Ingegneria Energetica e Nucleare

The student is expected to enter the labor market with a thorough preparation, innovative and comprehensive approach and updated knowledge of new materials (either already available on the market or under development) for nuclear energy production (fusion and fission). In particular, the student will be able to exploit his/her skills by projects/case-studies, industrial problem-solving examples to funding institution, stakeholders and companies involved in the nuclear energy field. The knowledge will focus on several advanced materials not studied in other courses, which are mandatory for the professional career of a future nuclear engineer.

In this course, we will build on the foundation you already have on materials, to understand how they behave in nuclear systems. In particular, we will provide you a solid base of nuclear material fundamentals in order to understand radiation damage and effects in fuels and structural materials. This course will also propose you short research projects to be discussed in class. We will start with an overview of nuclear materials, where they are found in nuclear plants, and how they behave/fail under radiation, particularly neutrons and heavy charged particles to produce defects and change microstructure. A few applications of radiation effects will then be treated, including the change of material properties under irradiation, void swelling, embrittlement, loss of ductility, and the simulation of in-reactor irradiation (neutrons) with heavy ions.

-Introduction to the main classes of materials for nuclear plants (fission, fusion): nuclear grade steels, metal alloys, polymers, glasses, ceramics, superconductors, composites. -Nuclear issues affecting materials properties: neutron irradiation, He-retention, effects on materials properties (mechanical, non-destructive tests, thermal, optical, etc…) -Fission reactors' materials: requirements, advanced materials for new generation fission nuclear plants (Gen. IV, etc) -Fusion reactors' materials: requirements, plasma facing materials, advanced materials for new generation fusion nuclear plants (ITER and beyond) -Seminars given by experts in the field; master final report activity available on subjects related to this part of the course, also in research centres and companies; hands-on laboratory activity.

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam;
... Individual oral test based on three open questions on all the program of this course.

Pdf files of slides .

L'insegnamento si prefigge di trasmettere i due seguenti obbiettivi di apprendimento. Il primo obbiettivo è trasmettere una cultura ingegneristica sui materiali recenti più avanzati (es. nano-ingegnerizzati) per applicazioni energetiche. In particolare, si impareranno le correlazioni esistenti tra struttura, microstruttura e prestazione dei materiali, arrivando così a progettare e scegliere in modo consapevole impianti e componenti energetici. Il secondo obbiettivo è fornire allo studente uno strumento robusto e versatile relativo alla scelta dei materiali dato un determinato obbiettivo progettuale, facendo uso di metodi computazionali basati su grandi moli di dati (es. machine learning, diagrammi di Ashby) e/o modelli chimico-fisici della materia (es. dinamica molecolare). Queste conoscenze numeriche consentiranno di approcciare analiticamente la moltitudine di materiali per i dispositivi per la conversione, traporto e accumulo di energia che la moderna scienza dei materiali mette a disposizione. Mediante i due obbiettivi precedenti, lo studente potrà acquisire conoscenze avanzate che si svincolino da una mera descrizione, ma costituiscano le linee guida per una conoscenza consapevole dei materiali da impiegare nei dispositivi energetici.

L'efficienza dei processi energetici è oggigiorno in continua evoluzione grazie alla disponibilità di materiali dalle prestazioni sempre più performanti. Tale cambiamento è reso possibile anche grazie ai continui progressi delle nanotecnologie e dei modelli computazionali sempre più predittivi. Questi ultimi, basati sulla fisica e/o sull’analisi di grandi moli di dati, permettono di predire e ottimizzare numericamente le proprietà dei nuovi materiali prima di passare alla loro sintesi in laboratorio. Questo insegnamento intende in primo luogo dare una panoramica generale dei materiali tradizionali e avanzati a uso ingegneristico (metallici, ceramici, polimerici, compositi), introducendo le principali classificazioni, proprietà e concetti fondamentali per la scelta più opportuna data una prestazione tecnico-economica di obbiettivo. Successivamente, l'insegnamento presenta le più moderne soluzioni nano-tecnologiche per i materiali utilizzati in componenti e impianti per la conversione, trasporto e accumulo dell'energia. A complemento delle conoscenze teoriche, l'insegnamento permetterà di provare in laboratorio diversi approcci computazionali per la scelta ottimale dei materiali – tradizionali e avanzati – in applicazioni energetiche. L'insegnamento intende fornire strumenti tecnico-scientifici che amplino le basi culturali dell’ingegnere energetico, permettendogli una gestione consapevole delle funzionalità tecniche dei dispositivi e dei relativi materiali impiegati. L’obbiettivo è dunque quello di imparare ad analizzare, sia dal punto di vista della scienza dei materiali che da quello energetico/impiantistico, il processo di raccolta di energia da una data fonte, il suo trasporto, accumulo e uso civile nella forma termica e/o elettrica. In particolar modo, ci si concentrerà sulle fonti rinnovabili, anche se gli argomenti trattati avranno un respiro più ampio e potranno dunque essere ugualmente utili per fonti energetiche diverse. Gli argomenti dell'insegnamento offriranno anche la possibilità di comprendere le connessioni tra gli aspetti microscopici dei materiali (es. struttura cristallografica, legami chimici, forze elettrostatiche) e le loro ricadute sulle proprietà macroscopiche (es. conducibilità termica, accumulo energetico). Alla fine dell'insegnamento, ci si attende che lo studente abbia acquisito strumenti avanzati di progettazione che gli conferiscano una capacità di scegliere, per ciascun sotto-processo energetico coinvolto, sia il dispositivo sia il relativo materiale più adatto allo scopo. Ci si attende inoltre che lo studente acquisisca le capacità per giudicare e progettare i diversi componenti di un impianto energetico, sia individualmente che dal punto di vista sistemico.

