Automotive Engineering

Knowledge: Knowledge of Vehicle postural ergonomics, accessibility, direct and indirect visibility, structure solutions adopted for the of passenger cars and light duty vehicles and methods for the analysis of the stress and strain. Knowledge of the loads (external and internal) during operation and during crash events. Sources of noise and vibration, behavior of the vehicle structure under dynamic excitation. Human sensitivity to noise and vibration. Analysis of the aerodynamic and aero-acoustic field, simulation techniques using computational fluid dynamics and wind tunnel experimental measurements. Injury criteria, impact testing procedures following regulatory and rating procedures, structural solutions for crash energy dissipation. Restraint systems. Skills: Capability to define the vehicle packaging considering the occupants ergonomics, visibility, accessibility and structural constraints. Capability to setup a vehicle structure and analyze its main structural performances in terms of stiffness (torsional and bending), dynamic responses such as mode shapes, natural frequencies and frequency response functions. Analyze by finite element tools the response of the vehicle structure under the effect of the dynamic loads acting on it. Optimize the aerodynamic shape to reduce the drag and insure the functionality of the cooling and air conditioning system. Understand the main constraints coming from crashworthiness regulations and design or specify the subsystems dedicated to insure an adequate level of passive safety.

The objective of this course is to introduce to the design of a vehicle bodywork considering the main functional and regulatory constraints. The vast number of different topics require a system level interdisciplinary approach including ergonomics, noise and vibration, structure analysis and passive safety, aerodynamic simulation and testing.

1 - Introduction (1,5 h) Prerequistes and functions of the motor vehicle from the bodywork point of view. 2 – Vehicle packaging (9) Ergonomics and posture Percentiles and manikins for packaging Main constraint to interior packaging coming from vehicle body structure: wheel arches, tunnel, firewall, pedals, underbody. Seating position and seat comfort Accessibility to the vehicle and to commands Direct and indirect visibility 3 – Structure (10,5 h) General vehicle structure architecture for different vehicle types and with different powertrains. Reference load cases: loads coming from manoeuvres and obstacles, internal loads due to powertrain, suspensions and safety belts; loads on bodywork surface. Simplified model of the car structure when subject to internal and external loads. Structural surface method to analyze torsional and flexural behavior of open and closed chassis architectures. Structural analysis of monocoque configuration: underbody types and evaluation of their torsional stiffness. H, I, X, ladder frame analysis. Influence of open or closed cross section beams. 4 – Noise and vibration (10,5 h) Vibration and noise sources from powertrain, wheels, aerodynamic noise. Introduction to the dynamic behavior of the bodywork and modal analysis. Vibration response and attenuation. 5 – Passive safety (7,5 h) Injury criteria, HIC, tibia index, neck, viscous criteria. Role of restraint system and main parameters affecting the occupants accelerations during a crash. Crashes of small intensity: Insurance tests, tests on bumpers. High speed crash tests for homologation and rating. 6 - Introduction to vehicle aerodynamics (6 h) Equations governing uncompressible fluids. Limited laminar and turbulent layers Aerodynamic resistance from friction and pressure. 7 - Aerodynamic resistance (10,5h) Contributions to the aerodynamic resistance. Flow structure around squat bodies. Effect on consumption and performance. 8 - Aerodynamic effects on vehicle functionality (7,5h) Aerodynamic noise. Stability with lateral wind. Engine cooling Brake cooling. Soiling and dispersion of exhaust fumes. 9 - Experimental aerodynamics (7,5 h) Automobile wind tunnels. Tests on scaled models. Measurement of the aerodynamic and aerodynamic forces and moments. Techniques for measuring the fluid-dynamic variables (pressure, speed, heat cables, LDV, PIV). Measurement of aerodynamic noise. Measurement of air flows under the bonnet Road tests. 10 - Computational aerodynamics (9 h) Numeric methods for equations of fluid motion. Calculations grids and their creations based on CAD geometry. Turbulence models. Boundary conditions. Elaborations and visualization of the results.

Modalita di esame: Test informatizzato in laboratorio; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Computer lab-based test; Group project;
... The exam requires the student to know the following topics - vehicle packaging considering the occupants ergonomics, accessibility and structural constraints. - Direct and indirect visibility according to EU and SAE regulations, - Capability to determine the quasi static longitudinal, lateral and torsional loads acting on the vehicle in operating conditions. - Capability to determine the internal loads from suspensions and powertrain. - Knowledge of the main a vehicle structure architectures of passenger cars and their main structural performances. - Capability to analyze the load distribution in frames and box structures under the effect of bending and torsional loads. - Knowledge about the dynamic responses and human sensitivity to vibration, modal analysis and modal reduction, natural frequencies and frequency response functions. - Injury criteria, impact testing procedures following regulatory and rating procedures, structural solutions for crash energy dissipation and estimation of their characteristics. Role of the restraint systems. - Optimize the aerodynamic shape to reduce the drag and insure the functionality of the cooling and air conditioning system. - Wind tunnel testing and measurement techniques to evaluate different aerodynamic performances. - Methodologies for the analysis of the aerodynamic performances by means of Computational Fluid Dynamic tools. The aim of the exam is to verify if and in what measure the learning outcomes are consistent with the expected ones as described above. The exam is conceived to verify the knowledge acquired in the field of the vehicle packaging and visibility, vehicle structure, noise and vibration, aerodynamics, aerodynamic testing and computational fluid dynamics. The exam is also aimed to verify the capability of the student to elaborate the given knowledge and elaborate it to obtain results and allow to take personal decisions in the field of vehicle body design. This is obtained by the evaluation of the exercise reports prepared during the semester. Additionally one part of the written exam is devoted to numerical exercises. Exam rules and procedure Written exam, 2 hours The written exam will consist in an online written test performed in LAIB or on paper in classroom with 30 multiple choice questions on the theory and 5 short numerical questions about the exercise classes. They will be split as follows: Multiple choice: CBD: 14 questions, 1 correct answer per question, 1 marks per correct answer, -0.5 marks per wrong answer, 0 marks per no answer AERO: 16 questions, 2 correct answer per question, 0.5 marks per correct answer, -0.25 marks per wrong answer, 0 marks per no answer Numerical questions Multiple choice: CBD: 5 questions, 2 marks if the result is within 2% tolerance, 0 marks if out of tolerance interval. Aero: no numerical questions The result of multiple-choice questions and numerical exercise sums to a maximum of 40 points. This result will be rescaled to a max written score of 27/30. Multiple choice questions and numerical questions will be grouped in one session. The written score is one, including the CBD and Aero parts that are not evaluated separately. During the exam • exchange information among you is not permitted by any means. To this end the application will activate the video-camera and we and the system itself will detect activities not strictly related to answering the questions. • use of cell phone is forbidden and you will be asked to leave it far from your desk. • use of any written material is forbidden as well. • numerical computations can be done just by a simple scientific calculator or by means of the scientific calculator available in the Exam web interface. • Scrolling up/down between questions is possible. Exercise reports The CBD and Aero repots are discussed orally with the team and will be evaluated as follows. CBD: 3 reports, max 3 marks for the 3 reports, reports are compulsory. AERO CFD: 1 report, 0 marks, report is compulsory. AERO work group: 1 report, 3 marks, optional Reports are due 1 week before the exam. This means that the reports have to be submitted one week before the exam call that will be attempted first by one of you. If you are the first of your team to attempt the exam in the second call, then your team has to submit the reports one week before the second call. Note2: the team members that attempt the exam in later calls have not to resubmit the reports. Note 3: if you already submitted the reports in previous academic years and had them evaluated, you do not need to resubmit them this a.y. A max of 6 marks can then be reached from CBD reports or Aero workgroup discussion. These marks are added to the written score. The result is saturated at 30. Laude can be obtained with additional oral examination. We ask you then to upload in the “Elaborati� section of CBD&Aero Portale della Didattica webpage your project reports. Frontpage must include all the names of the team members. CBD: Submit just one report per group in pdf format with following file naming convention: Sxxxx-Syyyyy-Szzzz.pdf Where xxxx, yyyy, zzzz are the student IDs of each team member. • .doc or other formats will not be evaluated. • Files sent by email will not be evaluated. Oral exam Optional oral examinations in presence will be possible just for cumulative written+reports scores higher or equal to 25 or in cases left to the teacher's decision, such as an unclear result of the written. The oral examination consists in a number of at least three questions covering the course program for a further assessment of the expected learning outcomes. The student will be asked to answer giving priority to quantitative arguments, graphical representations, and analytical reasoning. The oral examination can lead to an increment as well as a reduction of the score obtained in the written.

L. Morello, L. Rosti Rossini, G. Pia, A. Tonoli, “The Automotive Body�, Voll, I and II, Springer, 2011. J. Fenton, "Handbook of Vehicle Design Analysis", SAE, 1999 . W. Karwowsky, "Automotive Ergonomics", Taylor & Francis, 1993 . J. Happian-Smith e altri, "An Introduction to Modern Vehicle Design", SAE, 2002 . T. Gillespie, "Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics", SAE, 1999. Hucho W. H. – Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles. Pope-Rae – Low Speed Wind Tunnel Testing.

Driver assistance system design (Driver assistance system design A)The knowledge learned during the course will regard the following subjects: Vehicle dynamics. Advanced driver assistance systems. Autonomous driving. Advanced control and estimation methodologies (ADAS). Application of control and estimation to ADAS/autonomous driving. The skills acquired during the course will be the following: Understanding and analyzing the vehicle dynamics. Developing advanced control and estimation algorithms for . developing advanced control algorithms for spacecraft/aircraft systems; Developing simulation and control software in Matlab/Simulink. The student will learn how to use in a comprehensive way the acquired knowledge and skills in order to deal with new problems, without being limited to a small set of applications/case studies.Driver assistance system design (Driver assistance system design B)Students are required to learn the design methodologies for vehicles equipped with advanced driver-assistance systems. To this end, students must learn the basics on: vehicle dynamics, characteristics of sensors and actuators, implementation of control strategies, study of vehicle performance. The skills acquired during the course are related to the understanding of: the dynamic behaviour of a vehicle equipped with advanced driver-assistance systems, the influence of the different subsystems, the role played by the control design parameter.

Driver assistance system design (Driver assistance system design A)The main goal of the course is to provide an overview about driver assistance systems and autonomous driving. The course consists of two main parts, concerned with methodological aspects. One part regards. The course also features suitable application projects about modeling and control of vehicle dynamics, and implementation of driver assistance systems. Driver assistance system design (Driver assistance system design B)The course is dedicated to the description of appropriate design methodologies for vehicles equipped with advanced driver-assistance systems. Part one will be devoted to study the dynamic behaviour of vehicles by means of adequate mathematical models. It will follow a part dedicated to the description of the most common sensors and actuators for the scope. A section dedicated to the implementation of the control techniques studied in part A of the course will follow. The last part will focus on the analysis of vehicles equipped with advanced driver-assistance systems with reference to the performance in terms of path follow capability, stability, comfort, drivability. Laboratory projects developed in team will strengthen the implementation capabilities and the vehicle system analysis.

Driver assistance system design (Driver assistance system design A)The course features to parts: Advanced Control Methods and Vehicle Dynamics and Control. The two parts run in parallel and are Driver assistance system design (Driver assistance system design B)The topics of the Course are listed here below 1. Vehicle Dynamics Bicycle Model: • Description of the equations of motion, • Linearization and analysis of the stability, • Study of the most relevant non-linear effects (tire non-linear behaviour, aerodynamic drag,…), • Derivation of the equations of motion at Steady State and study of the effect of the load transfer (contribution of : antiroll bar, longitudinal position of the COG, tire traction and braking force) 10 dof model • Description of the equations of motion, • Linearization of the equations of motion and description of the uncoupling between handling and comfort, • Description of the Segel model and study of the handling behaviour of the vehicle • Description of the comfort model and study of the comfort Longitudinal dynamic behaviour • Modeling of the torsional dynamic behaviour of the driveline and study of the coupling between the torsional dynamics of the driveline and the longitudinal dynamic behaviour of the vehicle. • Drivability and comfort analysis. 2. Driver Assist Vehicle Control Driver Model • Non-predictive and predictive simplified driver models (integration in the vehicle model), Longitudinal vehicle control • Antilock, Antispin (Implementation of Control Strategies) Handling control • Vehicle Dynamic Control (Implementation of Control Strategies) Suspension control • Heave control (Implementation of Control Strategies) • Roll control (Implementation of Control Strategies) 3. Autonomous Vehicle Control Technologies and methods for Autonomous Vehicle Control • An overview on the sensor technology (Camera, Radar, Lidar, IMU), • Sensor fusion techniques, • An overview on electronic control unit characteristics for image processing and vehicle control, • An overview on the actuation systems technology for autonomous vehicles. Trajectory planning • Algorithms • In Vehicle Implementation Vehicle Dynamic Control • Algorithms, • Lateral and Longitudinal Vehicle Control, • Comfort of the occupants. Three projects are developed, in strict collaboration between the two parts: • Project 1: Study the dynamic behaviour of a vehicle using the Segel model: Stability analysis and open loop manoeuvres. • Project 2: Implementation of Control Strategies . • Project 3: Implementation of trajectory planning algorithms and control of the trajectory.

