the physical model of a slope and proceeding to the stability analysis with the final purpose to define the geological risk and to propose several possible solutions. The main goal is to improve the geological knowledge and to merge results from different disciplines in order to solve a complex problem like slope stability. As a matter of fact the main objective of "Geological and Photogrammetric assessment and monitoring" course is to show how the photogrammetrical and geological techniques can be integrated to assess slope conditions and monitor movements. This integrated course may be chosen together with the course "Geophysical assessment and monitoring" as they are part of the module named "Geo-Engineering Techniques for Unstable slopes (GETUS)".

Knowledge and understanding
Basic theoretical knowledge of engineering geology: from physical model charatcterization to slope stability analysis.
Applying knowledge and understanding
After successfully taking the exam, the student is able to:
i) characterize and classify different slope movements, design a program of investigations, define the physical model of an unstable slope
ii) to integrate different sourced data
iii) to use the best techniques to collect relevant information and the relevant numerical and analytical approaches for specific case studies
Making judgments:
After successfully taking the exam, the student has gained the ability to:
i)critically analyze the results and the related uncertainty
ii)evaluate the goodness of the integrated project, identifying the critical points for slope stability analysis
Communication skills:
the exam consist on an oral tecnical presentation of a real case in which all the disciplines are used to solve a slope stability problem.Therefore, after the exam, the students are able to present to any audience the analysis of a geological risk connected with unstable slopes.

The course Geological Assessment and Monitoring is part of an integrated modulus Geo-Engineering Techniques for Unstable Slope. In this modulus, typical problems of geological risk assessment and site monitoring will be approached from a geological, geophysical and photogrammetic point of view.
Regarding Geological assessment of a risk site, the main topics are:
Classification, investigations and analysis of landslide
Causes and mechanisms of slope processes
Reconstruction of physical model of the slope;
Threshold analysis for mass movements.
As far as Monitoring of a risk site is concerned, the main topics are:
Application of principles of geology in the evaluation of the phenomena to be monitored;
Reconstruction of dynamical model of the slope;
Landslide triggering mechanism evaluation
landslide analysis (numerical and analytical approaches)
During the course of GETUS (GeoEngineering Techniques for Unstable Slopes) the students will integrate the theoretical knowledge acquired during the classes with both experimental and field work. Experimental work will include the study of shallow landslides and their monitoring with innovative monitoring tools, carried out in the laboratory of Applied Geology in the Lecco campus. On the other hand, field work will cover the entire content of the module by executing a real stability analysis, using all the three
aspects of the module – geological, geophysical and photogrammetric assessment.
Students will benefit by the multidisciplinary structure of the module devised to prepare them with practical knowledge and the opportunity to autonomously use instruments and process the acquired data.
Some laboratory and field activities will be selected to generate a digital twin laboratory that will allow the students to work on a geological digital model using advanced techniques of virtual and augmented reality.

Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
The assessment of the module will be based on the creation of a critical report on the work carried out during the semester.
The final evaluation will consist of an oral presentation to be given in front of an interdisciplinary commission made up of the teachers of different modules involved in GETUS. The subject of this speach will be related to the real case studies afforded during the course. Students will be clustered in groups of maximum 5/6 people: each group will deal with different case studies, to be described in a detailed report. Students should demonstrate the knowledge of the adopted technique, as well as the ability to discuss the solutions implemented and the results obtained, according to the expertise acquired in the different courses of the modulus.

Raccolta slides del corso http://corsi.metid.polimi.it/
Freeze R., Groundwater
Hoek E., Bray J. W., Rock slope engineering
Bell F., Engineering geology
W. M. Telford, L. P. Geldart, R. E. Sheriff, Applied geophysics, Editore: Cambridge University Press
J. M. Reynolds, An introduction to applied and environmental geophysics, Editore: John Wiley & Sons
The Berkeley Course in Applied Geophysics http://appliedgeophysics.lbl.gov/
Introduction to Geophysical Exploration - Colorado School of Mines http://galitzin.mines.edu/INTROGP/index.jsp
Yilmaz O., Seismic data analysis, Editore: Society of Exploration Geophysicists
Kraus K., Photogrammetry: Geometry from Images and Laser Scans, Editore: Walter de Gruyter
Mikhail E.M., Bethel J., McGlone J.C., Introduction to Modern Photogrammetry, Editore: John Wiley & Sons
Luhmann T., Robson S., Kyle S., Harley I., Close Range Photogrammetry: Principles, Techniques and Applications, Editore: John Wiley & Sons
Vosselman G., Maas H.G., Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning, Editore: Whittles Publishing
Schofield W., Engineering Surveying, Editore: Butterworth-Heinemann

As part of the integrated course “Geo-Engineering Techniques for Unstable Slopes (GETUS – 16CFU)”, the Geophysical Assessment and Monitoring course aims at presenting several geophysical methodologies that can be employed to assess and monitor unstable slopes. Starting from basic physical concepts about mechanics and electromagnetism, the attendees will develop a critical capability to choose the best candidate geophysical methods according to the specific features of any studied geological problems. Laboratory simulations and field measurements are also included in the course to let the students apply the methodologies presented during lectures and to see how proper geophysical techniques can be used to approach risk assessment studies. Some laboratory and field activities will be selected to generate a digital twin laboratory that will allow the students to work on a geological digital model using advanced techniques of virtual and augmented reality.