L'insegnamento prevede i seguenti macro-blocchi: 1) Fondamenti di scienza e tecnologia dei materiali e relativi metodi convenzionali di scelta. ----- Ripasso sui materiali: tipi di materiali e loro proprietà . Richiami alle relazioni composizione-struttura-proprietà delle classi principali dei materiali, utilizzando esempi di materiali di interesse in ambito energetico. Introduzione alla strategia di selezione dei materiali e alla definizione delle linee guida fondamentali per la selezione dei materiali in funzione dell’applicazione prevista e dei prerequisiti progettuali. Materiali nano-strutturati: composizione, preparazione, caratterizzazione e proprietà chimico-fisiche principali. Grafici di Ashby e introduzione in laboratorio all’uso di software per la selezione sistematica dei materiali, con relativi esempi in applicazioni energetiche. 2) Materiali avanzati per applicazioni energetiche. ----- Materiali per il trasporto dell'energia. Uso e applicazioni di nano-tecnologie per l’ottimizzazione del trasporto termico in fluidi (nanofluidi) e solidi (compositi). Principali proprietà termofisiche dei nanofluidi e metodi euristici di calcolo delle stesse; stabilità delle sospensioni colloidali. Nanofluidi con proprietà ottiche ottimizzate per la raccolta diretta della radiazione solare. Fluidi micro-/nano-incapsulati a elevata capacità termica per il trasporto e accumulo termico. Materiali compositi a elevate prestazioni meccaniche, termiche ed elettriche. Fibre e particelle rinforzanti, nanoparticelle a base di carbonio. Strategie per l’aumento della conducibilità termica di materiali tradizionali. Calcolo delle proprietà di trasporto di nanofluidi e nanocompositi tramite simulazioni di dinamica molecolare. Materiali superconduttori per il trasporto dell’energia elettrica. Materiali per l’accumulo dell'energia. Materiali e dispositivi per lo stoccaggio termico: soluzioni attuali di accumulo (sensibile, latente, chimico) e potenziali prospettive. Studio dell’effetto del controllo della struttura dei materiali alla nanoscala sull’accumulo termico potenziale. Impianti di accumulo termico. La sfida della conservazione del calore. Approcci di accumulo termico a breve, medio e lungo termine. Densità di energia e principali figure di merito dei materiali per l’accumulo termico. Materiali e dispositivi per lo stoccaggio di energia elettrica: soluzioni attuali di accumulo e potenziali prospettive. Materiali e dispositivi per l’accumulo di energia meccanica. Materiali per la conversione dell'energia. Materiali per il recupero dell’energia solare. Materiali per rivestimenti ad alta riflessione o assorbimento: principali proprietà e potenzialità . Materiali per impianti solari a concentrazione. Materiali per il raffrescamento passivo di edifici e persone tramite scambio termico radiativo (diurno e notturno). Deposizione di strati sottili mediante tecniche CVD e PVD. Materiali per solare fotovoltaico: cenni generali, Si monocristallino, Si policristallino, Si amorfo e film sottili, multigiunzioni, DSSC, organici, perovskiti. Materiali e tecnologie emergenti per la fabbricazione flessibile e geometrie complesse. Tecnologie di fabbricazione dell’Additive Manufacturing (AM), relative a materiali polimerici, metallici, ceramici. Casi studio connessi all’ingegneria energetica: materiali per scambiatori termici e accumulatori di calore processabili attraverso tecniche AM. 3) Metodi computazionali per la scelta dei materiali avanzati e la previsione delle loro proprietà . ----- Modellazione multi-scala ed esempi in applicazioni energetiche. Introduzione e teoria della dinamica molecolare classica. Potenziali di interazione e relative forze. Potenziali per la descrizione dei legami covalenti (interazioni forti). Potenziali per la descrizione delle forze indotte dai dipoli (interazioni deboli). Interazioni di van der Waals e modello di Lennard-Jones. Termostati e pressostati. Integrazione numerica. Calcolo delle proprietà termofisiche macroscopiche. Esempio della conducibilità termica. Introduzione in laboratorio all’uso di software per la simulazione delle proprietà di materiali nanostrutturati. Scelta dei materiali tramite l’analisi di grandi moli di dati. Cenni di algoritmi di apprendimento automatico (machine learning). Guida alla predisposizione dei database, alla fase di apprendimento e di verifica dell’algoritmo. Valutazione delle capacità predittive del modello e utilizzo per l’ottimizzazione e scelta del materiale in problemi a elevato numero di gradi di libertà . Introduzione in laboratorio all'uso di codici per la selezione/modellazione di materiali per il settore energetico tramite machine learning.

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Group project;
... L’esame prevede la consegna di relazioni di laboratorio e una prova orale. Le tre relazioni scritte sono relative ai lavori di gruppo svolti durante il semestre. In particolare, le relazioni riguardano: (i) il laboratorio relativo alla scelta dei materiali (MS), (ii) il laboratorio relativo alla dinamica molecolare (MD) e (iii) il laboratorio relativo all'apprendimento automatico (ML). La consegna delle relazioni deve avvenire tramite il Portale della Didattica (sezione “Elaborati�). Le relazioni vanno consegnate almeno una settimana prima dell'appello che si intende sostenere, in modo da poter essere valutate dai docenti in tempo utile per l'appello selezionato. Il caricamento del file è consentito solo a un rappresentante per ciascun gruppo, avendo cura di riportare i nomi, cognomi e matricola di ciascun membro del gruppo nella prima pagina della relazione. In particolare, la prima relazione scritta si prefigge di verificare il raggiungimento dell’obbiettivo di apprendimento relativo alla scelta consapevole dei materiali e dei loro processi produttivi, e la comprensione delle correlazioni esistenti tra composizione, struttura, forma, processo e prestazione dei materiali. La seconda relazione scritta si prefigge invece di verificare il raggiungimento dell’obbiettivo di apprendimento relativo alla comprensione della dinamica molecolare. La terza relazione scritta valuta l'apprendimento di tecniche di machine learning per la selezione del miglior materiale per una data applicazione energetica a partire da grandi moli di dati a disposizione. Le tre relazioni contribuiscono complessivamente fino a 16 punti sul voto finale, con valutazione assegnata sulla base sia dei report scritti sia di una loro discussione (individuale) durante la prova orale. La prova orale consiste nella discussione individuale degli argomenti di teoria affrontati nell'insegnamento in merito ai fondamenti di scienza e tecnologia dei materiali e relativi metodi convenzionali di scelta. Inoltre, si discuteranno i materiali avanzati per applicazioni energetiche e i metodi computazionali per la loro scelta, oltre che la previsione delle loro proprietà coerentemente con gli obbiettivi attesi di apprendimento. L’orale dura circa 30-40 minuti ed è composto da almeno due domande, in merito alle parti descritte in precedenza. L’orale contribuisce fino a 16 punti sul voto finale. Il voto finale sarà dato dalla somma delle votazioni delle relazioni (16 punti massimo) e della prova orale (16 punti massimo): un punteggio maggiore o uguale a 31 assegnerà la lode. Per superare l’esame è necessario ottenere una valutazione complessiva superiore o uguale a 18/30 e aver consegnato tutte le relazioni assegnate al proprio gruppo.