Driver assistance system design (Driver assistance system design A)Modalita di esame: Test informatizzato in laboratorio; Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo; Driver assistance system design (Driver assistance system design B)Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo; Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Driver assistance system design (Driver assistance system design A)Exam: Computer lab-based test; Compulsory oral exam; Group project; Driver assistance system design (Driver assistance system design B)Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Group project; Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... Driver assistance system design (Driver assistance system design A)Assessment The assessment is devoted to verify the comprehension of the topics that have been covered throughout the whole course of Driver Assistance System Design (Part A and B together). The assessment is also addressed to verify the ability of the student to use adequate design methodologies and mathematical tools for the design of the controllers for ADAS and the consequent verification of the vehicle performance. Additionally, the presentation and discussion of the project reports is intended to verify the ability of the students to work in team on the application of a real case by using numerical modelling tools adopted in the field of automotive industry. WRITTEN EXAM • Written Exam part is composed by 4 open questions and 10 multiple choice. • Total duration: 2:30 h. • Part A: 5 Multiple Choice questions + 2 open questions. • Part B: 5 Multiple Choice questions + 2 open questions. • Part A and Part B questions will appear in a single assignment. • The grade to be assigned to the Multiple Choice questions rather than the Open Questions can change depending on the level of difficulty of a single question. • A negative score is assigned to wrong answers (Multiple Choice questions). • Both Open Questions and Multiple Choice Questions may be in the form of exercises or design problems. • The grade is rated out of thirty. • The admission to the oral and/or project discussion is possible only if the grade of the written part is ≥ 18/30. • No material is allowed, except the one provided during the exam by the teachers. • Allowed software: Matlab/Simulink, pdf reader. Any other software is forbidden. • Navigation is forbidden. • Taking photos and screenshots is forbidden. • White paper sheets for handwritten calculations are allowed. A small number of separated sheets should be used. Paper notebooks of any kind are not allowed. • The validity of the score is limited to the exam session. ORAL EXAM • The Oral Exam is optional, depending on the grading of the written part (if the score of the written part is in between 18 and 25 included). • Project report presentation and discussion is mandatory. +-3 points will be assigned after the discussion. Driver assistance system design (Driver assistance system design B)The assessment is devoted to verify the comprehension of the topics that have been covered throughout the whole course of Driver Assistance System Design (Part A and B together). The assessment is also addressed to verify the ability of the student to use adequate design methodologies and mathematical tools for the design of the controllers for ADAS and the consequent verification of the vehicle performance. Additionally, the presentation and discussion of the project reports is intended to verify the ability of the students to work in team on the application of a real case by using numerical modelling tools adopted in the field of automotive industry. Grading Criteria The exam is divided in a written part and in a oral part. The details about the two sections are described here below. Onsite written exam • Written Exam part is composed by 4 open questions and 10 multiple choice. • Total duration: 3:00 h (accounting also for possible technical problems). • Part A: 5 Multiple Choice questions + 2 open questions. • Part B: 5 Multiple Choice questions + 2 open questions. • Part A and Part B questions will appear in a single assignment. • The grade to be assigned to the Multiple Choice questions rather than the Open Questions can change depending on the level of difficulty of a single question. • A negative score is assigned to wrong answers (Multiple Choice questions). • Both Open Questions and Multiple Choice Questions may be in the form of exercises or design problems. • The grade is rated out of thirty. • The admission to the oral and/or project discussion is possible only if the grade of the written part is ≥ 18/30. • No material is allowed, except the one provided during the exam by the teachers. • Allowed software: Matlab/Simulink, pdf reader. Any other software is forbidden. • Navigation is forbidden. • Taking photos and screenshots is forbidden. • White paper sheets for handwritten calculations are allowed. A small number of separated sheets should be used. Paper notebooks of any kind are not allowed. • The validity of the score is limited to the exam session. Onsite oral exam • The Oral Exam is optional, depending on the grading of the written part (if the score of the written part is in between 18 and 25 included). • Project report presentation and discussion is mandatory. • 3 points will be assigned after the discussion.

Driver assistance system design (Driver assistance system design A)Lecture material (slides, Matlab/Simulink files) G.F. Franklin, J.D. Powell, A. Emami-Naeini, Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems, Prentice Hall, 2009. K. Ogata, Modern Control engineering, Prentice Hall, 4th ed., 2004. G. Calafiore, Elementi di Automatica, CLUT, 2007. J-J. E. Slotine and W. Li, Applied Nonlinear Control, Prentice Hall, 1991.Driver assistance system design (Driver assistance system design B)- Lecture material (slides, Matlab/Simulink files) - Rajesh Rajamani Vehicle Dynamics and Control, Mechanical Engineering Series - P. Lugner - Vehicle Dynamics of Modern Passenger Cars, 2019 - G. Genta, L. Morello, The automotive Chassis, Volume 1 and 2, Springer, 2009. - W.F. Milliken, D.L. Milliken, “Race Car Vehicle Dynamics�, SAE International, 1995. - G. Genta, "Motor Vehicle Dynamics", World Scientific, 2002

Comprehensive knowledge of the powertrain and vehicle electrification possible different applicable solutions including their main e-components in terms of technologies, functional behaviours, strong and weak points, impact on the vehicle performance and consumption Capability of evaluating which technology packages/solutions have to be applied to meet different vehicle level targets and/or legislation requirements Ability to select an electrified propulsion system solution depending on the type of vehicle and the mission profile and evaluate its performance and consumption vs. the ones of a standard ICE based one including their impact at vehicle level Ability to perform the preliminary sizing of the propulsion system devices considering the different possible technologies and the desired performance targets Ability to identify the proper specifications for the components of an electrified powertrain to satisfy the vehicle specifications

The purpose of the module is to provide to the students, in the field of the electrified systems for road vehicles: - fundamental knowledge on the state of the art, under development and future solutions - basic competences in the vehicle and powertrain components sizing - capability in evaluating the behavior of the different possible options with a particular focus on the passenger cars domain but insights also on different size commercial vehicle from the light up to the heavy duty ones.

1. Introduction to the electrification: - Previous experiences and learned lessons - Motivations - Traction systems classification systems 2. Basics (working principles): - Battery and supercaps - E-motors (review) - Fuel Cells stack and system 3. Automotive electrification specificities: - Batteries and battery systems - E-motors and generators - Power Electronics for e-drives - E-drive controls - Power Electronics for powertrain and vehicle auxiliaries - Fuel Cells stack and systems - Safety and HV Shock 4. Applications and vehicle integration in: - ICEVs - BEVs - Series Hybrids - Parallel Hybrids - Series-Parallel Hybrids - Plug-in Hybrids - FCEVs Vehicle architecture, on-board propulsion system analysis, different subsystems devices selection, powertrains and vehicles examples 5. Trends and evolutions: - Battery Charging trends - E-drives for Automated Driving - Vehicle to Home (V2H) and Vehicle to Grid (V2G) 6. Perspectives and future developments: - Evolution trends - Strategies for the effective introduction of the electrified propulsion systems and vehicles

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Exam: Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... The exam is in written form only and consists of three parts (each of them counting for one third of the final mark): - Part 1: 48 true/false sentences - Part 2: 24 multiple (4) choice sentences/questions (each question has just one correct answer) - Part 3: 8 fast numerical exercises on electrified traction systems sizing (the numerical exercises require to solve numerical problems similar to those shown during the practice lectures) Duration: 3 hours. During the exam it is possible to use just a simple scientific calculator (or the calculator available in Respondus interface), a pen and white papers. Exchange information among students is not permitted by any means. Use of multimedia devices such as cell phone, tablet, pc, smart watch is not allowed. Use of any written material such as notes, textbooks or equivalent materials is not allowed. Students have to attend the exam at Polito site using their own computer

Lesson slides will be distributed through the Polito Website or, if possible, through paper copies available at the Automotie Engineering secretary. Some valuable complementary reading materials are: - F. Badin, “Hybrid Vehicles: From Components to System�, Editionstechnip - L. Guzzella, A. Sciarretta, “Vehicle Propulsion Systems - Introduction to Modeling and Optimization�, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg - Szumanowski, “Fundamentals of hybrid vehicle drives�, ITE Warsaw-Radom - J. Larminie, A. Dicks, “Fuel Cell System Explained “, J. Wiley & Sons - M. Ehsani, Y. Gao, S. E. Gay and A. Emadi, “Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles: Fundamentals, Theory, and Design� (Power Electronics and Applications Series) CRC-PRESS: - G. Pede, G. Brusaglino, E. Vitale, "Sistemi di Propulsione Elettrica ed Ibrida: dalla Sorgente a Bordo all'Attuazione Meccanica", ENEA

Capability to understand the structure of a traction electrical drive consisting of a power electronic converter and an electrical machine. Ability to compare different electric drive solutions based on different motor technologies. Capacity to design or to tune the control loops (torque, current, speed) of an electric drive.

The course aims at providing to the students the basic concepts of the electrical energy conversion systems employed in transportation electrification, with a particular focus on hybrid and electrical vehicles. The systems under study will be the electrical drives for powertrains and the battery chargers. The electrical motors belong to the new generations of eMotors dedicated to electrical traction, such as induction motors, synchronous reluctance motors and internal permanent magnet motors. The course will provide also the basic concepts of vector control of traction drives, along with testing techniques to obtain efficiency maps and torque production maps.

• Introduction: general description of an electric drive • Power electronic devices used in power electronic converters • Basic operation principles of a switch-mode power electronic converter. Canonical commutation cell. • DC/DC converters for eMobility. • DC / AC converters (inverters) for eMobility. • Electrical motor solutions for eMobility: induction motor, synchronous reluctance motor, internal permanent magnet motor • Fundamental concepts of vector control for AC motors fed by inverters • Vector control of eDrives: design of the drive control loops (current, speed and position). • Implementation issues of high performance vector control of eMotors: Maximum Torque per Ampere (MTPA), Maximum Torque per Volt (MTPV), torque estimation, computation of maximum torque according to the voltage and current limits • Advanced testing of eDrives. • Battery chargers: on-board and off-board solutions.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Exam: Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... The exam consists of a written test of 150 minutes, containing multiple choice questions (24 points) and a question with open answer (6 points). During the exam, the use of books, notes or equivalent materials is not allowed. In addition, during the teaching students will be given a report to be elaborated at home, regarding the sizing of an electric drive and the design of the its torque control scheme. The report is rated up to 30 points. The final score is calculated as the weighted arithmetic mean between the written test (80%) and the score obtained for the report (20%). The rules of examination are described and discussed during the introductory class.

• Neil Storey “Electronics: a system approach�, Pearson Education • T.L. Floyd “Electronic Devices�, Prentice Hall • Ned Mohan, Tore Undeland, Tim Robbins, "Elettronica di Potenza", Edizioni Hoepli • Rashid, M. H., 'Elettronica di Potenza', Prentice Hall • John Kassakian, Marting F. Schlecht, George V. Verghese, “Principles of Power Electronics�, Pearson Education.