With reference to the European descriptors:
Knowledge and understanding: basic theoretical knowledge about the propagation of elastic waves, electromagnetic waves, electrical currents related to Applied Geophysics methodologies addressing unstable slopes.
Applying knowledge and understanding: address complex geological hazards by combining assessment and monitoring phases involving the integration of different geophysical techniques; manage and process collected datasets to develop a physical model of the unstable slope and to study its evolutionary trend; ability to use geophysical equipment and software.
Making judgements: ability to assess the complexity of the considered geological problem and to evaluate uncertainties and deficiencies associated to geophysical datasets collected to support the analysis of the problem.
Communication skills: ability to write a clear and adequately technical report, in which the student analyses a real case-study by means of a thorough scientific approach.
Learning skills: ability to export both the acquired geophysical knowledge and the developed methodological approach to geological hazards similar to the ones studied in the course.

This course is part of the integrated course named “Geo-Engineering Techniques for Unstable Slopes”. The integrated course aims to teach the attendees how to approach typical problems of geological risk assessment and site monitoring with advanced solutions of Engineering Geology. The discussion of the assessment and monitoring technologies will be integrated with the presentation of the most appropriate techniques related to Applied Geophysics, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Thus, the general structure of the integrated course is thought in order to have a strong focus on interdisciplinarity. Specific problems (unstable rock slopes and landslides) will be taken as significant examples in order to present and discuss the above mentioned topics. A test site will be selected to let the students apply the methodologies presented during classes and to perform field activities. Nevertheless, other environmental problems (e.g., abandoned mines, avalanches, earth embankments, etc.) that can be approached with the same general strategy and with the integration of similar techniques will be also mentioned to discuss similarities and peculiarities.
Specific Contents
Basic concepts of signal processing
Introduction to candidate geophysical methods for site assessment (principles, equipment, design of acquisitions, data interpretation)
Seismic methods
Electrical methods
Ground Penetrating Radar
Integration of methods (applicability conditions, selection of methods, complementarity, data integration)
Geophysical monitoring
Application examples
Experimental labs/Field surveys
Geophysical data acquisition in laboratory and the field and processing of collected datasets

Prova orale obbligatoria
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, senza presentazione/discussione finale
To evaluate whether the students have achieved the expected results, they will be asked to work on a case study regarding unstable slopes. For this purpose, the students will be grouped in clusters of max. 6 people. The work will consist of data acquisition in laboratory and field, data processing and interpretation, and submission of a final report. The final examination will be oral including both project-related questions and questions on topics discussed during classes.

Handouts of lecture slides https://webeep.polimi.it/
Lecture videos https://webeep.polimi.it/
L. Zanzi, A. Hojat, Notes on Geophysical Assessment and Monitoring https://webeep.polimi.it/
J. M. Reynolds, An introduction to applied and environmental geophysics, Editore: John Wiley & Sons

This module is made of two integrated courses, namely: Cognitive and organisational aspects of crisis management and Geospatial data processing and mapping for crisis management.
Crisis management is a particularly complex activity, to be carried out under the stress provoked by a natural extreme, in the midst of a chaotic situation, characterised by high levels of demands on decision makers and interveners and lack of relevant information. The course Cognitive and organisational aspects of crisis management will focus on the characteristics of responding organisations and the role of the public as well as on the description of the challenging environment in which decision making in the time of crisis takes place. Case studies, illustration of seismic events that disrupted critical infrastructures are key topics throughout lessons and exercises.
The second course, Geospatial data processing and mapping for crisis management,
will develop advanced skills in the field of GIS and geospatial data management and mapping with the aim of tailoring such activities and their final products to the specific needs and priorities of civil protection agencies and to the vast array of stakeholders intervening in case of a seismic emergency. The students will acquire and apply knowledge on how crisis maps are produced nowadays, including enhanced tools and skills to interpret satellite images, to produce layers of exposed assets and population, comprising the possibility to exploit Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI).

The aim of the course is to provide knowledge of the main geoprocessing tools useful to support emergency management. Particular attention will be given to the production of crisis maps. The students will learn the techniques and the information sources needed to produce crisis maps for the most common environmental calamities.

• Knowledge and understanding:
  The students will acquire knowledge on how crisis maps are produced nowadays, including enhanced tools and skills to interpret satellite images, to produce layers of exposed assets and population, comprising the possibility to exploit Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). Complementary to the explanation of the theoretical aspects of geospatial processing and georeferenced data management through maps and the so called “Digital Earth”, real experiences in providing services to emergency management agencies during natural disasters will be shown and discussed. In particular, the activity of agencies such as UNOCHA, UN Spider, and DG-ECHO will be presented with particular focus on the Copernicus Programme.
• Applying knowledge and understanding
  The course will develop advanced skills in the field of GIS and geospatial data management and mapping with the aim of tailoring such activities and their final products to the specific needs and priorities of civil protection agencies and to the vast array of stakeholders intervening in case of a seismic emergency.
• Making judgements
  The students will learn to deal with different types of needs of the users, e.g. civil protection, detecting which data and which geoprocessing are necessary to provide adequate information.
• Communication skills
  The students will present the work done during a group activity for a multidisciplinary project with an oral presentation and a written report
• Learning skills
  The students will develop the ability to autonomously delve deeper into the topics taught during classes, considering different sources.