MATERIALI: - Ashby M. F., “Materials Selection in Mechanical Design�, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2010. - I. Gibson, D. Rosen, B. Stucker, Additive Manufacturing, Second edition, Springer, 2015. - A. B. Asha, R. Narain, Nanomaterials properties, Polymer Science and Nanotechnology, 2020, Pages 343-359 - D. Meena, R. Kumar, S. Gupta, O. Khan, D. Gupta, M. Singh, Energy storage in the 21st century: A comprehensive review on factors enhancing the next-generation supercapacitor mechanisms Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 72, Part C, 25 November 2023, 109323 ENERGIA: - A. Bejan, “Advanced Engineering Thermodynamic�, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. - IRENA, Innovation Outlook: Thermal Energy Storage. International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, 2020. - Y. Zhang, R. Wang, Sorption thermal energy storage: Concept, process, applications and perspectives. Energy Storage Materials, 27, 2020, 352–369. - H. Zhang, J. Baeyens, G. Cáceres, J. Degrève, Y. Lv, Thermal energy storage: Recent developments and practical aspects. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 53, 2016, 1–40. - M. Chieruzzi, G.F. Cerritelli, A. Miliozzi, J.M. Kenny, L. Torre, Heat capacity of nanofluids for solar energy storage produced by dispersing oxide nanoparticles in nitrate salt mixture directly at high temperature. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 167, 2017, 60–69. - M. Alberghini, M. Morciano, L. Bergamasco, M. Fasano, L. Lavagna, G. Humbert, E. Sani, M. Pavese, E. Chiavazzo, P. Asinari, Coffee-based colloids for direct solar absorption. Scientific Reports, 9, 2019, 4701. - Q. Li, C. Zheng, S. Mesgari, Y.L. Hewakuruppu, N. Hjerrild, F. Crisostomo, G. Rosengarten, J.A. Scott, R.A. Taylor, Experimental and numerical investigation of volumetric versus surface solar absorbers for a concentrated solar thermal collector. Solar Energy, 136, 2016, 349–364. - M. Fasano, M.B. Bigdeli, Bottom up approach toward prediction of effective thermophysical properties of carbon-based nanofluids. Heat Transfer Engineering, 39(19), 2018, 1690–1701. - M.B. Bigdeli, M. Fasano, A. Cardellini, E. Chiavazzo, P. Asinari, A review on the heat and mass transfer phenomena in nanofluid coolants with special focus on automotive applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 2016, 1615–1633. - A. Cardellini, M. Fasano, M.B. Bigdeli, E. Chiavazzo, P. Asinari, Thermal transport phenomena in nanoparticle suspensions. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 28, 2016, 483003. - C.-W. Nan, R. Birringer, D.R. Clarke, H. Gleiter, Effective thermal conductivity of particulate composites with interfacial thermal resistance. Journal of Applied Physics, 81, 1997, 6692 - R. Srivastava, M. Fasano, S. Mohammad Nejad, H. Chávez Thielemann, E. Chiavazzo, P. Asinari, Modeling carbon-based smart materials. Multiscale Modeling of Materials, De Gruyter, 2020, Chapter 3, 33–72 - J.R. Potts, D.R. Dreyer, C.W. Bielawski, R.S. Ruoff, Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites. Polymer, 52, 2011, 5–25 - Z. Han, A. Fina, Thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes and their polymer nanocomposites: A review. Progress in Polymer Science, 36, 2011, 914–944 - E.A. Goldstein, A.P. Raman, S. Fan, Sub-ambient non-evaporative fluid cooling with the sky. Nature Energy, 2, 2017, 17143 - B. Zhao, M. Hu, X. Ao, N. Chen, G. Pei, Radiative cooling: A review of fundamentals, materials, applications, and prospects. Applied Energy, 236, 2019, 489–513 - A. Cannavale, M. Pugliese, V. Maiorano, G. Gigli, From Earth to space: Passive radiative heat dissipation systems. Il Nuovo Saggiatore, 38(1–2), 2022, 60–67

Complementi di macchine e meccanica strutturale (Complementi di macchine)Il modulo di Macchine applica con sistematicità i principi della termofluidodinamica e dell’energetica ai sistemi di conversione dell'energia ed ai loro componenti, presentando gli aspetti formativi necessari per consentire allo studente la scelta di una turbomacchina, di un motore alternativo a combustione interna e, più in generale, di un impianto motore, in relazione alla rispettiva utilizzazione. Il corso fornisce le nozioni per affrontare e risolvere autonomamente problemi specifici di regolazione e controllo delle macchine e dei sistemi energetici. Il modulo di Meccanica Strutturale si propone di fornire allo studente le conoscenze per comprendere le modalità di cedimento sotto carico costante o ciclico di componenti strutturali e di poter eseguire i principali calcoli relativi al progetto/verifica strutturale dei recipienti, tenendo conto della indicazioni tecniche date dalla normativa di riferimento.Complementi di macchine e meccanica strutturale (Meccanica strutturale)Il modulo di Macchine applica con sistematicità i principi della termofluidodinamica e dell’energetica ai sistemi di conversione dell'energia ed ai loro componenti, presentando gli aspetti formativi necessari per consentire allo studente la scelta di una turbomacchina, di un motore alternativo a combustione interna e, più in generale, di un impianto motore, in relazione alla rispettiva utilizzazione. Il corso fornisce le nozioni per affrontare e risolvere autonomamente problemi specifici di regolazione e controllo delle macchine e dei sistemi energetici. Il modulo di Meccanica Strutturale si propone di fornire allo studente le conoscenze per comprendere le modalità di cedimento sotto carico costante o ciclico di componenti strutturali e di poter eseguire i principali calcoli relativi al progetto/verifica strutturale dei recipienti, tenendo conto della indicazioni tecniche date dalla normativa di riferimento.

Complementi di macchine e meccanica strutturale (Complementi di macchine)Il Corso si articola in due moduli didattici, il primo dei quali tratta i complementi delle Macchine a Fluido, mentre il secondo riguarda i Complementi di Meccanica Strutturale. Per quanto riguarda il modulo di Macchine saranno analizzate le prestazioni delle principali macchine a fluido motrici, turbomacchine e macchine volumetriche, inserite nei relativi impianti sia in condizioni di funzionamento nominale, sia in condizioni di regolazione. Per quanto riguarda il modulo di Meccanica Strutturale saranno analizzate le problematiche di cedimento statico, a fatica e a fatica termo-meccanica dei componenti e sarà presentata la metodologia di studio analitico e secondo normativa dei recipienti in pressione.Complementi di macchine e meccanica strutturale (Meccanica strutturale)Il Corso si articola in due moduli didattici, il primo dei quali tratta i complementi delle Macchine a Fluido, mentre il secondo riguarda i Complementi di Meccanica Strutturale. Per quanto riguarda il modulo di Macchine saranno analizzate le prestazioni delle principali macchine a fluido motrici, turbomacchine e macchine volumetriche, inserite nei relativi impianti sia in condizioni di funzionamento nominale, sia in condizioni di regolazione. Per quanto riguarda il modulo di Meccanica Strutturale saranno analizzate le problematiche di cedimento statico, a fatica e a fatica termo-meccanica dei componenti e sarà presentata la metodologia di studio analitico e secondo normativa dei recipienti in pressione.