A deep knowledge of the various aspects and methodologies that are involved in the design and energy management of hybrid and electric vehicles. Capability of evaluating and optimizing the variables that condition the powertrain performance in terms of CO2 emissions and fuel consumption (taking after treatment system and emission constraints into account).

The module aims at providing students with applied knowledge regarding the design and energy management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in HEVs and Electric Vehicles.

• Pollutant and CO2 emissions from road vehicles: classification of the pollutant species; legislative framework for fuel economy and CO2/GHG/pollutant emissions; overview of driving test cycles. Pollutant formation in spark-ignition and compression ignition engines: fundamentals. Regulatory constraints about fuel consumption and emissions the fundamental knowledge to understand the 2020+ technology trends (advanced ICEs, switch to alternative fuels, electrification) required to face the main environmental and energy challenges related to road transport (improve local air quality; lowering GHG emission, lowering dependence on imported oil, switching from oil to a more sustainable fuel). - Vehicle energy analysis: overview of all power requirements at vehicle level, (i.e. not only powertrain but also cooling system, auxiliaries, HVAC, ?, and their impact on energy consumption), recovery potential (thermal - WHR ? and regenerative braking), thermal management. - Recall on Hybrid architectures (depending on time alignment with e-pwt component course) - Modelling hybrid and electric vehicles for energy optimization; forward and backward modelling; - Characteristics of main power components: e-motor, ICE, energy storage (recall from/reference to other courses) - Energy flow optimization (Causal: rule based; non causal: adaptive, dynamic programming optimization, ?.).

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Group project;
... Before taking the exam specific reports about selected project activities have to be submitted for evaluation. Four (4) projects are assigned to each team during applied lectures, i.e. 4 reports have to be submitted. Deadline for the submission of each report is also established during applied lectures, In general, all reports have to be submitted before the start of summer examination session. If exam is not taken before the end of the current A.Y., a new project set has to be assigned, prepared and submitted. The exam consists in two parts (both oral tests): Part A: discussion of the report + one question (mainly about topics related to applied lecture) -> Score A (out of 30) Parte B: one/two questions (mainly about topics discussed during lectures) ?> Score B (out of 30) Baseline score (out of 30) =(𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐀 + 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐁)/𝟐 Extra points: up to three, based on the global evaluation of the reports Final score = Baseline score + extra points Part A and part B have to be taken in the same day, one after the other Average duration of exam (A+B): 1-1.5 h

Didactic material such as notes diagrams and tables used during lectures and practical work are all uploaded on course website and available to students.

Numerical Modelling and simulation (Numerical Modelling and simulation A)Students attending the course will learn about the wide capabilities of the numerical methods in the virtual simulation of the behaviour of structures and automotive systems. On successfully completing this course unit, students will be able to solve structural (static and dynamic) problems of simple complexity by using commercial codes widely present in industries. For example, they will be able to: - prepare the numerical models of simple structures and multi body systems - set up the boundary conditions for static and quasi-static analyses - critically analyse the results of a virtual simulation and verify their reliability Numerical Modelling and simulation (Numerical Modelling and simulation B)Students attending the course will learn about the wide capabilities of the numerical methods in the virtual simulation of the behaviour of structures and automotive systems. On successfully completing this course unit, students will be able to solve structural (static and dynamic) problems of simple complexity by using commercial codes widely present in industries. For example, they will be able to: - prepare the numerical models of simple structures and multi body systems - set up the boundary conditions for static and quasi-static analyses - critically analyse the results of a virtual simulation and verify their reliability

Numerical Modelling and simulation (Numerical Modelling and simulation A)The aim of the course is to provide the basis for the comprehension of the methods and procedures the finite element method and the multi body analysis are based on. The basic knowledge acquired during the course will give the student the possibility to explore the possible applications of the methods to solve engineering problems with particular attention to the structural field.Numerical Modelling and simulation (Numerical Modelling and simulation B)The aim of the course is to provide the basis for the comprehension of the methods and procedures the finite element method and the multi body analysis are based on. The basic knowledge acquired during the course will give the student the possibility to explore the possible applications of the methods to solve engineering problems with particular attention to the structural field.

Numerical Modelling and simulation (Numerical Modelling and simulation A)Part A 1. Introduction to the Computational Mechanics and the Finite Element Method 2. Structural analysis by matrix calculus Basic concepts: stiffness and compliances, nodes, general displacements and force vectors Evaluation of the stiffness matrices of the elements (rods, beams) Assembly of the stiffness matrix of a structure: change of the reference system and application of the boundary conditions Solution of linear equation systems 3. The Finite Element Method in the linear static field Introduction to the basic procedure used to define and to solve a problem with FEM General formulation: principle of virtual work for structural problems Rod element Plane elements (3 and 4 nodes) Considerations about linear elements, higher order elements Solid elements Beam elements: Eulero and Timoshenko formulation, locking phenomenon Shell elements: Kirchhoff and Mindlin formulation, locking phenomenon Isoparametric formulation Strategies for improving the accuracy of the solution 4. Introduction to the Finite Elements Method in the linear dynamic analysis Part B 1. Multi-body systems Reference systems for rigid bodies Position and orientation of coordinate systems Change of coordinates Positioning homogeneous matrixes, translation, rotation, rotation about an arbitrary axis Kinematics transformations Reference system and angular velocity with Euler angles Examples of application 2. Kinematic of an open chain multi-body system Denavit-Hartenberg’s convention to define the links frames in an open kinematic chain Recursive formulation of velocity and acceleration in an open kinematic chain multi-body system Examples of application 3. Dynamics of an open chain multi-body system Newton-Euler equations of motion Recursive formulation Examples of applications 4. Inertial properties of rigid bodies Single body: inertial tensor, principal axis of inertia and their orientation Determination of the orientation of the principal axes of inertia Complex body: mass center position and principal axes of inertia Moment of inertia about a generic axis Examples of applicationsNumerical Modelling and simulation (Numerical Modelling and simulation B)1 - Multi-body systems Reference systems of rigid bodies. Position and orientation of reference systems. Change of coordinates, translation, rotation: matrix operators. Examples. 2 - Open chains multi-body: Denavit-Hartenberg’s convention, recursive numerical methods for the solution of the kinematic and dynamic problem. 3 - Closed chains multi-body: kinematic and dynamic problems. 4 Exercises in classroom.

Numerical Modelling and simulation (Numerical Modelling and simulation A)Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Elaborato scritto prodotto in gruppo; Numerical Modelling and simulation (Numerical Modelling and simulation B)Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Elaborato progettuale individuale;
Numerical Modelling and simulation (Numerical Modelling and simulation A)Exam: Written test; Group essay; Numerical Modelling and simulation (Numerical Modelling and simulation B)Exam: Written test; Individual project;
... Numerical Modelling and simulation (Numerical Modelling and simulation A)To verify the expected learning outcomes, the exam of the Numerical Modelling and Simulation course is made up of: - A written exam - 2 laboratory reports - An optional oral exam (only on student’s request) Written exam (27 points: 13 for part A + 14 for part B): The written exam is divided in two separate parts as the structure of the course (part A and part B). For what concerns the part A of the course, the written exam is aimed to: - verify the capability of the student to evaluate the stress and displacements field of a simplified structure applying the matrix calculus - verify the knowledge of the main types of finite element and their differences in terms of description capability - verify the knowledge of the strategies used in the commercial codes for the application of the FEM theory - verify the capability improving the accuracy of the solution of a numerical model To this aim, the written exam of the part A is made up of: - one exercise where it is requested to evaluate the stress and displacements field of a simple structure by using the matrix calculus (5 points). The evaluation of the exercise is based not only on the correctness of the numerical values but also on the ability to describe clearly, precisely and rationally, the steps followed to get the numerical results. - two open questions about the theory of the finite element method (6 points in total). The evaluation of the theory questions is based on the correctness of the answer, the relevance of the information provided, the ability to respond clearly, precisely and rationally, adequately motivating the arguments produced. - one or two short answer questions about the use of the commercial code used for the finite element analysis carried out during the laboratory practice (2 points in total). The evaluation of these short questions is based on the correctness of the answer. General aspects for the written exam: - The two parts of the written exam are carried out separately - The duration of each part of the written exam is 1.5 hours - The total score of the written exam is made up of the sum of the score of the two parts. Therefore, the maximum score of the written exam is 27 (13+14)/30 - It is forbidden the use of books or any type of notes. If necessary, a formulary will be provided by the teaching staff in the text of the exam - It is strictly forbidden to use any web connection, therefore no electronic devices (computers or calculators with connection devices of any kind, mobile phones, smartphones, smartwatches, etc.) of any kind are allowed for any data retrieval or for any communication purpose during the exam - It is possible to use a pocket calculator that cannot be connected to internet. The use of any other type of electronic device is strictly forbidden worth the cancellation of the exam - The student must use, also for the draft, only the sheets with the stamp of the Politecnico di Torino that will be provided by the teaching staff - It is strictly forbidden to communicate with other people inside or outside the classroom in any way and for any reason - The student can verify his/her written exam and any errors in a public meeting fixed for the registration of the exam. The meeting will be scheduled by the teaching staff after the written exam and the schedule will be communicated when the scores of the exam will be available Laboratory reports: The aim of the laboratory reports is to verify the knowledges about the strategies used in the commercial codes for the application of the FEM theory to real cases. The reports are also used by the teaching staff to verify the acquired ability defining the most convenient type of discretization of a real problem and the most convenient boundary conditions to simulate the reality. Moreover, the critical thinking and the autonomy of judgment to analyse the results of a numerical simulation, evaluating their reliability and defining possible strategies to improve their accuracy, is also evaluated. The two reports concern, separately, the two parts of the course. In the laboratory reports the student has to describe the procedures followed to perform the numerical analysis and the obtained results. The results have to be critically commented and discussed by the student. The evaluation of the reports is based on: - the amount of work carried out - the correctness and the reliability of the results - the ability of the student to summarize the descriptions of the procedures - the ability of the student to critically analyse the results For the part A, the requested report consists in a short technical presentation (3 points). - The laboratory reports must be submitted within a defined deadline - The laboratory reports must be submitted with upload operation on the course webpage (“Portale della Didattica�) - The deadline for the upload of the laboratory reports is mandatory: laboratory reports uploaded after the deadline will not be taken into consideration for any reason - The deadline for the laboratory reports will be communicated through the webpage of the course (“Portale della Didattica�) - If even just one of the two laboratory reports will be missing, the maximum score of the written exam will be automatically reduced to 24/30 if higher. - The laboratory reports can be done by teams of students: the teams must have a maximum number of students equal to 3 Optional oral exam: From the assessment point of view, the optional oral exam has the same targets of the written exam. It consists in 2÷4 questions on the contents of the complete course (theory, classroom practice, laboratory practice of both part A and part B) - The optional oral exam must be attended at the same date of the exam registration of the written exam - The optional oral exam can be carried out only by student having a minimum score on the written exam (score of the part A + score of the part B) + the score of the laboratory report of 18/30 - The optional oral exam is evaluated with a maximum score of 30/30 General rules: - The total score of the written exam is made up of the sum of the score of the two parts. Therefore, the maximum score of the written exam is 27 (13+14)/30 - The final score of the exam is given by the sum between the score of the written exam (the score of the part A plus the score of the part B) plus the score for the laboratory reports - If the student decides to attend the optional oral exam, the final score of the exam is given by the mean score between: - the written exam (score of the part A + score of the part B) + the score for the laboratory reports - the optional oral exam - The minimum score to pass the exam is 18/30 - A score larger than 30/30 will be registered as 30/30 with laude - Only the total score of the written exam (score of the part A + score of the part B) can be rejected whereas the score of the written exam of a single part cannot be rejected. The score of the written exam can be rejected at every exam session. If the student decides to attend the optional oral exam, the final score of the exam cannot be rejected - The student must verify that they are properly enrolled in the exam. Only student regularly enrolled can carried out the examNumerical Modelling and simulation (Numerical Modelling and simulation B)To verify the expected learning outcomes, the exam of the Numerical Modelling and Simulation course is made up of: - A written exam - 2 laboratory reports (A and B) - An optional oral exam (only on student’s request) Written exam: The written exam is divided in two separate parts (part A and part B). - The two parts of the written exam are carried out separately - The duration of each part of the written exam is 1.5 hours For what concerns the part B of the course, the written exam is aimed to verify the capability to solve problems of positioning, kinematic and dynamic of simple multi body systems by numerical methods. The written exam is also aimed to verify the knowledges about the theory of multi body dynamics To this aim, the written exam of the part B can be made up of: - one or two exercises with matrix calculus to solve positioning, kinematic and dynamic problems - one or two questions about the theory of the multi body dynamics. The evaluation of the exercises and questions is based on the correctness of the results and on the clarity of the resolution procedure and answers . The maximum score of the written exam for part B is 14/30. The maximum score of the report for part B is 2/30. General aspects for the written exam (A+B): The maximum score of the written exam (A+B) is 27/30 - It is forbidden the use of books or any type of notes. If necessary, a formulary will be provided by the teaching staff in the text of the exam - It is strictly forbidden to use any web connection, therefore no electronic devices (computers or calculators with connection devices of any kind, mobile phones, smartphones, smartwatches, etc.) of any kind are allowed for any data retrieval or for any communication purpose during the exam. - It is possible to use a pocket calculator that cannot be connected to internet. The use of any other type of electronic device is strictly forbidden worth the cancellation of the exam - The student must use, also for the draft, only the sheets with the stamp of the Politecnico di Torino that will be provided by the teaching staff. - It is strictly forbidden to communicate with other people inside or outside the classroom in any way and for any reason. - The student can verify his/her written exam and any errors in a public meeting fixed for the registration of the exam. The meeting will be scheduled by the teaching staff after the written exam and the schedule will be communicated when the scores of the exam will be available. Laboratory reports: The two reports concern, separately, the two parts of the course. In the laboratory reports the student has to describe the procedures followed to perform the numerical analysis and the obtained results. The results have to be critically commented and discussed by the student. The evaluation of the reports is based on: - the amount of work carried out - the correctness and the reliability of the results - the ability of the student to summarize the descriptions of the procedures - the ability of the student to critically analyse the results For the part B, the requested report consists in a short technical presentation (2/30). - The laboratory reports must be submitted within a defined deadline - The laboratory reports must be submitted with upload operation on the course webpage (“Portale della Didattica�) - The deadline for the upload of the laboratory reports is mandatory: laboratory reports uploaded after the deadline will not be taken into consideration for any reason - The deadline for the laboratory reports will be communicated through the webpage of the course (“Portale della Didattica�). - If even just one of the two laboratory reports will be missing, the maximum score of the written exam (A+B) will be automatically reduced to 24/30 if higher. - The laboratory reports can be done by teams of students: the teams must have a maximum number of students equal to 3. Optional oral exam: From the assessment point of view, the optional oral exam has the same targets of the written exam. It consists in 2÷4 questions on the contents of the complete course (theory, classroom practice, laboratory practice of both part A and part B) - The optional oral exam must be attended at the same date of the exam registration of the written exam. - The optional oral exam can be carried out only by student having a minimum score on the written exam (score of the part A + score of the part B) + the score of the laboratory reports A and B of 18/30 - The optional oral exam is evaluated with a maximum score of 30/30 General rules: - The final score of the exam is given by the sum between the score of the written exam (the score of the part A plus the score of the part B) plus the score for the laboratory reports. - If the student decides to attend the optional oral exam, the final score of the exam is given by the mean score between: - the written exam (score of the part A + score of the part B) + the score for the laboratory reports - the optional oral exam. - The minimum score to pass the exam is 18/30 - A score larger than 30/30 will be registered as 30/30 with laude - Only the total score of the written exam (score of the part A + score of the part B) can be rejected whereas the score of the written exam of a single part cannot be rejected. The score of the written exam can be rejected at every exam session. -If the student decides to attend the optional oral exam, the final score of the exam cannot be rejected. - The student must verify that they are properly enrolled in the exam. Only student regularly enrolled can carried out the exam.