The content is exposed through lectures and laboratory exercises. The course deals with the following main topics:
Open data and tools to support crisis management (e.g. software for downloading and processing satellite imagery and software for geodata publication on Internet)
Existing services providing geospatial data for emergency management purposes (e.g. Copenicus Emergency Manamgement Service )
Crisis map production workflow
Remote sensing applications for damage detection and grading: different types of sensors are discussed, with their fit for use for damage assessment for different types of disasters (e.g. Earthquake, Flood, Fire ).
Geospatial processing and fusion of different data sources
Validation and quality control of crisis maps
Laboratory exercises on real test cases will be performed. The exercises will be perfomed mainly in class, partly guided, partly autonomously and in group with the teacher supervision. The students will work on a group interdisciplinary project in which they will apply geoprocessing and mapping for a specific test case of emergency management. The active work during the course is recommended to maximise the learning process during the semester and to facilitate the group project development.

Prova orale obbligatoria
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
The interdisciplinary group project is evaluated on the basis of a group presentation and a written report. In addition, with an oral test, the acquired knowledge about the discussed topics will be assessed. During the exam, the expected learning outcomes will be tested. The knowledge and understanding about the main topics of the course, concerning mainly the workflow of crisis maps production, the types of data sources and processing required for damage assessment for different types of disasters, the software and tools available, as well as the existing services which provide geospatial information to support emergency management will be verified.

Scenario modeling in hydrogeological risk involve a multidisciplinary approach in order to analyze, forecast and define the evolution of landslides and flood hazards.
1.st part of the course will focus on the application of geology in engineering practice mainly for landslide evaluation and erosion evaluation. The syllabus of lectures covers the topics within the slope dynamic, including related field of geomorphological analysis, groundwater hydrology and the application of technical geology to the solution of problems in landslide risk. For slope dynamics the main topics are: the geological studies and hazard assessment for localized event and for diffuse processes. A particular focus on hazard analysis will be presented. During the course an emergency plan for hydrogeological hazards will be developed, selecting a mountain area as a test case: the skill of engineering geology, acquired in Scenario modeling in hydrogeological risk, will be applied to solve a real case.
2.nd modulus attendants will become familiar with topics and major issues concerning an emergency plan for hydrogeological risk in mountain regions. A field case is developed throught the modulus.
Topics: Early warning systems. Short-term morphological modelling of mountain rivers. Flood models (2D). Flood damage evaluation.

The course aims at presenting theory of emergency planning, in particular for hydrogeological hazards. Theoretical concepts are then put into practice by students by the development of a real emergency plan for a mountain test case area. One key objective of the laboratory is to make students understand the challenges implied in the development of a technical support (the plan) to orient human decisions and actions under stress. The plan that is to be developed must comprise the more technical information, including the one acquired and produced during the other course of the module "Hydrogeological risks in mountain areas" and more managerial aspects, for which organisational and social factors are central issues. This objective requires the ability to understand, elaborate and synthesise information coming from different disciplines into a usable and useful tool.
Main contents of the course regard:
Basics of emergency planning. What is an emergency plan. What are its main contents. Which are the main challenges. Examples of effective emergency plans.
Complete event scenario developing. The complete event scenario as the base of emergency planning. How to build a complete event scenario. Examples of complete event scenarios.
Flood damage: modelling. State of art damage models for the assessment of direct damage. Modelling social vulnerability. Modelling systemic vulnerability of lifelines. Translating vulnerabilities into damage/impacts
Early warning systems. The "Total" Early Warning Systems concept. Monitoring and forecasting. Risk knowledge. Response capability. Dissemination and communication.
Response planning. The Response as a dynamic process. The phases of the response. Resources allocation. Handling with uncertainty. Validation.
Return to normalcy. Temporal scales, required knowledge and procedures.

Contents:

• Earthquakes and seismic action.
• Conceptual design of structures for earthquake resistance.
• Methods of analysis for seismic design and assessment of structures.
• Capacity design and ductility.
• Design and detailing rules for reinforced concrete, steel and masonry buildings.
• Lessons learned from past earthquakes.
• Seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing buildings.
• Innovative methods for seismic protection of new and existing structures.
• Seismic design and retrofitting of buildings: application case studies.

The aim of the course is to present the fundamental aspects of the seismic risk and seismic damage scenario assessments and some activities related to the seismic emergency management. The importance of the choices of the suitable methodologies for the different assessment phases will be particularly highlighted.
The course is strictly integrated with the others of the GPEM module. An interdisciplinary group project will be devoloped by the students. A project in which they will apply the knowledge acquired in the three parts of the module, working on a specific real case study related to seismic emergency management. The project will have revisions and working time in class, partly guided, partly autonomously with the teacher supervision. The active work during the course is recommended to maximise the learning process during the semester and to facilitate the group project development. During the course experts' seminars related to the GPEM module topics will be proposed.