Complementi di macchine e meccanica strutturale (Complementi di macchine)PARTE "COMPLEMENTI DI MACCHINE" Impianti motore con turbina a vapore d’acqua. Andamento della portata in turbina al variare delle condizioni di monte e di valle. Regolazione della portata di vapore mediante laminazione all’ammissione in turbina e mediante parzializzazione. Regolazione degli impianti a vapore a recupero parziale. Impianti motore con turbina a gas: ciclo reale, lavoro utile e rendimento globale. Regolazione degli impianti di turbina a gas monoalbero e bialbero a ciclo aperto. Regolazione degli impianti cogenerativi con iniezione di vapore e post-combustione. Turbine idrauliche motrici: definizioni delle grandezze caratteristiche. Particolarità costruttive e prestazioni delle turbine Pelton, Francis e Kaplan. Motori alternativi a combustione interna: rendimenti e cicli nel caso ideale e reale; espressioni della pressione media effettiva e della potenza. Apparato della distribuzione nei motori a 4 tempi e coefficiente di riempimento. Influenza della dosatura sulle prestazioni dei motori a ciclo Otto. Sovralimentazione con compressore a comando meccanico e con turbina a gas di scarico: confronto delle prestazioni. Dispositivi di alimentazione del combustibile per motori ad accensione comandata e dispositivi per la riduzione delle emissioni. Motori a carica magra. Prestazioni dei motori: caratteristica meccanica, caratteristica di regolazione e cubica di utilizzazione. Combustione nei motori Diesel. Apparati di alimentazione del combustibile nei motori ad accensione per compressione. PARTE "MECCANICA STRUTTURALE" Stato 3D delle tensioni e delle deformazioni - Vettore della tensione e tensore della tensione. Tensioni principali e direzioni principali. Invarianti dello stato di tensione. Tensori idrostatico e deviatorico. Cerchi di Mohr. Casi notevoli di sollecitazione. Cinematica delle deformazioni. Tensore delle deformazioni. Deformazioni principali. Relazione tra tensioni e deformazioni: legge di Hooke. Resistenza statica - Prova di trazione di materiali fragili e duttili. Ipotesi di cedimento statico di materiali fragili e duttili. Coefficiente di sicurezza statico. Effetto della temperatura sulle caratteristiche meccaniche. Scorrimento viscoso a caldo. Intaglio e fattore di concentrazione delle tensioni. Effetto d’intaglio nel cedimento statico. Resistenza a fatica - Fenomenologia e parametri caratteristici. Curva di Wöhler. Limite di fatica. Stima del diagramma SN del materiale. Influenza della tensione media: diagramma di Haigh del materiale. Effetto del tipo di carico, delle dimensioni, della finitura superficiale e della presenza d’intaglio. Limite di fatica del componente. Diagramma di Haigh e curva SN del componente. Coefficiente di sicurezza a fatica. Sollecitazione con cicli di ampiezza variabile. Fatica multiassiale. Comportamento ciclico e termo-meccanico - Prove a fatica oligociclica, isoterma e termo-meccanica. Parametri di caratterizzazione del comportamento a fatica oligociclica e modelli costitutivi corrispondenti. Parametri di caratterizzazione del comportamento a fatica termo-meccanica e modelli costitutivi corrispondenti. Modelli di danneggiamento: classificazione, modelli monoassiali, modelli multiassiali. Previsione della vita residua. Recipienti soggetti a pressione - Impostazione del problema, equazione differenziale di equilibrio e sua soluzione. Determinazione degli stati di tensione prodotti da pressione interna/esterna e da gradiente termico. Soluzioni costruttive per alte pressioni. Caso dei tubi sottili. Piastre assialsimmetriche. Gusci assialsimmetrici. Effetti di bordo. Disciplina della costruzione e dell’uso dei recipienti soggetti a pressione: direttiva europea Pressure Equipment Directive (PED), norma EN 13445, ASME Code Section VIII Division 1 - Pressure Vessels.Complementi di macchine e meccanica strutturale (Meccanica strutturale)PARTE "COMPLEMENTI DI MACCHINE" Impianti motore con turbina a vapore d’acqua. Andamento della portata in turbina al variare delle condizioni di monte e di valle. Regolazione della portata di vapore mediante laminazione all’ammissione in turbina e mediante parzializzazione. Regolazione degli impianti a vapore a recupero parziale. Impianti motore con turbina a gas: ciclo reale, lavoro utile e rendimento globale. Regolazione degli impianti di turbina a gas monoalbero e bialbero a ciclo aperto. Regolazione degli impianti cogenerativi con iniezione di vapore e post-combustione. Turbine idrauliche motrici: definizioni delle grandezze caratteristiche. Particolarità costruttive e prestazioni delle turbine Pelton, Francis e Kaplan. Motori alternativi a combustione interna: rendimenti e cicli nel caso ideale e reale; espressioni della pressione media effettiva e della potenza. Apparato della distribuzione nei motori a 4 tempi e coefficiente di riempimento. Influenza della dosatura sulle prestazioni dei motori a ciclo Otto. Sovralimentazione con compressore a comando meccanico e con turbina a gas di scarico: confronto delle prestazioni. Dispositivi di alimentazione del combustibile per motori ad accensione comandata e dispositivi per la riduzione delle emissioni. Motori a carica magra. Prestazioni dei motori: caratteristica meccanica, caratteristica di regolazione e cubica di utilizzazione. Combustione nei motori Diesel. Apparati di alimentazione del combustibile nei motori ad accensione per compressione. PARTE "MECCANICA STRUTTURALE" Riepilogo su: Stato 3D delle tensioni e delle deformazioni - Vettore della tensione e tensore della tensione. Tensioni principali e direzioni principali. Invarianti dello stato di tensione. Tensori idrostatico e deviatorico. Cerchi di Mohr. Casi notevoli di sollecitazione. Cinematica delle deformazioni. Tensore delle deformazioni. Deformazioni principali. Relazione tra tensioni e deformazioni: legge di Hooke. Resistenza statica - Prova di trazione di materiali fragili e duttili. Ipotesi di cedimento statico di materiali fragili e duttili. Coefficiente di sicurezza statico. Effetto della temperatura sulle caratteristiche meccaniche. Scorrimento viscoso a caldo. Intaglio e fattore di concentrazione delle tensioni. Effetto d’intaglio nel cedimento statico. Resistenza a fatica - Fenomenologia e parametri caratteristici. Curva di Wöhler. Limite di fatica. Stima del diagramma SN del materiale. Influenza della tensione media: diagramma di Haigh del materiale. Effetto del tipo di carico, delle dimensioni, della finitura superficiale e della presenza d’intaglio. Limite di fatica del componente. Diagramma di Haigh e curva SN del componente. Coefficiente di sicurezza a fatica. Sollecitazione con cicli di ampiezza variabile. Fatica multiassiale. Comportamento ciclico e termo-meccanico - Prove a fatica oligociclica, isoterma e termo-meccanica. Parametri di caratterizzazione del comportamento a fatica oligociclica e modelli costitutivi corrispondenti. Parametri di caratterizzazione del comportamento a fatica termo-meccanica e modelli costitutivi corrispondenti. Modelli di danneggiamento: classificazione, modelli monoassiali, modelli multiassiali. Previsione della vita residua. Casi studio. Recipienti soggetti a pressione - Impostazione del problema, equazione differenziale di equilibrio e sua soluzione. Determinazione degli stati di tensione prodotti da pressione interna/esterna e da gradiente termico. Caso dei tubi sottili. Piastre assialsimmetriche. Gusci assialsimmetrici. Effetti di bordo. Disciplina della costruzione e dell’uso dei recipienti soggetti a pressione: direttiva europea Pressure Equipment Directive (PED), norma EN 13445, ASME. Durante il corso sono previsti interventi di aziende operanti in settori affini alle tematiche del corso ed una visita presso un azienda del settore dei recipienti in pressione.