Numerical Modelling and simulation (Numerical Modelling and simulation A)PART A Notes prepared by the teaching staff about the theory, the classroom practices and the laboratory practices will be available for the enrolled students. This material is sufficient to successfully take the exam. Additional reference book for further study on the subject are: - Cook R.D., Malkus D.S., Plesha M.E. Concepts and applications of Finite Element Analysis, Wiley - Bathe K.J. Finite Element Procedures - Reddy, J.N. An introduction to the finite element method, McGraw-HillNumerical Modelling and simulation (Numerical Modelling and simulation B)-Ahmed A. Shabana. Dynamics of multibody systems. Cambridge, 3th edition. -Mike Blundell, Damian Harty. The multibody systems approach to vehicle design. Elsevier. -F. Colombo, A. Trivella. Exercises of multi-body kinematics and dynamic. Clut editrice. Torino.

Conoscenza dei criteri per l¿impostazione e la gestione dei progetti di sviluppo dei prodotti autoveicolistici. Acquisizione dei metodi e degli strumenti per la pianificazione e gestione di un progetto e per la gestione dei rischi ad esso connessi. Acquisizione dei metodi più rilevanti per l¿analisi dei costi e del valore dei prodotti e per la loro ottimizzazione nei progetti di sviluppo prodotto.

Obiettivo del modulo è quello di fornire le competenze di base per una efficace impostazione e gestione dei progetti di sviluppo prodotto autoveicolistici e per l¿orientamento alla gestione del valore del prodotto attraverso metodi e tecniche di analisi comunemente adottate in ambito industriale.

Introduzione al processo di sviluppo del prodotto autoveicolistico e all'ingegneria dei processi aziendali. Scenario di riferimento (concorrenza, innovazione tecnologica, standardizzazione). Collocazione e fasi concettuali dello sviluppo del prodotto. Il fattore tempo nello sviluppo del prodotto. Modelli organizzativi del PSP: le piattaforme di sviluppo del prodotto e componenti. Metodologie e strumenti di rappresentazione dei processi aziendali: IDEF, DSM. Le fasi principali dello sviluppo del prodotto. Generazione e sviluppo del concept. Impostazione prodotto/processo produttivo. Definizione degli obiettivi e scomposizione per sistemi / componenti. Sviluppo ingegneristico del prodotto. Tecniche di prototipazione e di validazione sperimentale del progetto. Caratteristiche e problematiche di gestione del Processo Sviluppo Prodotto (PSP). Coinvolgimento dei fornitori nello sviluppo (codesign). L¿integrazione delle Voice Of Customer nello sviluppo del prodotto. Teoria del Project Management: Metodologie e strumenti a supporto delle fasi di impostazione e pianificazione di un progetto (Piano di Progetto, logiche di Project Breakdown Structure, Diagrammi di Gantt, Tecniche Reticolari). Metodologie e strumenti a supporto delle fasi di esecuzione e controllo (Piano di Monitoraggio e Controllo, Key Performance Indicators, Earned Value). Risk Management: identificazione, valutazione e recovery dei rischi di progetto. La gestione dei progetti di sviluppo prodotto: modelli Stage & Gate e Design Reviews. Metodologie di Value & Cost Management. Struttura del costo di prodotto Metodologie di analisi preventive del costo del prodotto: metodo per similitudine, metodo analitico, metodo parametrico e Cost Tables La gestione dei costi durante lo sviluppo del prodotto: il processo di Target Costing, la metodologia di Value Engineering (analisi funzionale, tecniche di function cost analysis, valore per il cliente e costo per l'azienda: ottimizzazione dei value profiles) e valutazione costi/benefici tra standardizzazione e sviluppo di componenti specifici Metodologie per la gestione del costo del prodotto in esercizio (Analisi Valore): modalità di calcolo del costo del prodotto in esercizio, differenze dal costo del prodotto in sviluppo, gestione delle azioni di riduzione costo sul prodotto in esercizio).

E' possibile sostenere l?esame in anticipo rispetto all?acquisizione della frequenza

Verrà messo a disposizione materiale didattico prodotto dal docente. Letture consigliate: Ulrich K.T., Eppinger S.D. ¿ Progettazione e sviluppo di prodotto ¿ Mc Graw Hill. Clark B.K., Fujimoto T. ¿ Product Development Performance: Dal concetto al mercato ¿ Il Sole 24 Ore. Tanaka M., Yoshikawa T., Innes J., Mitchell F. ¿ Logiche e strumenti di Cost Management ¿ Guerini e associati.

Knowledge of propulsion architecture as well as operating and control features in the configurations used for light- and heavy-duty engines. Ability to carry out predictive calculations of engine performance and to work on preliminary designs for the main engine components. Ability to identify the parameters that influence the trade-off between performance, fuel consumption and engine emissions. Familiarity with the propulsion thermal management, the general layout of the engine compartment, the evaluation of fuel consumption and vehicle performance and their dependence on engine, gearbox and vehicle parameters, the main control strategies implemented in the engine management system in order to optimize the function of the engine and the vehicle.

The module aims at providing the students of Automotive Engineering with specific knowledge of light- and heavy-duty automotive propulsion systems, and in particular related to internal combustion engines. As a first step, an overview of the basic concepts developed within the module “Thermal Machines� will be carried out. Furthermore, the design aspects of internal combustion engines and their apparatus and how they operate will be considered. The last part of the course is relative to the specific knowledge of the application of the propulsion systems to the vehicle.

PART A: PROPULSION SYSTEMS - Engine operation: inlet processes in four-stroke and two-stroke engines; control parameters. - Valvetrain functional analysis - Fundamental concepts of combustion in spark-ignition engines: fuels; cyclic variations, partial burning and misfiring; abnormal combustion. - Fundamental concepts of combustion in compression-ignition engines: fuels; spray; ignition delay; premixed and mixing-controlled burning. - Intake and exhaust systems in four-stroke engines; two-stroke cycle scavenging flows and port arrangements; supercharging with specific reference to turbo-charging. - Fuel metering systems in spark-ignition engines and compression-ignition engines. PART B: APPLICATION TO THE VEHICLE B.1 Vehicle thermal management Objectives and overview of vehicle cooling systems. Definition of ATB (air to boil) index. Descriptions of the components of the engine cooling system for conventional vehicles. Requirements and innovations about advanced cooling systems for conventional vehicles. HVAC system. Requirements and configurations of thermal management for hybrid electric vehicles. Lubrication system and its requirements. B.2 Propulsion system installation in the vehicle. Powertrain configurations and positioning inside the engine and vehicle compartments. Exhaust and intake line positioning inside the engine compartment and along the vehicle Installation of air mass flow-meter and heat exchangers. B.3 Engine-vehicle matching. Review of longitudinal vehicle dynamics base equation; evaluation of total running resistance of the vehicle by analytical equations and by the experimental coastdown method; performance index of the vehicle; analytical model for the fuel consumption prediction starting from the engine steady-state maps; engine vehicle matching criteria to comply with the vehicle design targets with special concern to the consumption-performance trade-off. B.4 Application of engine management system to the vehicle. Purpose and overview of the engine management system; description of the sensors and actuators that interface with the ECU (electronic control unit); main strategies and algorithms of the engine control management.

Modalita di esame: Prova orale facoltativa; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo; Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Exam: Optional oral exam; Group project; Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... The final examination aims at checking and verifying that the expected learning outcomes (detailed in the specific box above) have been achieved. The exam is generally in the written form. However, the professor only can decide that an additional oral test is necessary to pass the exam. The final mark will be a weighted average of the reports of the applied lectures (which accounts for 20% of the final mark), the written examination and a possible oral part. To take part to the exam it is necessary: - to submit the applied lecture reports for correction before the exam (the deadline for the submission is one week before the day of the exam). Once the applied works are handed in, they will be corrected and will be evaluated for the final score. It is not possible to send a second version of the applied works. - to book through the web site of the course. The exam can be taken according to one of the following options. Option A: multiple choice questions (MCQ) and open questions (OQ). The final mark will be given according to the following weights: reports: 20%, MCQ: 40%, OQ: 40%. Option B: multiple choice questions (MCQ) only. The final mark will be given according to the following weights: reports: 20%, MCQ: 80%. The maximum possible final mark is limited to 27/30. Each student can decide the preferred option after the results of the MCQ part. MCQ part (approx. time 40/60 min) will have 18 questions: correct answer: 2 points not answered: 0 points wrong answer: -0.5 points Some MCQ can be related to simple problems (in this case the use of the calculator is allowed) The maximum mark of MCQ test will be anyway limited to 30. If the mark of MCQ is < 18 the exam is failed and OQ part cannot be taken. The OQ part is generally taken in oral form and is related open questions and each of them can be discussed also with graphs or equations. The OQ part is taken the same day of the MCQ or few days afterwards. Material needed to attend the written exam: pen, student card, one blank sheet to be used as draft paper. The calculator (not the mobile phone) can be possibly used, if specified by the professor.