Knowledge and understanding: the students will acquire knowledge about seismic risk and damage scenario and about the different aspects to be considered to assess them. The differences between deterministic and probabilistic approaches in terms of data, methods and results and their uses during the prevention or emergency management phases, are issues expected to be assumed at the end of the course. A territorial point of view is mainly adopted in the course, so they will be able to understand the importance to approach problems at different scales using appropriate methods and data.
Applying knowledge and understanding: the students will learn, as first, to calculate a seismic damage scenario for buildings. The skills of managing different kind of data related to the seismic risk or damage scenario in a site and data collected in the post event phases (damage and usability) will be improved. In particular, the understanding of data requirements and reliability, the most suitable ways to organize, store and represent the data using a GIS are in-depth issues. Morover, the projects to be developed for the module are applications of different and integrated aspects of the acquired knowledge.
Making judgements: in the course, some of the different existent approaches to assess the seismic risk and damage scenarios and the related phases will be presented. Each one has specific assumptions, limits, expected results. The students will be able to understand and make the correct choices among the possible alternatives, analysing the objectives, the contest, the scales, the stakeholders to which their work will be addressed.
Communication: the course has a multidisciplinary approach, so the students will learn the importance to communicate in the most suitable way with different categories of stakeholders (public administration officers, professionals or researchers, etc.). Other points are:
-the ability to work in team: the exercises and module project development will permit them to improve the ability to work together with the other students for a common objective;
-the oral presentation of their project and the oral exam, will increase their skill of public speech.
Learning skills: the students will develop the ability to autonomously delve deeper into the topics taught during classes and, during the project they can improve the ability to take decision based on assumptions and to justify their choices.

Earthquake phenomena: definition of the phenomena and different types of measures;
Seismic hazard: definition, parameters, assessment methodologies;
Local effects: definitions and classification; focus on site amplifications and landslides triggered by earthquake;
Seismic vulnerability of buildings: definition, different assessment methodologies;
Seismic vulnerability of lifelines: definition, assessment methodologies;
Outlines about seismic vulnerability of special buildings: different approaches;
Seismic risk: definition and evaluation methods;
Seismic damage scenarios: definition and evaluation methods;
Post-event usability assessment: assessment, organization and methodologies;
Seminaries about seismic risk / seismic emergency management (in common for the GPEM module) held by experts in different fields of the seismic risk/emergency;
Exercises: development of exercises, mainly using a GIS, related to the different topics of the course;
Common project for the courses of the GPEM module: the students have to work in groups to construct a seismic damage scenario, to elaborate data (various types, sources, formats) for developing a webgis and maps useful to support different phases/aspect of the seismic emergency management in a real case-study.

Prova orale obbligatoria
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
The exam consists in the oral discussion of the developed project and, after that, in the oral discussion of the topics of the course.
During the exam the students have to show their knowledge of the course topics and the ability to use, integrate and elaborate them in the project

Webeep
Note: Slides, lectures notes and other bibliographical material shall be found on WeBeeP
CONSEIL DE L'EUROPE Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie, European Macroseismic Scale 1998, Editore: G. Grünthal, ISBN: 2-87977-008-4
Note: Available in the BEEP WebSite of the course
C. ALLIN CORNELL, ENGINEERING SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS / Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Anno edizione: 1968, ISSN: 0037-1106, Fascicolo: Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 1583-1606
Note: Available in the BEEP WebSite of the course
G.M. Calvi, R. Pinho, G. Magenes, J.J. Bommer, L.F. Restrepo-Vélez and H. Crowley, DEVELOPMENT OF SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES OVER THE PAST 30 YEARS, Editore: ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, Anno edizione: 2006, ISSN: 0972-0405, Fascicolo: Paper No. 472, Vol. 43, No. 3,
Note: Available in the BEEP WebSITE of the course
Alfredo Corsanego and Carlo Gavarini, Ten years of research into the seismic vulnerability of constructions in Italy/Annals of Geophysics, Anno edizione: 1993, ISSN: 2037-416X, Fascicolo: VOL. XXXVI, N. 1
Note: Available in the BEEP website of the course

The course aims at presenting the mechanisms of deterioration phenomena that can affect the durability of metallic and reinforced concrete structures operating in natural environments (atmosphere, soil and water) and the methods that allow their inspection, monitoring and control.

After attending the lectures and exercise sessions of the course and passing the exam, the student is expected to know the mechanisms of deterioration phenomena of construction materials and to understand how they affect the behaviour of structures in various conditions of exposure. In addition, the student is expected to make predictions on the durability behaviour of structures through the application of basic analytical models and to propose methods for inspection, monitoring and intervention of structures. A practical application of inspection activity of reinforced concrete will be organised during the course to show the student how to perform the most significant inspection methods and analyse collected data.

Metallic structures. Principles of corrosion mechanism. Thermodynamics and kinetics of corrosion. General and localised corrosion. Stress corrosion cracking. Corrosion of steel in natural environments: atmosphere, soil, water and seawater. Corrosion protection and prevention. Metallic coatings and paintings. Cathodic protection.
Reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. Concrete deterioration: freeze-thaw, sulphate attack, alkali-silica reaction. Corrosion of steel reinforcement: carbonation and chlorides. Hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steel. Prevention of corrosion: concrete technology, additional preventative methods. Service life and design for durability. Monitoring and inspection: potential mapping, corrosion rate, concrete resistivity. Analyses on concrete. Repair of reinforced concrete: conventional techniques and electrochemical methods.

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
Prova orale facoltativa (a scelta dello studente)
The exam is a written test with numerical exercises to solve and theoretical questions to answer. After obtaining a positive evaluation of the written test, the student can decide to take an oral test (not mandatory).
The exam is aimed at assessing the student’s knowledge and understanding of deterioration phenomena of construction materials and his/her ability to make quantitative evaluations on the durability behaviour of structures in service conditions and to propose suitable methods for prevention and control.