Complementi di macchine e meccanica strutturale (Complementi di macchine)Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria; Complementi di macchine e meccanica strutturale (Meccanica strutturale)Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria; Prova orale facoltativa;
Complementi di macchine e meccanica strutturale (Complementi di macchine)Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam; Complementi di macchine e meccanica strutturale (Meccanica strutturale)Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam; Optional oral exam;
... Complementi di macchine e meccanica strutturale (Complementi di macchine)L’esame prevede una prova scritta (esercizi numerici) ed una orale (parte di teoria). Il tempo complessivo per la prova scritta è di 3 ore. La prova è articolata su tre esercizi, due per Complementi di Macchine e uno per Meccanica strutturale, la cui tipologia e complessità è analoga agli esercizi svolti ad esercitazione. Durante la prova scritta non è possibile consultare appunti o altro materiale; è possibile utilizzare un singolo formulario su di un unico foglio in formato A4, la cui preparazione è a cura e discrezione dello studente. La prova orale si svolgerà secondo un calendario reso disponibile entro un giorno dalla data dello scritto, e verterà su due domande, una per ogni parte del corso, su argomenti di teoria. Per poter accedere alla prova orale è necessario riportare un voto non inferiore a 18/30 in ciascuna delle due parti della prova scritta. Al termine della prova orale, sarà assegnato un voto relativo a ciascuna parte di Corso, sulla base dei risultati della prova scritta e della prova orale. L’esame è considerato superato se lo studente ha conseguito un voto di almeno 18/30 in entrambe le parti del Corso; il voto finale è la media pesatadei voti conseguiti in ciascuna parte.Complementi di macchine e meccanica strutturale (Meccanica strutturale)PARTE "COMPLEMENTI DI MACCHINE" Esame: Scritto; Prova Orale Obbligatoria L’esame prevede una prova scritta (esercizi numerici) ed una orale (parte di teoria). La prova è articolata su due esercizi, la cui tipologia e complessità è analoga agli esercizi svolti ad esercitazione. Durante la prova scritta non è possibile consultare appunti o altro materiale; è possibile utilizzare un singolo formulario su di un unico foglio in formato A4, la cui preparazione è a cura e discrezione dello studente. La prova orale si svolgerà secondo un calendario reso disponibile entro un giorno dalla data dello scritto, e verterà su una/due domande, una per ogni parte del corso, su argomenti di teoria. Per poter accedere alla prova orale è necessario riportare un voto non inferiore a 18/30 in ciascuna delle due parti della prova scritta. Al termine della prova orale, sarà assegnato un voto relativo a ciascuna parte di Corso, sulla base dei risultati della prova scritta e della prova orale. L’esame è considerato superato se lo studente ha conseguito un voto di almeno 18/30 in entrambe le parti del Corso; il voto finale è la media pesata dei voti conseguiti in ciascuna parte. PARTE "MECCANICA STRUTTURALE" Esame: Scritto; Prova Orale Facoltativa L’esame prevede una prova scritta (esercizi/o numerici e domanda/e di teoria, che potranno essere in forma aperta) ed una prova orale facoltativa. Il tempo complessivo per la prova scritta è di 2 ore, la cui tipologia e complessità è analoga agli esercizi svolti ad esercitazione. Il voto massimo registrabile sostenendo solo la prova scritta è di 27/30, per registrare un voto superiore è necessario effettuare la prova orale. Durante la prova scritta non è possibile consultare appunti o altro materiale; è possibile utilizzare un formulario fornito dai docenti. La prova orale facoltativa si svolgerà secondo un calendario reso disponibile entro un giorno dalla data dello scritto, e verterà su una/due domande, una per ogni parte del corso, su argomenti di teoria. Per poter accedere alla prova orale è necessario riportare un voto non inferiore a 18/30 della prova scritta. In caso di svolgimento della prova oprale, in foto finale sarà la media matematica del voto dello scritto e dei quello dell’orale.

Complementi di macchine e meccanica strutturale (Complementi di macchine)PARTE "COMPLEMENTI DI MACCHINE" Sono disponibili sul Portale della Didattica dispense relative alla parte teorica, i testi delle esercitazioni teoriche e il materiale didattico necessario per le prove di laboratorio. Testi consigliati per approfondimenti A. Capetti: Motori Termici. Ed. UTET, 1967. A.E. Catania: Complementi di macchine. Ed. Levrotto & Bella, 1979. G. Lozza: Turbine a gas e cicli combinati. Ed Esculapio, 1997. G. Cornetti: Macchine Idrauliche. Ed. Il Capitello, 2006. G. Cornetti – F. Millo: Macchine Termiche. Ed. Il Capitello, 2007. G. Ferrari: Motori a combustione interna. Ed Il Capitello, 2007 A. Dadone: Macchine idrauliche. Ed. CLUT-Torino, 1987 PARTE "MECCANICA STRUTTURALE" Sul Portale della Didattica è disponibile il materiale relativo alla parte teorica e alle esercitazioni. Testi consigliati per approfondimenti: F.A. Raffa, Elementi di meccanica strutturale, CLUT, 2008. L. Goglio, Resistenza dei materiali e dei collegamenti, Levrotto & Bella, 2006. M. Rossetto, Introduzione alla fatica dei materiali e dei componenti, Levrotto & Bella, 2000.Complementi di macchine e meccanica strutturale (Meccanica strutturale)PARTE "COMPLEMENTI DI MACCHINE" Sono disponibili sul Portale della Didattica dispense relative alla parte teorica, i testi delle esercitazioni teoriche e il materiale didattico necessario per le prove di laboratorio. Testi consigliati per approfondimenti A. Capetti: Motori Termici. Ed. UTET, 1967. A.E. Catania: Complementi di macchine. Ed. Levrotto & Bella, 1979. G. Lozza: Turbine a gas e cicli combinati. Ed Esculapio, 1997. G. Cornetti: Macchine Idrauliche. Ed. Il Capitello, 2006. G. Cornetti – F. Millo: Macchine Termiche. Ed. Il Capitello, 2007. G. Ferrari: Motori a combustione interna. Ed Il Capitello, 2007 A. Dadone: Macchine idrauliche. Ed. CLUT-Torino, 1987 PARTE "MECCANICA STRUTTURALE" Sul Portale della Didattica è disponibile il materiale relativo alla parte teorica e alle esercitazioni. Testi consigliati per approfondimenti: F.A. Raffa, Elementi di meccanica strutturale, CLUT, 2008. L. Goglio, Resistenza dei materiali e dei collegamenti, Levrotto & Bella, 2006. M. Rossetto, Introduzione alla fatica dei materiali e dei componenti, Levrotto & Bella, 2000. F. Cesari, D. Martini, I recipienti in pressione, Pitagora Editrice Bologna, 2012.

The course is specifically oriented to the development of the ability to study structural problems of a complex nature and with possible thermomechanical coupling. The student will therefore be able to deal with both simple and complex problems in the right perspective. The fundamental notions on the mechanical and thermal behavior of the structures and on the corresponding interpretative models will be acquired. These concepts will then be used to model the structural behavior and evaluate its safety. The result is achieved by developing the ability to frame a complex problem, break it down into simple sub-problems and use, on a case-by-case basis, the appropriate mathematical tools that have been provided.

The course aims to deepen the concepts and tools for interpreting and understanding the mechanical behavior of structures. As for the contents, these are divided into four parts: The first theme concerns a review of the salient elements of the theory of elasticity. In the second part the theory of elasticity is extended to 2D problems, nonlinear materials and fatigue problems. The third part explores the dependence of the mechanical behavior of materials in the presence of thermal effects. The fourth part deals with some application examples. The approach is therefore oriented to provide an organic view of the mechanical and thermomechanical behavior of the materials, deepening then the particularizations in its various application fields.