Slides in pdf format are provided through the course web page. The reference book is: - J.B. Heywood: “Internal Combustion Engines Fundamentals�, McGraw-Hill, 2nd edition, 2018. For further details and reading students may consult the following books: - R. Basshuysen, F. Schäfer, “Internal Combustion Engine Handbook�, SAE International, 2nd edition, 2016. - G. Ferrari: “Motori a combustione interna�, Esculapio, 2nd edition, 2016. - G. Lechner, H Naunheimer, “Automotive Transmissions – Fundamentals, Selection, Design and Applications�, Springer, 2nd edition, 2011. - N. Watson, M. S. Janota, “Turbocharging the Internal Combustion Engine�, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982. - Bosch Professional Automotive Information: “Automotive Electrics and Automotive Electronics�, 5th Edition, Springer, 2007. - Bosch Professional Automotive Information: “Diesel-Engine Management�, Springer 2014. - Bosch Professional Automotive Information: “Gasoline-Engine Management�, Springer 2015.

The course offers the student a basic knowledge of additive manufacturing technologies, design and materials while developing their ability to define the most suitable selection strategies on the basis of the product, of the material and of the production volume. The student will also be able to integrate AM techniques with conventional ones in order to maximize the advantages, in terms of reduction of costs and time to market. At the end of the semester, the student will be asked to: 1. Have knowledge of the AM systems available on the market, the materials associated with each technique, as well as the advantages and the drawbacks of their use; 2. Identify the most suitable AM technique to obtain a reduction in the product/process development times and costs on the basis of the typology of the product; 3. Integrate AM technologies with conventional ones; 4. Apply AM techniques to practical cases: from the conceptual model to the final production; 5. Have knowledge of specific properties of materials produced by additive manufacturing technologies; 6. Understanding of basic principles to optimize material design in additive manufacturing processes; 7. Have knowledge of strategies for optimization of mechanical properties and selection of the best material/technology choice on the basis of the final component; 8. Have knowledge of mechanisms able to control post-processing treatments for material optimization.

Additive Manufacturing is recognized as a key enabling technology for the industries of tomorrow. Many aerospace, medical and automotive companies have already successfully implemented additive technologies in their production systems, and others are realizing that investments in these technologies are strategic. The potential benefits offered by Additive Manufacturing can be capitalized only if there is an adequate knowledge on this category of processes. Materials, process parameters, design possibilities, integration with other processes are all important factors and the product quality and performance results from the integration of these different aspects. The course "Additive and Design for Additive" aims to provide students with the engineering knowledge on Additive Manufacturing material and processes, with a special focus on the added-value that can be obtained when a component is designed for Additive Manufacturing, thus exploiting all the advantages of this technology.

The course is organized in lectures and training activities: Lectures will cover the following topics: 1. Introduction to Additive manufacturing (AM) The philosophy of layer manufacturing and its economic justification; Classification of AM techniques; The economic reasons behind the diffusion of AM techniques; applications and future trends. 2. AM techniques and polymers for the production of components of polymeric components Introduction on polymers; Vat photopolymerization process and polymers; material extrusion based AM processes and polymers ; powder bed AM processes (Selective laser sintering & Multi Jet Fusion) and polymers 3. AM techniques and metals for the production of components of metal components Raw metallic materials for AM: powder production and characterisation, Powder Bed Fusion processes (selective laser melting, electron beam melting, etc.); Directed Energy Deposition (laser metal deeposition, electron beam additive manufacturing, joule printing, etc.); Material Extrusion (atomic diffusion AM, bound metal deposition) and Binder Jetting. Microstructure and properties of aluminium alloys for AM; Microstructure and properties of steels for AM.Microstructure and properties of titanium for AM; Microstructure and properties of nickel alloys for AM; Microstructure and properties of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) 4. Design for Additive Manufacturing Optimization of part design through Topology Optimization; Part orientation and supporting; Manufacturing requirements and specifications; 5. Integration with conventional processes for the finishing of metallic components produced by means of additive manufacturing. The training will focus on the Design for Additive Manufacturing (DFAM) approach that will be applied for the definition of the shape of components in polymeric/metallic materials. In addition, lab activities will be proposed for powder characterisation, analysis of PSD flowability, porosity and cracks of bulk samples, and microstructural characterisation.

Modalita di esame: Prova orale facoltativa; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo; Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Exam: Optional oral exam; Group project; Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... The aim of the final exam is to verify the student’s knowledge about additive manufacturing processes, materials and design for. The oral exam is composed of two parts: 1) a discussion with evaluation of the technical report of the training The technical report about the project that was developed in group during the training must be delivered at least a week before the beginning of the exam session. The technical report is aimed at the evaluation of student expertise through team working in the adoption of topology optimization and the application of Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) guidelines for design and manufacturing of metallic and polymeric components. 2) two or three questions aimed at the evaluation of student's knowledge about: 1) AM processes and the advantages and drawbacks of each process; 2) specific properties of materials produced by additive manufacturing technologies; 3) basic principles for the optimization of material design in additive manufacturing processes; 4) the control of post-processing treatments for material optimization; 5) the integration of AM technologies with conventional ones. The duration of the oral exam is about 20 minutes. The definition of the final grade iintegrates: the evaluation of the technical report for a maximum of 18 points the evaluation of the responses to the questions for a maximum of 12 points out of 30. In case of maximum grade (30 over 30), the honor is attributed at the discretion of the professor.

PowerPoint slides presented during the lectures and technical papers will be provided to the students on the subject website. The following book is suggested as a basic reference for additional readings, but not strictly required: I. Gibson, D.W. Rosen, B. Stucker, "Additive Manufacturing Technologies", Springer

Main topics related to traffic and transport engineering are: Traffic flow theory, Traffic and transport Models, both for passenger and goods, Discreet Choice Model and Demand Forecast Models. Main topics on Supply Chain Management address logistics and transport in Automotive industry by analyzing the main organizational and managerial issues and providing guidance about the best practice solutions adopted by world's leading companies.

Il corso ha due obiettivi principali. • Fornire elementi chiave per l'analisi del traffico e dei trasporti (che rappresentano oltre il 60% in Europa e il 73% in Italia, dei costi della logistica) utilizzando metodi quantitativi e modelli matematici. Gli argomenti principali sono: teoria del deflusso del traffico, modelli per il traffico, i trasporti e la logistica e modelli per la previsione della domanda (analisi serie storiche). • Fornire un quadro di scenari attuali ed evolutivi del Supply Chain Management; della logistica e del trasporto nell'industria automobilistica, analizzando le principali problematiche organizzative e gestionali e fornire indicazioni circa le migliori soluzioni pratiche adottate da aziende leader del settore.

Metodi per l’analisi del traffico e dei trasporti nella Logistica: • Introduzione sulla Logistica • teoria dei flussi di traffico: caratteristiche micro e macro del flusso di traffico; Indicatori di performance per valutare la qualità del traffico; -“Diagramma Fondamentale�: -diversi punti di vista, - livelli dei servizio; - condizioni non stazionarie; la raccolta dei dati -l’approccio Microscopico (comportamento del conducente e legge di “car following�); • modelli per il trasporto: Il modello della “Domanda�, quello dell’�Offerta� e quello di Assegnazione della domanda all’offerta; • Modelli di scelta discreta; • Modelli di previsione della domanda basati sulla analisi delle serie temporali; -accuratezza, -Metodi utilizzati (estrapolativo, causale). Supply Chain e Supply Chain Management (SCM) • L'evoluzione del concetto di logistica applicata in ambito automotive • Gli obiettivi del Supply Chain Management: -Flessibilità ; riduzione dei tempi di consegna; riduzione Stock; -Riduzione dei costi. • I due flussi principali da gestire: il flusso Informativo e decisionale: (pianificazione e gestione); e il Flusso fisico: (trasporto di merci dai fornitori alla produzione e dalla produzione ai clienti): le politiche di distribuzione e la gestione dei trasporti: organizzazione della Supply Chain, strumenti di gestione. • Interazioni nel processo di Supply Chain: -Interazione tra gestione degli ordini, gestione della produzione e offerta di prodotto: • L'interazione tra il prodotto e la logistica: -costo totale della Supply Chain; -Come Progettare il prodotto e il processo per ridurre al minimo i costi totali della supply chain; • L'interazione tra Order Management, Service Level, inventario e tempi di consegna • Pianificazione e Programmazione: - Sales & Planning operativa; • Pianificazione della domanda; - Effetto “Bullwhip�; -Production Planning (MPS); - Material Planning & Procurement(MRP); ottimizzazione del trasporto dai fornitori agli impianti e ottimizzazione della distribuzione dei prodotti finiti. • Testimonianze (best practices) - FCA - CRF. - CNH

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato scritto prodotto in gruppo; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam; Group essay; Group project;
... Assessment and grading is done with an oral exam based on no less than 4 questions for each main topic. For topic 1, one of the 5 questions may be a short problem to be solved in written form) . Students must demonstrate to be sufficient in both topics to pass the exam. Topics are considered to have the same weight.

• E. Cascetta (1998), Teoria e metodi dell’ingegneria dei sistemi di trasporto, UTET. • M. de Luca (2000), Manuale di pianificazione dei trasporti, FrancoAngeli. • David A. Hensher,Kenneth John Button (1992) Handbook of Transport Modelling • Committee on Traffic Flow Theory and Characteristics (2001) Traffic Flow Theory A State-of-the-Art. • Sven Maerivoet and Bart De Moor (2006) Traffic Flow Theory • Yosef Sheffi. (1984) Urban transportation networks: Equilibrium analysis with mathematical programming methods. • R Thomas. (1991). Traffic Assignment Techniques. Avebury Technical publication, England, • Stadtler, H., C. Kilger. 2004. Supply Chain Management and Advanced Planning: • Concepts, Models, Software and Case Studies (3rd Edition). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. • Simchi-Levi, D., P. Kaminsky, E. Simchi-Levi. 2007. Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies, and Test Studies (3rd Edition). McGraw-Hill, New York. • de Kok, A.G., S.C. Graves (Editors). 2003. Supply Chain Management: Design, Coordination and Operation. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Netherlands. • Stock, J.R., D.M. Lambert. 2001. Strategic Logistics Management (4th Edition). McGraw-Hill, New York. • Coyle, J.J., E.J. Bardi, C.J. 2002. Langley: The Management of Business Logistics (7th Edition). South-Western College Publications, Mason. • Bowersox, D.J., D.J. Closs, M.B. Cooper. 2002. Supply Chain Logistical Management. McGraw-Hill, New York. • Ballou, R.H. 2003. Business Logistics: Supply Chain Management (5th Edition). Prentice Hall, New York. • Silver, E.A., D.F. Pyke, R. Peterson. 1998. Inventory Management and Production Planning and Scheduling (3rd Edition). Wiley, New York.

The student must acquire knowledge concerning setting criteria and design; notions relating to technologies and body/cockpit components configurations and design, with a special attention to comfort, safety and economics. Furthermore, the student will be able to know and critically recognise main architectural solutions and conditioning fundamentals, applied to automotive design, and design based on bio-mechanical criteria coming from passive safety tests and rating.

The design of a vehicle body and interiors is a complex multi-disciplinary task in the design and development of a vehicle. The engineers involved in the process must insure adequate level of passenger comfort and safety as well as to be compatible with other functions such as hosting the powertrain (conventional, hybrid, and electric), the chassis components, and being safe in case of accident. Course’s purpose is to give a solid platform of requisite knowledge and skills in body and cockpit design. It will provide notions relating to design specific methodology and materials, according to production technologies of body and cockpit components: graphical representation systems, body, movable parts such as locks, hinges, windows; notions of biomechanics from passive safety tests, restraint systems, dashboard, interior trims, seats, conditioning systems, bumpers, grilles, moldings, spoilers, sill covers, seals, glasses and mirrors, wipers, lights. Furthermore, design and assembling problems will be analysed.