L. Bertolini, B. Elsener, P. Pedeferri, E. Redaelli, R. Polder, Corrosion of steel in concrete. Prevention, diagnosis and repair. 2nd ed., Editore: Wiley VCH, Weinheim, Anno edizione: 2013 www.biblio.polimi.it
P. Pedeferri, Corrosion science and engineering, Editore: Springer, Anno edizione: 2018, ISBN: 978-3-319-97625-9 www.biblio.polimi.it
J.M. Illston, P.L.J. Domone, Construction Materials. Their Nature and Behaviour, Editore: Spon Press, Anno edizione: 2002, ISBN: 9780203478981 www.biblio.polimi.it

The course focuses on structural earthquake engineering with special reference to 1) Design of building structures for earthquake resistance and 2) Seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structures.

The objectives of the course are the students’ knowledge and understanding of the main concepts of seismic design, assessment and retrofitting of structures, capability to present and explain current and developing seismic design philosophies as well as to propose and discuss different strategies and techniques for seismic rehabilitation and retrofitting of structures. Specific examples of seismic design and retrofitting of buildings will be carried out and discussed.
Knowledge and understanding: knowledge of the main concepts of behavior, design, analysis and retrofitting of structures subjected to seismic actions.
Applying knowledge and understanding: know how to develop the seismic design and retrofitting of structures by means of suitable software tools complemented with ad hoc computations.
Making judgments: ability to identify the critical issues of design and retrofitting of structures in seismic areas, and to propose and discuss different strategies for problem solving.
Communication skills: ability to clearly present and explain the main aspects of seismic design philosophy as well as different strategies and techniques for seismic retrofitting with appropriate motivations.
Learning skills: ability to autonomously increase knowledge in comparison with what has been taught during classes.

Contents

• Earthquakes and seismic action. Conceptual design of structures for earthquake resistance. Strength, stiffness, ductility. Main structural deficiencies and failure modes of members and buildings.
• Methods of analysis for seismic design and assessment of buildings. Structural analysis for seismic design and assessment of buildings.
• Seismic design and detailing rules for reinforced concrete structures. Capacity design and ductility. Detailing and dimensioning of RC members. Beams, columns, beam-to-column joints, shear walls.
• Seismic design and detailing rules for steel structures. Moment resisting frame. Concentrically braced frame. Eccentrically braced frame. Beam-to-column connections.
• Seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structures. Retrofitting strategies. Stiffening, strengthening, ductility increase. Selective retrofitting interventions. Innovative methods for seismic protection of new and existing structures. Base isolation and energy dissipation.
• Seismic design and retrofitting of buildings: application case studies.
  Application classes
  Some examples of seismic design and retrofitting of buildings are carried out during the course. Students are then required to produce a report of this work.

Prova orale obbligatoria
The exam consists of an oral discussion of the report done during the application classes and questions on theory and applications.
Main expected results: students’ knowledge of theoretical issues; understanding of the relevant methodologies for the design and retrofitting of structures in seismic areas; capability to perform seismic analysis, design and retrofitting of structures; ability to clearly present and explain conclusions.

Class notes and slides of the lessons
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance

1st Module
Territory transport risk analysis (in coordination with the other modules), vulnerability and risk exposure analysis of the transport network, transports planning in emergency. Traffic Management Plans and Transport. Emergency Management Plans, methods to determine effective routes for the aids and the evacuation, interventions optimization, monitoring, telecontrol and users information technologies, hazardous goods transport, minimum requirements for tunnel safety, ADR 2007; risk analysis and fires simulation; methods for emergency and safety plans drawing.
2nd Module
Transport systems and services fundaments, fundaments of road traffic theory and technique,
transport planning fundaments, statistics and probability calculus (MAT/06), optimization methods, decisions support systems (MAT/09), data base, GIS (ING-INF/05), transport risk components, active and passive risk, probability, vulnerability, exposure, introduction to qualitative and quantitative transport risk analysis methods, definition of minimum risk routes.

The course aims to provide students with the knowledge, elements, and tools needed to study and analyze transportation and mobility systems engineering. Specifically, the course addresses the concepts of risk, resilience (and their components), and emergency management as applied to transportation systems. Within the course, the operating criteria of a transportation system and its components are explained. In addition, functional elements of transportation planning knowledge are discussed. An additional issue covers techniques for implementing risk mitigation plans, and emergency management plans to deal with different types of relevant events and accidents of human or natural origin that may affect a transportation network (socioeconomic impacts). The course includes lessons, case studies (seminars) with public and/or private organizations and technical visits.

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
expose orally and graphically methods, models, operational tools, best practices, and procedures for the analysis and management of transportation networks, and illustrate their main characteristics of use
expose and apply techniques for assessing the level of vulnerability and resilience of a network and the level of risk associated with transportation activity, considering specific issues, including intrinsic network characteristics (topological and functional), traffic flows, and the nature and duration of relevant events that may affect the network
expose and apply methods and models to assess the traffic consequences caused by relevant events that may affect the transportation network and to determine, through appropriate simulations, the different scenarios that may occur
expose and apply traffic management techniques and models under emergency conditions by identifying the most appropriate traffic detour and flow management measures to minimize congestion, travel times, and response times for emergency vehicles.