PART 1 - COURSE INTRODUCTION AND REVISITING OF THE ELASTIC PROBLEM Introduction and preliminary notions: • Introduction to the course: presentation, bibliographical references, rules and methods of examination. Revisitingof the elastic problem: • Deformations, stresses, elasticity law. • Elasticity theorems, elastic constants. Strength of materials • Rankine, Tresca, Mohr-Coulomb and Von Mises criterions. PART 2 - EXTENSIONS OF ELASTIC PROBLEM 2D Elastic problems • Axisymmetric plates. Axisymmetric shells. Nonlinear materials • Tensile testing of brittle and ductile materials. • Failure modeling for brittle and ductile materials. • Static safety factor. • Creep, fatigue notch factor, stress concentration factor. Fatigue • Fatigue strength - Phenomenology and characteristic parameters, Wöhler curve, fatigue limit. • Haigh diagram and S-N diagrams. • Effect of load type, size, surface finishing and presence of notch effects. • Safety factor in fatigue. • Stress in presence of cycles of variable amplitude, multiaxial fatigue. PART 3 - THERMOMECHANICS • Revisiting of basic thermomechanics and FEM discretization. • Effect of temperature on mechanical properties of materials. • Thermomechanical coupling. PART 4 - APPLICATIONS & CODES • Vessels subject to pressure. • Edge effects.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato scritto individuale;
Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam; Individual essay;
... The exam aims to evaluate the level of knowledge of the topics of the program, and the ability to use theoretical concepts for the solution of application test cases. The exam consists of a written test and, upon passing this, a subsequent oral test. Access to the oral test is subject to the positive evaluation of the homework reports. The written test (lasting 2 hours and 20 minutes) consists of three exercises, specifically aimed at verifying the achieved knowledge in both the theoretical and application fields. The test is passed with an overall score of at least 18, and the achievement of a pre-established minimum score for each exercise. During the writing it is not possible to consult texts, notes, and communication tools of any kind. The results of the written test are communicated on the web page of the course, together with the date on which the students can check the corrections and ask for any clarifications. The oral exam is aimed at verifying the level of learning of theoretical concepts of the whole course, and typically consists of 3 questions. To access the oral exam, the reports of the homeworks are required (at least 5 days in advance). The reports are examined by the teacher, who can ask for any clarifications during the oral exam. In the case of serious errors, prior to the oral exam, a resubmission of the reports may be required. In the context of the oral test, in case of doubtful cases, clarifications may also be requested regarding the written test. The final evaluation is proportional to the correctness, completeness and relative complexity of the written test (which accounts for 45%), the homework reports (which accounts for 15%) and the oral test (which accounts for 40%) ). The mark with honors is assigned based on an excellent assessment achieved in the written test, and the ability to critically analyze the results proven by the homeworks and the oral test. Onsite EXAM MODE:: Homework reports provided some days before the written test, written test in the classroom, oral test in the classroom.

A. Carpinteri, Scienza delle costruzioni, Vol. 1, 2a ed., Pitagora Editrice, Bologna, 1995 A. Carpinteri, Scienza delle costruzioni, Vol. 2, 2a ed., Pitagora Editrice, Bologna, 1993 L. Corradi Dell’Acqua, Meccanica delle Strutture, Vol. 3, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2003 F.P. Beer, E. Russel Johnston Jr., J.T. DeWolf, D.F. Mazurek, Mechanics of Materials, 7th ed., Mc Graw Hill, 2015

Al termine del corso, gli studenti saranno in grado di: - Comprendere le principali questioni economiche legate ai progetti energetici, con particolare attenzione alle dinamiche di mercato, alle politiche energetiche e agli impatti ambientali. - Applicare strumenti e metodologie per la gestione dei flussi energetici all'interno di un'azienda. - Sviluppare bilanci tecno-economici. - Interpretare e applicare la normativa vigente relativa alla mitigazione dell’impatto ambientale, inclusi strumenti come ETS, Carbon-Footprint e mercati volontari. - Esplorare le potenzialità dei vettori energetici alternativi per la transizione energetica. - Utilizzare software open-source per la valutazione integrata a lungo termine e la pianificazione energetica. Grazie all’approccio interdisciplinare del corso, gli studenti acquisiranno competenze utili per operare nel settore energetico, supportando la progettazione e l’implementazione di strategie sostenibili in ambito aziendale e istituzionale.

Il corso ambisce a fornire gli strumenti per guidare lo studente verso la comprensione delle implicazioni economiche del settore energetico. l corso presenta i concetti, le metodologie e le tecniche per la gestione dei flussi energetici, all'interno di un'azienda. Viene descritto il contesto energetico e normativo attuale, sia a livello nazionale che Europeo. Considerata l’attuale tendenza globale alla decarbonizzazione, il corso si concentra in particolare sul petrolio, nonché sulle tecnologie e sui processi rinnovabili e a basse emissioni di carbonio. La prima parte del corso esamina i principali scenari globali ed europei, le principali tendenze nell'uso dell'energia, le politiche energetiche più rilevanti (incluso lo EU Green Deal comunitario), la produzione di energia, il comportamento dei consumatori e le diverse strutture di mercato e normative del settore energetico (compresi i suoi possibili ricadute ambientali). Successivamente vengono trattati i principali strumenti volti a definire e monitorare l’efficienza energetica di sistemi e processi. Enfasi viene data allo sviluppo di bilanci tecno-economici che permettano di identificare e valutare appropriate misure di miglioramento dell’efficienza energetica di sistemi e processi. Inoltre, particolare attenzione è inoltre rivolta all’analisi degli obblighi e delle opportunità offerte dalla sempre più articolata normativa volta a mitigare l’impiatto ambientale di sistemi e processi (i.e. ETS, Carbon-Footprint, mercati volontari, etc.). Nel corso vengono forniti approfondimenti sui vettori energetici alternativi che possono contribuire alla transizione energetica dell’economia Europea quali, fra gli altri, l’energia elettrica prodotta da fonti rinnovabili, il biometano, etc. Sono inoltre presentati software open-source a supporto della valutazione integrata a lungo termine e la pianificazione energetica.

• INTRODUZIONE o Introduzione al corso e allo scenario energetico globale. o Politiche energetiche comunitarie e internazionali o Le politiche a supporto dell’efficienza energetica o La dimensione della sostenibilità : obblighi opportunità per le imprese - SISTEMA DI GESTIONE DELL’ENERGIA o Elementi e richiami alla norma ISO 50001, il ciclo PDCA. o Politica energetica, pianificazione, implementazione e funzionamento, controllo, riesame della direzione. o Il ruolo dell’energy manager e dell’EGE. - CARATTERIZZAZIONE DEI CONSUMI, MONITORAGGIO, MISURA E CONTROLLO DELL’ENERGIA o Definizione Energy drivers o Strumenti di analisi: - Criteri fondamentali, misura dell’energia, sub-metering. - Indici di consumo, standard tecnici, influenza del livello di produzione. Benchmark energetico. - Strumenti di analisi sistemi complessi. - VALUTARE LA SOTENIBILITA’ DEI PROCESSI E PRODOTTI o Elementi di LCA: metodologie per processi e prodotti o Contabilità della CO2 e bilanci del carbonio o Gestione della sostenibilità aziendale (Corporate sustainability management) - VETTORI ENERGETICI ALTERNATIVI A SUPPORTO DELLA TRANSIZIONE ENERGETICA o Elettricità Verde (PPA ed GO) o Idrogeno (tecnologie di produzione, benefici ambientali e costi attesi) o Biometano (tecnologie di produzione, benefici ambientali e costi attesi) o Altri esempi di vettori energetici alternativi - MODELLI E STRUMENTI A SUPPORTO o Strumenti open per la modellazione energetica di sistema (i.e. OSeMOSYS, etc.). o Applicazione di modelli alla dimensione aziendale. - CASI STUDIO o Bilanci tecnico economici per casi rappresentativi o Metodi diretti e indiretti. Valutazione dei costi e dei risparmi. Prestiti. Flussi di cassa. Indicatori della prestazione economica.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Exam: Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... L’esame è volto a valutare le abilità dello studente rispetto alle conoscenze teoriche e alla risoluzione di problemi. Prova scritta (in aula): - Prima parte: o prova scritta a risposta chiusa [tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo Exam integrata con strumenti di proctoring (Respondus) – possibilità di integrazione con esame cartaceo in caso di problemi specifici]. o 10 domande a scelta multipla. o Punteggio: - Per ogni risposta corretta sono assegnati 1 punti, per ogni risposta non data sono assegnati 0 punti, per ogni risposta errata sono assegnati -0.5 punti. - Punteggio massimo 10. - Punteggio minimo per passare alla seconda parte: 6. o Durata: 30 minuti. - Seconda parte (ammessi/e solo con punteggio pari o superiore a 6 nella prima parte): o prova scritta: svolgimento di esercizi. o Punteggio: - Il punteggio massimo della seconda parte è 20/30. o Durata: 1 ora 30 minuti. - Note: o Il voto massimo complessivo è 30 (con possibilità di Lode). o Durante la prima parte dell’esame non possono essere utilizzati (né presenti sul banco): libri, appunti, altro materiale didattico, cellulare/tablet, pena l’interruzione immediata dell’esame ed il deferimento alla commissione disciplinare PoliTo in caso di infrazione. o Durante la seconda parte dell’esame possono essere utilizzati esclusivamente: - una calcolatrice scientifica, - È consentito l’uso di un formulario appositamente predisposto in autonomia dallo studente, di 1 singola pagina, in formato A4 fronte-retro. - Eventuale materiale utile allo svolgimento di specifici esercizi sarà fornito assieme al testo d’esame. o Non è tuttavia consentito in nessuna parte dell’esame l’uso di cellulare e tablet, che devono essere spenti sin dall'inizio della prova.