1. INTRODUCTION: - Historical evolution of car body - Definition of body, body in white, chassis 2. BODY: - configurations - assembly - functions: structural, safety, aerodynamics, insulation, visibility, reliability - body in white breakdown - BEV platforms 3. MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES - materials for body in white - assembly technologies 4. MENTIONS ABOUT COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL VEHICLES 5. MOVABLE PARTS 6. INTERIOR - Dashboard modules: functions and types, design solutions, assembly technologies and main components. - Door panels, pillar coatings, parcel shelves and car roof coatings: functions, main manufacturing technologies and materials, design solutions. 7 SEATS - Front and rear seats: functions, main components analysis, manufacturing technologies and materials. Design solutions of the whole seat and its components. Mentions about baby transport. 8 MOVABLE PARTS DOORS - Door type classification, design. - Static and dynamic rigidity, Resistance to permanent deformations, Impact resistance - Technologies - Hinges and block devices, Door lacks, Door brakes - Door modules - Delivery testing - Sliding doors - Trunk lid, liftgate, tailgate - Technologies - Twin rear doors - Engine hood cover 9 WEATHER STRIPS - Mission of weather strip, - Body joints finishing, Door weather strip, - Aging resistance, Acoustical insulation, Air and gas infiltration, Water seal, Powder and snow seal - Innovations 10 GLASSES AND MIRRORS - Fracture lines and surfaces - Windshield - Door glasses - Rear window 11 WIPERS, REAR WIPERS AND SPRAYERS - Wiper components - Rear wiper components - Technical specifications and tests 12 LIGHTS - Light sources - Alternative technical solutions for lights - Tests 15 EXTERNAL FINISHINGS - Bumpers: evolution, functions. Design criteria, manufacturing technology and materials. Types of bumpers. - Grilles, sill covers, mouldings, spoilers: functions, design criteria with manufacturing technologies and materials.

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato scritto prodotto in gruppo;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Group essay;
... The exam consists in an oral test with five/six questions where the different topics of the course are examined first with a global overview and the focusing on some details. The total evaluation takes into consideration the quality of reports prepared during the semester. In particular, the maximum score of the oral exam is 28/30, whereas the final score of the exam is given by the sum between the score of the oral exam plus the score of the technical reports.

Morello L, Rosti Rossini L, Pia G, Tonoli A. The Automotive Body, Volume I and II. London: Springer, 2011

Understanding of wireless communication systems for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications. Understanding of geo-localization systems (GPS, GALILEO) and their performance. Understanding of drive assistants (radar, ultra sound, cameras, laser) and their performance. Ability to combine knowledge from the above mentioned subjects and from previous courses to address technical problems in vehicles of any kind (cars, moving bots, autonomous vehicles,...)

This course aims to give its students a system level knowledge of in-vehicle information systems, of standards and applicability of wireless communication systems, and a good knowledge of geo-localization systems and their performance, as well as of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)

Introduction. Radio communication systems: cellular networks (2G, 3G, 4G) and Wireless LANs (IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n) Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications: standards and rules, toll systems (Telepass and ETSI compliant systems) Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication: standards and rules, IEEE 802.11 wireless systems and their application to V2V communication. Interconnection of portable devices to vehicle: Bluetooth. Geo-localization (GPS, GALILEO): principles of operation, performance, applications in vehicles. Driving aids: infrared vision systems, anti-collision radar, proximity sensors. Infomobility systems: structure, objectives, examples.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Group project;
... Students will be asked to propose a solution to address a technical problem related to the subjects presented in classes. Examples: identify the required performance figures of a geo-localization system to control the movement of an unmanned vehicle; identify a sensor set able to provide a moving bot the necessary information to move inside a building along with humans;

Lecture's slides and other material available in the course website.

• Knowledge of the main characteristics of artificial intelligence: historical overview and modern definition - Knowledge of how to formalize a learning problem from the mathematical foundations of the optimization objectives to the composition of a deep architecture - Knowledge of the main characteristics of modern deep learning techniques with practical engineering tricks for end-to-end training and fine-tuning the networks - Basic knowledge about how to deal with research questions, how to organize a project and prepare a scientific conference report

The course addresses the core issues in modern artificial intelligence and machine learning, with a special focus on advanced algorithms and theory of shallow and deep machine learning. Lab activities will equip students with first-hand experience on modern optimization methods and programming framework most used in advance research and companies as of today, and to have first hand experiences on the properties of such algorithms on specific case studies.

• Artificial Intelligence: historical definition, brief overview, modern definition and current role of machine and deep learning - Overview of fundamental knowledge of probability - Overview of decision theory: loss, risk, Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) Learning - Perceptron - Support Vector Machines beyond classification - Artificial Neural Networks - Convolutional Neural Networks basic algorithms: Backpropagation and Stochastic Gradient Descent - Training a CNN (data preprocessing, weight initialization and hyperparameter optimization) - Visualizing and Understanding the CNN inner working - Multi-Task and Structured Output Learning (Semantic Segmentation and Detection) - Unsupervised and Metric Learning (Siamese networks and Contrastive Learning for Retrieval) - Generative Networks (Autoencoders and GANs) - Recurrent Neural Networks - Learning with few samples and across domains - Active and Incremental learning - Basic concepts and networks for Reinforcement Learning

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Group project;
... - group project (50%): the students are asked to test pre-existing code of state of the art deep learning models and to understand its functioning. Each group prepares slides and organize a short presentation to discuss the literature related to the chosen project topic and report on the observed behavior of the models. - individual evaluation (50%): questions on the theory and laboratory (exercises) part of the course program.

Slides + State of the art deep learning top conference and journal papers. Optional - specific pointers to chapters of the following books will be indicated during the lectures. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach S. Russell, P.Norvig Deep Learning by I. Goodfellow, Y. Bengio, A. Courville. Understanding Machine Learning: From Theory to Algorithms by Shai Shalev-Shwartz and Shai Ben-David Machine Learning: a Probabilistic Perspective by Kevin P. Murphy The Elements of Statistical Learning, T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Christopher M. Bishop Machine Learning, Tom M. Mitchell A Course in Machine Learning, Hal Daumé III Neural Networks - a Systematic Introduction, Raul Rojas

After the module, the students are expected to: - understand the architectures and the operation of the main building blocks of an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and describe them adopting an appropriate terminology; - understand the architecture and the operation of specific ECU-based control systems in vehicles and of vehicle data networks; - be familiar with the technical litterature and with the main performance parameters of electronic systems; - quantitatively express the performance requirements of electronic systems in simple vehicle applications; - design

Electronic systems are nowadays ubiquitous in vehicles. A good understanding of their operation and performance is more and more essential to an automotive engineer in vehicle system design, in testing and as a common background to effectively interact with hardware and software specialists. In the framework of the objectives of the MS program in Automotive Engineering, the course is intended to: - provide a good understanding of the architecture and of the operation of microprocessor-based electronic systems in vehicles and vehicle data networks; - introduce the main performance parameters of ECU building blocks with reference to vehicle applications and requirements, including safety and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements; - describe the functions and of the architecture of specific electronic control systems for vehicles (e.g. engine control unit, antilock braking system);

• Microprocessor units (MPU) (8h) : MPU architecture: ALU, Register File, Control Unit; MPU operation and programming (overview); MPU-based systems: buses and access to peripheral devices; MPUs for vehicles and main performance parameters. - Vehicle data networks (10h): general concepts; medium access control (MAC); Master-slave, interrupt, random access and arbitration; automotive data networks: LIN, CAN, Automotive Ethernet. - A/D conversion and acquisition front end (12h): A/D conversion fundamentals: sampling, quantization, coding. Sampling theorem: aliasing and oversampling; quantization error; A/D converters (ADCs) static and dynamic performance; D/A converters (DACs) and ADCs for automotive applications: operation and performance comparison. Multichannel acquisition front-end: anti-aliasing filter, conditioning amplifiers, sample and hold (S/H). Exercises on signal conditioning and acquisition. - Power management unit (8h): MOS transistors, linear and switching-mode voltage regulators, power drivers and actuators: drivers for solenoid actuators and small DC motors. - Gasoline engine control ECU (8h): control targets and controller architercture, input variables and sensors (EPS, TPS, RPM, MAF, CT, lambda sensor). Sensor signal acquisition exercises. Control strategies and operating modes. - Braking System and Vehicle Dynamics Control (5h): targets, input quantities and sensors (acceletometers, wheel speed sensors, yaw rate sensor), antilock braking system (ABS) operation, outline on vehicle dynamics control systems (ESP, CBC). - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) (3h) : Emission and Immunity issues; practical issues and EMC concepts. Standard regulations and automotive EMC tests at component and vehicle level. - Electronic control unit design and verification flow (2h), hardware in the loop (HIL) testing.

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam;
... Oral exam. The student will be asked to: - illustrate the structure and the operation principles of electronic systems and sub-systems in a vehicle (especially in terms of block diagrams and/or simplified electrical circuits); - introduce the main performance parameters and/or characteristic curves of components and sub-systems having an idea of their order of magnitude in vehicle applications; - discuss the main criteria to be considered in the design of different electric/electronic systems and subsystems with reference to vehicle applications. - describe the main architectures/protocols for on-board networks.

Lecture notes and slides (avaialable online in the course material). Further reading: William Ribbens, "Understanding Automotive Electronics, An Engineering Perspective," 7th Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Conoscenza approfondita delle caratteristiche di funzionamento e di rendimento dei motori termici per trazione. Conoscenza delle architetture dei motori e dei problemi dinamici connessi. Conoscenza dei principali apparati di alimentazione dell’aria e del combustibile. Conoscenza delle problematiche della combustione nei motori e della loro influenza sul rendimento e sulle emissioni di inquinanti. Capacità di definire le specifiche di progetto dei sistemi di propulsione tenendo conto dei vincoli tecnologici, economici ed ambientali. Capacità definire le architetture dei sistemi di propulsione sulla base delle specifiche di progetto. Capacità di progettare e sviluppare i motori dal punto di vista termofluidodinamico.

Insegnamento dell’orientamento "Propulsione dei veicoli terrestri". Si propone di fornire le conoscenze relative alle caratteristiche di funzionamento e di rendimento dei motori termici per trazione e le nozioni di base per la loro progettazione dal punto di vista termofluidodinamico.