The course provides an overview of the methods, models, operational tools, best practices, and procedures for analyzing and managing transportation networks (mainly roads). The goal is to assess a transportation network's vulnerability and resilience and the resulting risk associated with transportation activity, depending on the network's intrinsic characteristics (topological and functional), traffic flows, and the type of major events that may affect the network.
The acquired knowledge makes it possible to simulate the possible traffic consequences caused by relevant events that may affect the transportation network (total or partial closure of road sections, planned or unplanned evacuations from specific areas, etc.) and to determine, through appropriate simulations, different network state scenarios that may occur.
A further issue relates to traffic management under emergency conditions (following the possible abnormal events described above): determining the most appropriate traffic detour and flow management measures to minimize congestion, travel times, and emergency vehicle response times.
Topics covered in the course are:
Transportation demand models: random utility models, four-phase model (generation, distribution, modal split, path choice, matrix estimation elements)
Assignment to transportation networks: classification and fields of application of assignment models, assignment to uncongested networks, assignment to congested networks: user balance, daily dynamics, intra-period (within-day) dynamic assignment
Heavy vehicle storage and management during emergencies
Traffic Management Plans (TMP): elements of incident management, implementation of a TMP, basic elements of a TMP, structure of a TMP, Italian examples, and corridor and network TMPs
Transportation Emergency Management Plans (TEMP): evacuation management operations, transportation during emergencies, organization of transportation to support emergency actions
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): definition, goals (travel information and planning, traveler information services), traffic management, freight and fleet management, electronic fares, transportation safety, emergency and incident management, urban areas, mobility impact, examples
Vulnerability of transportation networks: introduction to road vulnerability and road network vulnerability analysis
Basis for the following applications: traffic and transportation network simulation models and GIS for road network management.
During the course, laboratory activities (applications and numerical exercises) will be carried out (eventually in groups), including in the classroom during lessons. These activities will be proposed by the teachers and will concern some of the theoretical issues addressed in class. The performance of these applications will be assessed and will contribute to the final exam mark.

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
Prova orale obbligatoria
Progetto/i - Elaborato/i obbligatorio, di gruppo, con revisioni periodiche, con presentazione/discussione finale
The evaluation is based on a written and oral examination in the different sessions scheduled during the academic year.
The written exam consists of open-ended and multiple-choice questions for test knowledge and understanding of the entire course program. The candidate must demonstrate (including graphically) that:
know the main definitions and concepts related to transportation systems, transportation risk, and the fundamental statements of theory
have understood and be able to comprehensibly describe and apply the procedures and methodologies explained during the lectures
have understood the key aspects of each topic covered without memorizing formulas and definitions
have at least sufficient knowledge of the topics covered in the course to pass the exam
If the candidate achieves at least a sufficient grade in the written exam, he or she may take the oral exam. The oral exam consists of theoretical questions on some course topics.
Laboratory activities will contribute to the final assessment of the exam.