Ability to understand the most important characteristics of power electronics converters.

Study of power electronics converters, with ancillary devices, with specific reference to their use in green energy systems.

Power electronics devices. Topologies for power electronics converters. Analysis of data sheets of power converters. Examples of application of power elctronics converters.

Modalita di esame: Prova orale facoltativa; Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Exam: Optional oral exam; Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... 3h written exam plus colloquium.

Power Electronics - A First Course - N Mohan (Wiley, 2012)

The students will learn the basic fundamental aspects of electrochemistry as a brief introduction, followed by a deep insight on electrochemical energy conversion and electrochemical power sources systems. The students will be able to choose the most appropriate electrochemical system for any thechological application, by critically consider the use of various electrode configurations (materials, position, three-dimensional factors, electro-catalytic aspects) and the most suitable design process.

The aims to illustrate the fundamental aspects of electrochemistry applied to process engineering, in order to discuss the applications of greatest interest in the sectors of electrochemical energy conversion and electrochemical power sources. Practical classes with exercises coupled with laboratories will allow students to gain knowledge on the design of such systems. In the case of lockdown or only online classes (instead of onsite classes) for sanitary reasons, practical classes and laboratories will be substituted by online seminars with experts on electrochemical energy conversion and electrochemical power sources systems.

The course will be subdivided int these topics: 1. Basic Principles (cell potential and thermodynamics; electrochemical kinetics; transport phenomena; analysis of electrochemical systems). 2. Fuel-Cell (fundamentals; applications: stack and system design). 3. Batteries (fundamentals; applications: cell and battery pack design). 4. Electrochemical reactors (redox-flow batteries; photoelectrochemical cells; energy storage and conversion systems). (Hybrid and Electrical Vehicles)

Modalita di esame: Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Group project;
... Students will be subdivided into groups. Each group will choose a topic from the theoretical lessons and will deliver a group presentation on the selected topic, by illustrating the theoretical concepts, and a practical application, to show the acquired knowledge and technical skills. The presentation must be delivered by the whole group, highlighting the contributions of each single student of the group. The evaluation of the preswentation and the following descussion is expressed in thirtieths and is done considering a) the correctness of the concepts expressed; b) the relevance of the information provided, c) the ability to respond clearly, precisely and rationally to questions of the teachers. In the case of particularly brilliant answers, the laude can be assigned.

The teachers will provide pdf copies of the slides used during the lessons, covering all the topics. Suggested books (not compulsory, only for consultancy): - K. Jüttner, Technical Scale of Electrochemistry, in Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry, Edited by A.J. Bard and M. Stratmann Vol. 5 Electrochemical Engineering. Edited by Digby D. Macdonald and Patrik Schmuki Copyright 2007, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. ISBN: 978-3-527-30397-7. - D.R. Crow, Principles and applications of Electrochemistry, 1994, 4th edition, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton FL USA, ISBN: 978-0-7514-0168-4 - J. O'M. Bockris, A.K.N. Reddy, M. Gamboa-Aldeco, Modern Electrochemistry: Fundamentals of Electrodics, 2002, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN: 0-306-46166-8 - J. Larminie, A. Dicks, Fuel Cell Systems Explained, Second Edition, 2003, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, England , ISBN: 0-470-84857-X

First of all, this course aims at providing a wide overview on the different technologies so far developed for addressing the fundamental problem of energy storage, with a special focus on the most effective approaches for storing (low-temperature) heat. Thanks to a number of theoretical lectures, the student has the opportunity of learning the basic principles and notions underlying the main components utilized in the energy storage devices. Those lectures will also help students to have a coherent vision of the matter and make an aware use of design tools that are discussed during the course. In fact, we expect students to acquire the ability of a quantitative design of storage systems (mostly sensible, latent and sorption thermal energy storage). Such an ability is essential for helping student in strengthening their problem-solving attitude (a very desirable skill of engineers). All this will be pursued by: 1) Case study discussion; 2) hands-on sessions during the numerical labs; 3) experiments in the heat storage lab; 4) solution of storage problems selected in collaboration with the lecturer (not mandatory).

Due to a continuous and inevitable depletion of fossil fuels, in addition to the great challenge of global warming, we nowadays witness an increasing interest towards renewable and sustainable energy sources. One of the main problems with renewables though is its intermittent and unstable nature, which determines an undesired time mismatch between its availability and demand. Energy storage is a key technology to address this issue, thus enabling a much more extensive use and exploitation of natural and green energy resources. In the introductory part of this course, we aim at providing an extensive and up-to-date overview of the disparate technology solutions, which have been developed so far (both those that are already on the market and the ones that are still under investigations) for storing energy under diverse forms. Afterwards, we will specifically focus on thermal energy storage with a special emphasis on low-temperature thermal solar energy for civil applications. More precisely, this course, through a series of theoretical lectures, discussion of case studies, numerical exercises in the labs and experimental activities aims at providing students with all necessary competencies for properly choosing the storage technology for an optimal exploitation of a given intermittent energy source. We expect students to gain the essential know-how and tools for designing, sizing and analysing (from both energy and cost perspective) the main components of storage plants.