GENERALITÀ, CLASSIFICAZIONE, FASI, RENDIMENTI, PRESTAZIONI DEI MOTORI Richiami sulla classificazione dei motori alternativi in base alle caratteristiche di funzionamento, alle caratteristiche cinematiche, in base ai tempi. Richiami sul rendimento limite, sul rendimento termodinamico interno e sul rendimento organico e sulla pressione media effettiva al variare della dosatura e della velocità angolare. ALIMENTAZIONE DELL'ARIA Coefficiente di riempimento nei motori a 4T: generalità , studio particolareggiato, analisi dell'apparato di distribuzione. Sovralimentazione con compressore trascinato meccanicamente od azionato da turbina a gas di scarico. ALIMENTAZIONE DEL COMBUSTIBILE Alimentazione del combustibile nei motori ad accensione comandata - Requisiti generali, problemi di ripresa e di avviamento a freddo. - Apparati di iniezione elettronica. Alimentazione del combustibile nei motori Diesel: - Requisiti in termini di polverizzazione e di penetrazione del getto. - Sistemi di iniezione meccanica (cenni) e sistemi di iniezione tipo "common rail". EQUILIBRAMENTO DEI MOTORI ALTERNATIVI Forze e momenti agenti sul motore alternativo. Criteri per la scelta dello sfasamento delle manovelle e per la loro disposizione longitudinale. Equilibramento di forze o momenti residui con masse su alberi supplementari. Motori a V, motori "boxer" e motori stellari. Ordine di accensione COMBUSTIONE Generalità : velocità di reazione e temperatura di accensione. Macchine a compressione rapida e tempi di induzione. Combustibili per motori ad accensione comandata e ad accensione per compressione. COMBUSTIONE NEI MOTORI AD ACCENSIONE COMANDATA Parametri che influenzano la velocità di propagazione della fiamma. Anomalie di combustione: preaccensione, autoaccensione, misfiring, detonazione. Metodi di misura standardizzati e non convenzionali dell'intensità di detonazione. Numero di ottano. COMBUSTIONE NEI MOTORI AD ACCENSIONE PER COMPRESSIONE Ritardo all'accensione, andamento delle pressioni, delle masse iniettate e bruciate, rumore di combustione Numero di cetano. Fumosità , limiti di dosatura, problemi di polverizzazione, diffusione, turbolenza, penetrazione dello psray di combustibile. EMISSIONI DI INQUINANTI Effetti nocivi, meccanismi di formazione, influenza dei parametri geometrico-costruttivi e dei parametri di funzionamento. Metodi di abbattimento degli inquinanti: catalizzatori a tre vie, trappole per il particolato, catalizzatori ossidanti e catalizzatori riducenti SCR ed LNT. Legislazione vigente e cicli di prova. MOTORIZZAZIONI IBRIDE Classificazione: architetture, livelli di ibridizzazione. Sistemi di energy management Cenni sulla legislazione vigente.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula);
Exam: Written test;
... L’esame è svolto esclusivamente in forma scritta e consta di: - quattro domande a risposta aperta, riguardanti sia le lezioni sia le esercitazioni numeriche e di laboratorio svolte, - un esercizio di calcolo volto a verificare la padronanza dello studente per quanto riguarda la determinazione dei principali parametri operativi e di progetto dei motori. La durata è di due ore. Non è consentito l’utilizzo di alcun tipo di materiale didattico di supporto (libri, appunti, ecc.). La correzione viene effettuata individualmente, di norma immediatamente dopo il termine dell’esame. Un esempio di compito scritto viene distribuito durante il semestre tramite il portale della didattica, in modo da consentire agli studenti di valutare la propria preparazione. Sebbene le relazioni relative alle esercitazioni di calcolo assegnate durante il semestre non concorrano alla determinazione del voto finale, lo svolgimento e la consegna delle relazioni assegnate durante il semestre e’ condizione necessaria per l’ammissione alla prova scritta. L'esame si propone di verificare che lo studente abbia acquisito una sufficiente padronanza degli argomenti trattati nel corso, e sia in grado di analizzare criticamente, anche in termini quantitativi, il funzionamento dei motori a combustione interna dal punto di vista termofluidodinamico.

È consigliabile frequentare lezioni ed esercitazioni, servirsi degli appunti per la preparazione dell'esame, dal momento che non esiste un unico testo che tratti tutti gli argomenti dell'insegnamento in modo simile a quello adottato. Testi per approfondire singoli argomenti, ove ciò sia necessario nella futura attività professionale, sono i seguenti: • G. Ferrari: “Motori a combustione interna�, Ed. Esculapio, 2016, ISBN: 9788874889716. • J. B. Heywood: “International combustion engine fundamentals�, McGraw-Hill, 2nd Ed. 2018, ISBN-10: 1260116107. • “Automotive Handbook�, R. Bosch Ed., 7° Ed., 2007 – ISBN 978-0-76801953-7 Il materiale didattico fornito durante il corso sarà reso disponibile in formato elettronico tramite il portale della didattica.

Knowledge on the main methods and tools of risk assessment, ergonomic design and evaluation of the workplace, digital human modeling, human-machine interaction To develop skills in the applications of the ergonomic principles to work organization, workplace design, choice of work tools as well as in the definition of work and production methods. Hands-on training on software programs for digital human modeling in manufacturing systems is also part of the expected learning outcomes.

The module aims at providing the basic knowledge on the ergonomics for manufacturing systems, emphasizing how the “human centered� design of manufacturing processes and operation management may reduce the physical and mental workload sustained by the operator, improve his/her well-being and the system productivity (in the respect of gender issues and of people with special needs).

Basic Knowledge (6 hours) o Static and functional anthropometric data. Databases and scaling techniques o Use of percentiles in design. Types of design o Elements of physical capabilities (mobility of joints, muscular strength and endurance). Data sources Digital Human Modeling (8 hours + 12 hours of Computer Lab) o Human manikins (classical percentile approach, human scale standard, multivariate manikins) o Testing of reach-ability, body space and postural comfort o Biomechanical modeling, loads at joints and strength percent capabilities Workplace Design (14 hours) o Work-related musculo-skeletal disorders. General classification and main risk factors o Manual material handling. NIOSH lifting equation. Snook & Ciriello Tables o Upper limb disorders. Hand intensive tasks. The OCRA method. Work tool design principles o Complex work content and whole body risk methods. EAWS main structure and examples o Legislation and standard overview for risk evaluation (ISO 11226; ISO 11228 series; EN 1005 series) Work Measurement (12 hours) o Principles and brief history of Time and Motion Studies. Main observational methods o Predetermined Motion Time System. Main structure and example of MTM-UAS o Integration of ergonomics in setting working times and in line balancing Human-Machine Interaction (8 hours) o Principles of human-machine interaction o Ergonomics in Industry 4.0 o Human-oriented evaluation of cobots and exoskeletons

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam; Group project;
... The exam consists in a written test and an oral colloquium. The final mark will be the average of written and oral. In the written test (didactic material at hand), students will be asked to solve 3-4 exercises, similar to those assigned during class tutorials, and to answer to open questions. The duration of the written test is 3 hours and the maximum score is 30/30. 18/30 is the minimum score to access the oral exam. Examples of exercises from past exams are provided as part of the class tutorials. In addition, one or two full texts from past exams are published on the portal in the last month of the course for students to practice. The oral exam will cover the material taught in the course. Students are expected to prove an overall understanding of the basic ergonomic principles as applied to the design and verification of workplaces as well as of the identification and application of risk assessment methods to different work contests. During the oral colloquium, students will also be asked to present and discuss the final assignment of the computer lab modules, illustrating the reasons for their choices in the evaluation and re-design in virtual of the workplace. The correctness of the work and the level of understanding demonstrated during its discussion are part of the evaluation of the oral exam.

Documentation in help is prepared and distributed by lecturer. Suggested books: MS Sanders, EJ McCormick “Human Factors In Engineering and Design�- Mc Graw Hill. D Meister, TP Enderwick “Human factors in system design, development and testing� – Taylor & Francis

I risultati attesi vengono definiti per ogni Tirocinio dal tutor aziendale in collaborazione con lo/la studente/studentessa.

Le informazioni dettagliate sull’insegnamento tirocinio sono consultabili sulla GUIDA STUDENTI, sezione TIROCINIO, dell’anno accademico in corso.

Il programma delle attività viene definito per ogni Tirocinio dal tutor aziendale in collaborazione con lo/la studente/studentessa.

Modalita di esame: Accertamento (esame senza voto);
Exam: Check;

Non prevista

Two primary outcomes are expected to be achieved after attending the course. 1) Theoretical skills a. Dynamic models of AC motors used in traction applications b. Flux, torque and loss maps of AC motors c. Parameters identification procedures of AC motors d. Benchmark torque controllers for traction AC motors e. Simulation models of electric machines and power electronics converters 2) Application skills a. Performance evaluation of AC motors b. Design of highly efficient torque controllers for AC motors c. Discrete-time implementation of motor control algorithms d. Advanced simulation of electric motor drives (dynamic and energetic aspects)

The course aims to provide methods and development tools for designing advanced torque controllers for electric motors used in automotive applications (e.g., hybrid and electric vehicles). The course will introduce step-by-step procedures for developing and implementing modern, high-performance motor control algorithms. The course will cover different typologies of permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motors used in automotive applications, e.g., interior PM (IPM), surface-mount PM (SPM), and the more recent PM-assisted synchronous reluctance motors. The course also covers rare-earth-free motors, such as induction machines (IM) and electrically excited synchronous motors (EESMs). The course topic features several multidisciplinary aspects, including but not limited to i) dynamic modeling of AC motors and power electronics converters, ii) performance identification of AC motors, iii) design and implementation of highly efficient torque controllers for synchronous motors, and iv) digital control of electric motor drives for traction. The course is highly applied, and most of the concepts presented have direct applications in the automotive industry. This course will use actual traction motors used in automotive applications as case studies. Therefore, it will design, develop, and implement benchmark torque controllers for these motors.

1) Modelling of AC motors (6 h, 0.6 CFU): voltage and current equations in dq coordinates, unified torque equation, magnetic saturation (apparent and differential inductances), flux and torque maps, losses models, space-state models, simulation models 2) Modelling of power electronics inverters (6 h, 0.6 CFU): 2-level structures, an overview of PWM modulation techniques, losses models, voltage errors, simulation models 3) Identification of AC motors (6 h, 0.6 CFU): magnetic model identification procedures, direct- and inverse flux maps, inductance maps (apparent and differential), voltage-to-current models, scaling equations of loss maps 4) Manipulation of flux-, torque-, and losses- maps (12 h, 1.2 CFU): evaluation of MTPA-, MTPV-, and MTPS- profiles, efficiency mapping of ac motors, interpolation of n-dimensional maps 5) High-efficient and high-performance torque controllers for traction AC motors (22 h, 2.2 CFU): design and implementation of n-dimensional maps-based torque control algorithms 6) Discrete-time design and implementation of torque controllers (8 h, 0.8 CFU): proportional-integral regulators, filters, interpolation functions, stator flux observers, phase-locked loop, discretization techniques, simulation approaches

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato progettuale individuale; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Individual project; Group project;
... A list of projects will be provided to students. The students will be required to assemble into teams based on commonality of interest. The number of team members is decided according to the overall number of students attending the course. Each team will select a project from the project list. The mandatory oral exam consists of a final report that the entire team must present, followed by individual questions to each team member to assess his contributions to the final project. The final report is a document edited in Microsoft Word or equivalent software, supported by simulation models in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The presentation of the report must be performed in Microsoft PowerPoint or equivalent software. The final score is calculated as the weighted arithmetic mean between the final report (50%) (evaluated for technical content, technical clarity and writing clarity), the score for the presentation of the final report and its results during the oral exam (30%), and the score for the answers given by the student in the individual oral assessment (20%).

• Class notes (provided online) • IEEE articles (source: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp) that can be accessed using PoliTo networks

The expected skills after the attendance of the course will be the knowledge of issues and methods in design/verification of engine main components and transmission main components, as well as the methodologies essential to the development of control strategies of some transmission systems. The expected learning outcomes for the engine part are the capabilities to: • compute the most important forces and moments acting on engine components (action due to gasses, inertias, dynamic actions); • recognise and manage engine components architecture/function for defining the corresponding computational simplified models; • select the most appropriate material for engine components; • define the methodological steps for designing and/or verifying the engine components; • develop the computational formulas for designing and/or verifying the engine components; • explain and demonstrate the computational formulas for designing and/or verifying the engine components. The expected learning outcomes for the transmission part are the capabilities to: • understand and comment on a technical drawing of a transmission system; • recognise the type of transmission system, the components and justify specific design solutions; • compare different transmission layouts highlighting their pros and cons in terms of efficiency and vehicle dynamic performance; • apply computational methods for transmission component design; • motivate the choice of a specific component in a transmission system; • discuss the effect of component selection and its characteristics on the dynamic performance of the vehicle.

Regarding the engine, the aim is to provide students the basic knowledge for the structural design, sizing and verification of main engine components by using analytical, semi-empirical and numerical approaches. Regarding the transmission, the goal is to provide students the basic knowledge for the design and application of transmissions, describing the architectural solutions and the main components, stating the methodologies used to proceed to their sizing. Basic concepts for the development of control strategies of automatic transmissions are also introduced.