Petrenj, B.; Piraina, M.; Borghetti, F.; Marchionni, G.; Urbano, V., Cross-border Digital Platform for Transport Critical Infrastructure Resilience: Functionalities and Use-case, Anno edizione: 2023 http://idl.iscram.org/files/petrenj/2023/2510_Petrenj_etal2023.pdf
Borghetti, F.; Marchionni, G., Cross-border critical transportation infrastructure: a multi-level index for resilience assessment, Anno edizione: 2023 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146523001576?via%3Dihub
Rosi, Riccardo; Borghetti, Fabio; Longo, Michela; Somaschini, Claudio; Fiduccia, Andrea; Tartaglia, Mario, Railway Infrastructure Resilience Analysis in Case of Flooding: Case Study in Italy, Anno edizione: 2023 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10381476
Borghetti, F.; Marchionni, G., ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR ASSESSING THE RESILIENCE OF CROSS-BORDER CRITICAL TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE, Anno edizione: 2022 https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-the-built-environment/214/38470
Borghetti, F.; Frassoldati, A.; Derudi, M.; Lai, I.; Trinchini, C., Road Tunnels Operation: Effectiveness of Emergency Teams as a Risk Mitigation Measure, Anno edizione: 2022 https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/23/15491
Borghetti, F.; Benolli, F.; Micozzi, A.; Di Giovanni, D., TRANSTUN project: a public-private-partnership to enhance the capacity of emergency response in case of CBRN incident in road tunnels, Anno edizione: 2022 http://www.cetjournal.it/cet/22/91/060.pdf
Borghetti, F.; Frassoldati, A.; Derudi, M.; Lai, I.; Trinchini, C., RESILIENCE AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF ROAD TUNNELS: THE CASE STUDY OF THE SAN ROCCO AND STONIO TUNNELS IN ITALY, Anno edizione: 2021 https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-the-built-environment/206/38203
Borghetti, F.; Frassoldati, A.; Derudi, M.; Lai, I.; Trinchini, C., Safety in Road Tunnels: Analysis of Fire Accident Location inside the Gran Sasso Tunnel in Italy, Anno edizione: 2021 https://rpsonline.com.sg/proceedings/9789811820168/html/153.xml
Borghetti, F.; Petrenj, B.; Trucco, P.; Calabrese, V.; Ponti, M.; Marchionni, G., Multi-level approach to assessing the resilience of road network infrastructure, Anno edizione: 2021 https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJCIS.2021.116856
Borghetti, F.; Marchionni, G.; De Bianchi, M.; Barabino, B.; Bonera, M.; Caballini, C., A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR ACCIDENTS ANALYSIS: THE CASE OF THE STATE ROAD 36 IN ITALY, Anno edizione: 2021 https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/tdi-volumes/5/3/2800
Borghetti, F.; Derudi, M.; Frassoldati, A.; Lai, I.; Trinchini, C., Tunnel Risk Analysis: a Quantitative Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Emergency Teams Inside the A24 and A25 Motorway Tunnels, Anno edizione: 2020 https://www.aidic.it/cet/20/82/047.pdf
Borghetti, F.; Bozza, I.; Maja, R.; Malavasi, G.; Ricci, S.; Rizzetto, L., Unplanned rail service disruptions: Recovery Index for the station analysis where to set up a bus bridging, Anno edizione: 2020 https://www.ingegneriaferroviaria.it/web/en/content/unplanned-rail-service-disruptions-recovery-index-station-analysis-where-set-bus-bridging
Borghetti, F.; Marchionni, G.; Gugiatti, E.; Ambrosi, C.; Czerski, D.; Melzi, C., Cross border critical infrastructure: a new approach for the protection evaluation, Anno edizione: 2020 http://rpsonline.com.sg/proceedings/9789811485930/html/4134.xml
Borghetti, F.; Ponti, M.; Marchionni, G.; Studer, L.; Gandini, P.; Maja, R., A Quantitative Model to Define the Priority of Recovery of Road Network Elements Following a Relevant Event, Anno edizione: 2020 http://rpsonline.com.sg/proceedings/9789811485930/html/5291.xml
Borghetti, F.; Maja, R., Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road: Preliminary Data Analysis in March 2020 During COVID-19 Emergency in Italy, Anno edizione: 2020 https://www.aidic.it/cet/20/82/053.pdf
Borghetti, F.; Frassoldati, A.; Derudi, M.; Lai, I.; Trinchini, C., Safety in Road Tunnels: Accident Data Analysis of the Italian Motorway A24 and A25, Anno edizione: 2020 https://www.aidic.it/cet/20/82/052.pdf
Borghetti, F.; Mattavelli Solbiati, M., Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road: Analysis of Emergency Management to Estimate the Infrastructure Recovery Following an Event, Anno edizione: 2020 https://www.aidic.it/cet/20/82/050.pdf
Borghetti, F.; Cerean, P.; Derudi, M.; Frassoldati, A., Road Tunnels - An Analytical Model for Risk Analysis, Anno edizione: 2019 https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-00569-6
Borghetti, F.; Gandini, P.; Maja, R.; Ventriglia, V., Safety of Dangerous Goods Transportation by Road: a Comparison Between QRAM and GIIS Software, Anno edizione: 2018 https://www.aidic.it/cet/18/67/129.pdf
Derudi, M.; Borghetti, F.; Favrin, S.; Frassoldati, A., TRAM: a New Quantitative Methodology for Tunnel Risk Analysis, Anno edizione: 2018 https://www.aidic.it/cet/18/67/136.pdf
Borghetti, F.; Gandini, P.; Pastorelli, G.; Studer, L.; Bonura, L., DESTINATION Project: Data Analysis Relating to the Transport of Dangerous Substances by Road in 2015, Anno edizione: 2018 https://www.aidic.it/cet/18/67/131.pdf
Studer, Luca Pasino; Gandini, Paolo; Iuliano, Rosanna; Borghetti, Fabio; Marchionni, Giovanna, Road Users Exposed to Harm from Transportation of Dangerous Goods - Definition and Estimation, Anno edizione: 2018 https://www.aidic.it/cet/18/67/127.pdf
Bosco, D.; Lovreglio, R.; Frassoldati, A.; Derudi, M.; Borghetti, F., Queue Formation and Evacuation Modelling in Road Tunnels During Fires, Anno edizione: 2018 https://www.aidic.it/cet/18/67/135.pdf
Borghetti, Fabio; Derudi, Marco; Gandini, Paolo; Frassoldati, Alessio; Tavelli, Silvia, Tunnel Fire Testing and Modeling The Morgex North Tunnel Experiment, Anno edizione: 2017 https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-49517-0
Borghetti, Fabio; Calabrese, Veronica; Maja, Roberto, A quantitative model for the analysis of railway accessibility with bimodal vehicle in emergency conditions, Anno edizione: 2017 https://www.ingegneriaferroviaria.it/web/en/content/quantitative-model-analysis-railway-accessibility-bimodal-vehicle-emergency-conditions
Borghetti, Fabio; Malavasi, Gabriele, Vulnerabilità e accessibilità delle tratte ferroviarie a cielo aperto per i soccorsi in emergenza - Vulnerability and accessibility of open rail routes for emergency rescue, Anno edizione: 2016 https://ingegneriaferroviaria.it/web/it/content/vulnerabilità-e-accessibilità-delle-tratte-ferroviarie-cielo-aperto-i-soccorsi-emergenza
Borghetti, Fabio; Malavasi, Gabriele, Road accessibility model to the rail network in emergency conditions, Anno edizione: 2016 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210970616300270?via%3Dihub
Gandini, Paolo; Studer, LUCA PASINO; Borghetti, Fabio; Iuliano, Rosanna; Pastorelli, Giuseppe, Assessment of areas exposed to damage by dangerous goods transportation - Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process method for land covers weighing, Anno edizione: 2015 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7313502
Bruno DALLA CHIARA,Gennaro Nicola BIFULCO,Gaetano FUSCO, Benedetto BARABINO, Giovanni CORONA, Riccardo ROSSI, Luca STUDER, ITS nei trasporti stradali, Editore: Egaf, Anno edizione: 2013, ISBN: 978-88-8482-477-6
J. de D. Ortùzar, L. G. Willumsen, Modelling Transport - Second Edition, Anno edizione: 2011
Ennio Cascetta, Transportation Systems Analysis - Models and Applications, Anno edizione: 2009 https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-0-387-75857-2

Students will learn the basis of Transport Engineering, the components of transportation systems and their basic characteristics.
They will learn how to simulate the operation of a transportation system and the main criteria of transportation planning.
They will also learn the main concepts of transport risk and resilience and their components; moreover they will understand the risk prediction, prevention and mitigation activities.
They will know the main concepts needed to cope with major events or accidents on the transportation network, due to either human or natural origin.

Lectures and exercise sessions will allow students to:
have the knowledge of the basis of transportation network, in particular the characteristics of traffic flow and the basic elements for networks modelling and the different types of transport risk issues
understand and predict the effects on the territory caused by incidental events involving a transport network
have the ability to analyze the transport network level of service and the network behavior in case of relevant event
be able to explain to any audience the main features of a transportation system and the issues referred to risk in transportation sector
have the ability to autonomously increase knowledge starting from the issues discussed during classes

The course is mainly focused on two macro topics. The first topic includes the basis for the study of transportation network, in particular the characteristics of traffic flow and the fundamental elements needed to model transport networks and their operation.
The second topic concerns the analysis of risk, safety, and resilience of transportation systems following major events involving transportation networks that may also cause impacts on the territory. Particular focus is given to the risk associated with the transport of dangerous goods and to safety in tunnels.
The two macro topics are presented during the course in an interconnected and combined mode.
First macro-topic:
Introduction to Transport Systems: example of transport problems, fundamental components, functions and requirements, indicators and units of measure, classification of means of transport, accident rates
Traffic flow models: vehicle flow, motion of a vehicle, space-time diagrams, flow models, flow experimental laws and fundamental diagrams, macroscopic and microscopic models and variables
Transport planning: introduction, general procedures, simulation of transport networks, offer (components, graph theory, cost functions), demand (characteristics and components, O/D matrices, methods of analysis)
Highway capacity assessment and determination of Level Of Service for motorways, multi-lane and two-lane roads. The HCM procedure.
Signalized intersections: classification, project criteria, fixed and activated traffic lights, coordinated traffic lights, functional and safety evaluation and determination of Level Of Service
Non-Traffic Light Controlled Crossroads: basic concepts, functional evaluation and determination of Level Of Service
Roundabouts: general characteristics, classification, functional evaluation, determination of Level Of Service, safety notes
Sustainability and telematics in transportation: main sustainability issues and measures, Intelligent Transport Systems
Second macro-topic:
Introduction to the definition of risk: introduction to transport systems, definition and components of risk and resilience, specificity of Dangerous Goods (DG) transport, incidental casuistry
Safety in tunnel: problems of risk in tunnels, fires in tunnels, elements of tunnel risk analysis, human behavior influencing tunnel safety, devices and equipment, reference regulations
Transport Risk Analysis TRA: technics and tools for the safety evaluation of dangerous goods transport. Overview of the legislation (ADR, RID, ADN, IMDG). Main goal of the procedure, phases and limits. Societal risk and individual risk, risk criteria acceptance
Transport Risk Prevention: road safety elements, vehicles and infrastructure prevention and measures. Relationship between vehicle and infrastructure

Prova scritta obbligatoria, senza prove in itinere
Prova orale obbligatoria
The evaluation is based on a written and oral examination in the different sessions scheduled during the academic year.
The written exam consists of open-ended and multiple-choice questions for test knowledge and understanding of the entire course program.
If the candidate achieves at least a sufficient grade in the written exam, he or she may take the oral exam. The oral exam consists of theoretical questions on some course topics.
Laboratory activities may possible contribute to the final assessment of the exam.
The student must:
demonstrate knowledge of the main definitions and concepts related to transportation systems, transport risk and the fundamental statements of theory
demonstrate that he/she understands and can comprehensibly describe and apply the procedures and methodologies explained in the lectures
demonstrate that he/she has understood the key aspects of each topic covered, while not learning formulas and definitions by heart
demonstrate at least sufficient knowledge of both the macro-topics covered by the course in order to pass the exam.

Slides and lecture notes
Highway Capacity Manual: A Guide for Multimodal Mobility Analysis, Editore: TRB - Trasportation Research Board, Anno edizione: 2016
Borghetti, F., Petrenj, B., Trucco, P., Calabrese, V., Ponti, M., & Marchionni, G., Multi-level approach to assessing the resilience of road network infrastructure, International Journal of Critical Infrastructures, Anno edizione: 2021, Fascicolo: 17(2), pp. 97-132
Kaplan, S., & Garrick, B. J., On the quantitative definition of risk, Journal: Risk Analysis, Anno edizione: 1981, Fascicolo: 1(1), pp. 11-27
Kaplan, S., The words of risk analysis. Journal: Risk Analysis, Anno edizione: 1997, Fascicolo: 17(4), pp. 407-417