Engine part (27 h) • Crank mechanism (1 h): overview of centred and offset layout; Displacement, velocity and acceleration of the piston; Angular speed and acceleration of the connecting rod; • Forces on the crank mechanism (2 h): Reduction of the connecting rod; Reciprocating inertial force; Centrifugal inertial force; Resultant force on the crank mechanism; Forces on the connecting rod; Engine torque; Forces and moments on the cylinder block; Multi-cylinder engine and most stressed crank; Engine degree of irregularity. • Wrist pin (1 h): Shape and geometry; Materials; Design guidelines; Numerical analysis (FEA). • Connecting rod (3 h): Architecture and geometry; Materials; Load analysis; Design guidelines. • Crankshaft (7 h): Architecture and geometry; Design guidelines; Classical static analysis; Classical dynamic analysis; Numerical dynamic analysis (FEA-MBA). • Main bearings (2 h): Architecture and geometry; Classical analysis; Numerical analysis (FEA-MBA). • Piston (4 h): Architecture and geometry; Materials; Design guidelines; Numerical analysis (FEA); Piston Slap. • Cylinder head and block (3 h): Architecture and geometry; Cooling circuit; Head gasket, Head cover; Deck; Liners; Fastening of cylinder head and main caps Residual stresses; Design guidelines; Numerical analysis (FEA). • Oil pan (1 h): Function and examples; Optimization methodology. • Exhaust manifold (3 h): Design guidelines; Geometries and materials; Working conditions; Experimental tests on test bench; Life estimations with multi-axial damage models. Overview on thermo-mechanical fatigue, Isothermal fatigue tests; Thermo-mechanical fatigue tests (TMF tests); TMF damage: mechanical fatigue, creep, oxidation; TMF residual life; Constitutive models for TMF; Damage models for TMF; General guidelines for numerical analysis (FEA). • Transmission part (27 h) • Transmission functions and architectures (1,5 h): Automotive transmission characteristics (functions, requirements and constraints, specific characteristics and technology); Transmission evolution and current trends (overview); Transmission architectures; Transmission components. • Manual Transmissions (3 h): Main configurations (forward speeds, reverse speed); Efficiency (power loss contributions, maps and measurement); Passenger cars layout schemes and practical examples (single, double and triple stage); Industrial vehicles layout schemes and practical examples (single and multiple range). • Components design and testing (3 h). Gears: Gear types; Endurance (fatigue phenomena, failures, damage accumulation); Noise (gear whine, gear rattle). Other components: Shafts; Bearings; Lubrication; Housings and seals. Testing technologies. • Synchronizers (3 h): Function; Mechanical description (simple and multiple synchronizers, gearshift process); Design criteria (geometric and functional). • Shifting mechanisms (1,5 h): Functions; Internal shifting mechanisms (specific functions, interlocking devices); External shifting mechanisms (specific functions, bar and cable mechanisms); Shifting mechanism attributes. • Start-up devices and torsional dampers for MT (3 h). Friction clutches: functions; components (disengagement mechanism, driven plate, torsional dampers integrated into the clutch driven disk, thrust bearing, wear compensation mechanism). Torsional dampers: single vs dual mass flywheel, torsional vibrations. Design criteria for friction clutches. • Start-up device for AT (3h): hydraulic clutch and torque converter. Torque converter: losses, speed triangles, angular momentum and torque on a bladed wheel, performance curves comparison (hydraulic clutch, TC, Trilok TC), matching torque curves (engine and TC), TC performance on a vehicle, lock-up clutch. • Differentials, final drives and transfer boxes (3 h): Differentials and final drives (rear and front wheel driven cars, industrial vehicles); All wheel drive transfer boxes (modified rear and front wheel drives); Differential theory outline (friction free differential, differential with internal friction); Self-locking differentials (definition, geared vs clutch-pack differentials, ZF, Torsen, Trac Lok); Viscous coupling; Active differential (Haldex); Differential effect on vehicle dynamics. • Automatic transmissions (3 h): General issues (automation level, gearshift mode, stepped and continuously variable transmissions); Car transmissions with fixed rotation axis (with synchronizers, multi disc clutches, dual clutch); Car epicycloidal transmissions (simple and compound epicycloidal gear trains, production examples); Car CVTs (steel belt, rolling bodies); Industrial vehicles automatic transmissions (semi and full automatic transmissions); • Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT) (3 h): Powershift concept; Double clutch units; DCT Mechanical layouts and components; Wet and Dry DCT; Examples of DCTs in production; Gearshift modeling and control; Power recirculation issue.

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Group project;
... The exam is exclusively oral and it is constituted by the oral presentation the students made at the practice end and the oral discussion of two questions on the entire program of the course (one question on engine, one question on transmissions). Each element is separately evaluated (with a rating out of thirty) and the overall score is defined by one third of the practice presentation, one third of the engine arguments and the remaining one third of the transmission arguments. In order to pass the exam, the grade of each part must be greater than eighteen. The oral exam intends understanding the actual level of comprehension of all the course topics; schemes and formulas must be demonstrated and discussed and the methodological steps of topics development must be highlighted and explained. The exam lasts about 30 minutes.

Lectures subjects, text of practices as well as other didactic material are available on Corse Website. Possible additional deepening textbooks for improving the study: • Makartchouk A., Diesel Engine Engineering, ISBN: 0-8247-0702-8, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY, USA, 2002 • Hoag K.L., Vehicular engine design, ISBN: 0-7680-1661-4, SAE International, Warrendale, PA, USA, 2006 • Stone R., Introduction to internal combustion engines, ISBN 0-7680-0495-0, SAE International, Warrendale, PA, USA, 1999 • Taylor C.F., The internal-combustion engine in theory and practice, The M.I.T Press, Cambridge, UK, 1997 • G. Genta, L. Morello, The Automotive Chassis – vol. I and II, Springer, New York, 2009 • G. Lechner, H. Naunheimer, Automotive Transmissions, Fundamentals, Selection, Design and Application, Springer, Berlin, 1999 • M. Guiggiani, The Science of Vehicle Dynamics, Springer, 2nd Edition • J. Fenton, Handbook of Automotive Powertrain and Chassis Design, Professional Engineering Publishing, London, 1998 • By various authors, Design Practices: Passenger Car Automatic Transmissions, SAE, Warrendale (PA), 1994

Student should be able to model and measure a noise and vibration environment related to overall vehicle and its subsystems. Experimental and numerical Modal analysis should be the basis of their knowledge, as well as the fundamentals of acoustics and its measurements. Fundamentals of damping, phono-isolating and phono-absorbing materials and their use. Identification and analysis of noise and vibration sources.

Vehicle noise and vibrations Noise and vibrations in vehicles has been one of the most challenging issues since 70’s, when most of the car manufacturers started developing and modelling special techniques and specific materials to predict, measure and control the NVH (Noise, vibration, and harshness) environment inside and outside the vehicle. The increasing lightness of vehicles, the customer comfort and satisfaction, the durability of the materials has driven this research at the beginning, thanks to the contemporary dramatic development of signal processing techniques and instruments, FEM modelling and low-cost sensor availability. The development of commercial modal analysis software took start exactly for these purposes and quickly became a standard for noise and vibration analysis of body in white cars and complete vehicle including later special applications for interior noise, acoustic absorption and isolation, damping materials up sound quality and many other specific applications. A Vehicle must be designed at its early stage with respect to the Noise and vibration framework. Its design and analysis is quite often a recursive task and model must be tuned on the basis of real measurements, so that prototypes must provide the feedback for design and early modelling and modification. The overall task is complex and includes noise and mechanical vibration source modelling and measurements, path transfer and propagation, material characterisation and selection, fluid-structure interaction, numerical and experimental modal analysis.

• Perception, Metrics and Sound and vibration quality, Automotive NVH Phenomena. • Concepts and Basis of Noise and Vibrations, measurements skills and instruments applied to vehicle context. • Overview of international standards adopted for instruments and measurements. • Numerical and experimental modal analysis. • Numerical Tools for Sound and vibrations. Acoustic modes and structural modes. • Differences between lab and on road tests (input-output and output only approaches) • Overview of nonlinear vibrations, effects and possible approaches. • Viscous, Viscoelastic, Structural damping, damping treatments. • Master curves and frequency/temperature effects on damping treatments and optimization • Acoustic materials, sound absorption, isolation and reflection • NVH Sources: Road; Powertrain; Structure-borne noise generation and transmission, airborne noise. • Fuel / electric architectures WRT noise and vibrations characteristics • Suspensions and tires effects • Transmission path • Longitudinal dynamics and driveline vibrational behavior. Effects on the vehicle drivability. • Comfort and body fatigue due to noise and vibrations • NVH Engineering Process: Physical vs. Digital Vehicle Development, Mathematical Modeling, Vehicle-Subsystem-Component Interaction, Concept – Virtual Prototype – Hardware Prototype • Digital twins and statistical spread of N&V characteristics during production • Bibliography, sites, tools and instruments available on the net

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula);
Exam: Written test;
... No oral exam is planned Exam will include theory parts with developments and numerical results. Lab experimental simulation might be requested, by means of a specific platform, when available Short reports might also be requested on specific subjects to give extro points for the exam

Material will be aviailabe on the course site, as well as some starting level code for matlab to simulate systems behaviour.

Knowledge related to the dynamic behaviour of motor vehicles and of chassis subsystems such as suspension, steering and braking devices. Capability of modelling and analysing the behaviour of road vehicles with the analytical and numerical methods and simulation softwares provided during the semester.

The subject is addressed at providing the knowledge and capabilities for mathematical and dynamic modelling of passenger vehicles and main automotive systems. The course also aims at introducing methodologies and modelling approaches for detailed vehicle simulation such as multibody modelling, and vehicle testing at different complexity levels.

• Tire model in static and dynamic conditions (transient tyre / relaxation length model) Pacejka model (2006 and later). FTyre/CDTyre model + Swift model (theory only + Effect of pressure) – Matlab/Simulink – 6 h • Vertical dynamics/comfort: 2-3 dof quarter car model with nonlinear shock absorbers + 4 dof half car model (wheelbase filtering + road PSD) – Matlab/Simulink – 15 h • Driveline Torsional dynamics: mdof – nonlinearities in the components – single mass flywheel vs. DMF – torque limiter - clonk – Matlab/Simulink – 12 h • Lateral dynamics simulation: from bicycle (2WS/4WS) to multibody modelling (models with increasing complexity) – Matlab/Simulink– 9 h + ADAMS/Car– 3 h • Elasto-kinematic suspension modelling: examples and sensitivity – ADAMS/CAR – 6 h • Tire models: comfort analysis – ADAMS/Car – 3 h • Effects of differentials on Longitudinal/Lateral dynamics (open / LSD / Torsen / Active / Torque Vectoring) – mi split + effects on understeer characteristics - Matlab/Simulink/Simscape – 6 h • Experimental data analysis for model validation (specific maneuvers for understeer diagram + data fitting/parameter tuning) – veicolo squadra corse/ • Vehicle sideslip angle estimation (Kalman filter)? – Matlab – 15 h • Longitudinal dynamics with HV/EV: driving cycle + fuel consumption – Simulink/Simscape – 3 h • Driving simulators: Hardware in the loop – Software in the loop. – Driving simulators for human in the loop analysis (only description and SW examples) – 3 h

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Group project;
... Achieved learning outcomes will be assessed by means of a final exam (approx. weight 75%) and by the evaluation of the group project activities developed during the course (approx. weight 25%). This written part is based on an analytical assessment of student achievement of the “expected learning outcomes� described above. The examination consists of a written only test, duration 60 min, closed books. In order to properly assess such achievement, the exam is composed of two questions focused on the topics seen during the lectures. The written exam aims at evaluating the ability of the students to deal with the dynamic behaviour of vehicle systems, starting from the model definition and ending with the system analysis. In particular, the test aims at assessing knowledge, communication skills and ability to use tools and method taught in the lectures for analysing and modelling vehicle dynamics. The maximum obtainable mark is 30/30 cum laude. During the course, students are given an example of the final test, with discussion of the solution and hints on common errors and evaluation criteria. A few days after the written test, students are summoned for a review of the written output, in which examiners inform the student on grading criteria, and receive any student appeal supported by appropriate explanations. Further details on exam rules are given on the official course website.

• H.B. Pacejika, "Tire and Vehicle Dynamics", Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012. • W.F. Milliken, D.L. Milliken, "Race Car Vehicle Dynamics", SAE International, 1995. • Guiggiani, “The science of vehicle dynamics�, Springer, 2018