The course can be sub-divided as follows: 1) Introduction and brief review of basic notions useful to the comprehension of energy storage phenomena (4.5 hours). Brief overview of the course and a short review of the main heat transfer mechanisms, heat exchangers with and without fins. Brief review of some of the most important relationships in applied thermodynamics. 2) Energy storage in general (9 hours). The importance of energy storage. Storage of mechanical energy: Compressed air and pumped hydro-storage plants. Flywheels. Electrochemical batteries. The issue of deep cycling, battery capacity and other main figure of merit of storage systems. Magnetic storage. Supercapacitors. Hydrogen production as an energy storage strategy. 3) Sensible heat storage (10.5 hours). Direct and indirect heat storage plants. Materials and plant lay-out for sensible heat storage. First and second law efficiencies. Optimal size and storage period. Sizing of small sensible systems with water as storage material for solar applications. Common storage tanks. The importance of the temperature stratification. Simple design approaches for rock-beds. Simplified energy and exergy analysis of stratified sensible heat storage. Solar ponds. Numerical examples of sensible storage systems. 4) Latent heat storage (10.5 hours). Classification of the most common materials for latent heat storage applications (organic, inorganic and eutectic). Short discussion on supercooling, segregation and cycling issues. Examples of phase-change-materials (PCM) available on the market. PCM for buildings: A brief discussion on the use of PCM for passive cooling applications. Some analytical and numerical modeling tools for PCM charging and discharging processes. The choice of the optimal PCM material. Numerical examples of latent storage systems. 5) Indirect heat storage: Physical and chemical sorption thermal energy storage - TES (10.5 hours). The notion of inversion temperature. Closed and open sorption TES. Main thermodynamic transformations and relations describing sorption phenomena. Isosteric heat and isosteric field for a sorbent-sorbate pair. Adsorption isotherms. Discussion of ideal and real sorption heat storage cycles. Simplified models for describing sorption phenomena (Dubinin-Astakhov and Langmuir). Numerical examples of sorption heat storage systems. 6) Transport phenomena in energy storage problems (3 hours). A brief discussion on micro-encapsulated phase-change materials for heat capacity enhancement. Basic notions on classical molecular dynamics simulations. Percolating networks of nano-particles with high thermal conductivity for heat storage applications.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam; Group project;
... For all students, the examination consists in an oral test on the course topics including a discussion of a brief individual report carried out during the semester on one of the numerical labs. The examination takes about forty-five minutes and it is not allowed to use any educational materials for giving answers (in written form). Only those students who optionally carry out the individual project may possibly get an extra-bonus (in addition to the final mark) of max 2 points. The bonus is variable depending on the project quality and discussion during the examination. To pass the exam it is necessary to obtain an overall score greater than or equal to 18/30. Those who choose to be examined only on the basis of the oral test and the brief report on the numerical laboratories will be able to reach a maximum score of 29/30. Students who also carry out the optional project report can reach the maximum score of 30/30 (possibly cum laude). Specifically, the exam aims to assess the achievement of the following objectives: 1. Theoretical knowledge underpinning the functioning of the technologies developed for energy storage and transport. This is established through questions during the oral exam; 2. Ability to select and to perform a preliminary sizing/design of a storage technology suitable for coping with real energy storage problems. This is established either through questions from the oral exam or through the report; 3. Ability to accurately estimate the expected performance of key components for energy storage technologies (with particular emphasis on thermal energy). This is established by carrying out the report on the numerical laboratories.

All arguments discussed during this course will be covered by a large variety of material directly provided by the lecturer. In addition, the interested student can find below a list of References for possible further readings: - I. Dincer, M.A. Rosen, "Thermal Energy Storage Systems and Applications", John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, 2011; - P. Asinari, E. Chiavazzo, "An Introduction to Multiscale Modeling with Applications", Esculapio, Bologna, 2013; - A. Bejan, "Advanced Engineering Thermodynamic", John Wiley & Sons, 1997; - A. Bejan, A.D. Kraus (Editors), "Heat Transfer Handbook", John Wiley & Sons, 2003; - Matteo Fasano, Masoud Bozorg Bigdeli, Mohammad Rasool Vaziri Sereshk, Eliodoro Chiavazzo, Pietro Asinari, "Thermal transmittance of carbon nanotube networks: Guidelines for novel thermal storage systems and polymeric material of thermal interest", Ren. Sust. Energy Rev. 41, 2015; - Chiavazzo E., Asinari P., "Reconstruction and modeling of 3D percolation networks of carbon fillers in a polymer matrix" Int. J. Thermal. Sci. 49, 2010; - Chiavazzo E., Asinari P., "Enhancing surface heat transfer by carbon nanofins: towards an alternative to nanofluids?" Nanosc. Res. Lett. 6, 2011.

As an outcome from the subject, the students should be able to understand, design and organize the experimental activities which are usually carried out regularly in University laboratories, the Industry as well as in the Research Institutes.

The subject aims at providing the basic theoretical knowledge and practical skills to the students that would be needed to face the important technical problems in the experimental measurements of the main physical quantities in the energetic field.

The main subject topics of the theoretical and applied lectures are: 1. International System of Measurements (SI) 2. Measurement Methods and Experimental Errors 3. System Dynamic Models (zero, first and second order) and Fourier analysis 4. Basic Electrical Principles (Electrical Components, Bode Plot, Bridges, Amplifiers, Analogical and Numerical Filters) 5. Data Acquisition Systems (DAQ) 6. Instrument connections and Noise protection 7. Temperature measurement 8. Pressure measurement 9. Flow measurement

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Exam: Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... The exam consists of: written and oral exams. Written exam (1h): The student has to answer to multiple choice questions. Oral exam: The student is allowed to attend the to oral exam if he provided at least 60% of the correct answers in the multiple choices test. The oral exam is focused on: a) the discussion of the reports written at the end of the laboratory activities; b) the topics discussed during the lectures. In order to pass the exam the oral exam has to be higher than 18/30. The final mark of the exam is the algebraic mean between the mark of the written and the oral exam.

Reference Books Experimental Methods for Engineers - J. P. Holman - McGraw-Hill Inc. Measurement, Instrumentation and Sensors Handbook - J.G Webster - CRC Press (Optional) Didactic material provided by the lecturer The video of the lectures.

Through the course, students are expected to acquire knowledge and understanding of the principles of catalysis, including different types of catalysts, possible mechanisms, and influence on reaction kinetics and selectivity. They should comprehend concepts such as activation energy, catalytic cycles, reaction rate and rate-determining steps. They will know which functions are generally required to a catalyst to achieve high activity and durability and which phenomena can lead to deactivation. The students will also know how catalysis can be employed in hydrogen production processes. By the end of the course, the students should acquire the ability to identify the key properties that a catalyst should have to be effectively employed in certain processes and they should be able to evaluate how catalytic materials can behave during operations.

Catalysis is crucial in various scientific and industrial fields, since the use of proper catalysts allows to accelerate reactions, improve reaction selectivity, and enhance process efficiency. Catalysis enables the production of important chemicals, fuels, and materials, and it plays a key role in energy production, conversion, and storage processes, contributing to the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly technologies. In this context, the course of Fundamentals of Catalysis aims to provide basic knowledge of the key principles of catalysis and its practical applications. Throughout the course, students will explore essential concepts, including reaction mechanisms, kinetics of catalytic reactions, correlations between the main chemical/structural properties of a material and its catalytic activity, or deactivation phenomena. By attending this course, students will have the opportunity of understanding how catalysis can be employed for optimizing chemical processes and allowing a sustainable energy transition. The useful knowledge gained will be instrumental in their future work in the chemical industry, the energy sector, and many other fields.

The main topics that will be covered during the course are: -Basic concepts of catalysis: activation energy, reaction rates, etc -Homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis -Fundamental steps of heterogeneous catalysis -Adsorption models and reaction mechanisms -Physico-chemical and structural properties of catalytic materials -Catalyst deactivation phenomena -Application of catalysis for hydrogen production

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam;
... The oral examination aims at assessing the knowledge of the topics discussed during the course. The ability of the students in effectively explaining and analyzing catalytic phenomena will also be evaluated. Grades are assigned on a 30-point scale, and the examination is passed if the final grade is at least 18/30.

The following textbooks can be read for further exploration of the discussed topics: -Piumetti M. and Russo N., “Notes on catalysis for environment and energy�, CLUT, 2017 -Ross J. R. H., “Heterogeneous Catalysis: Fundamentals and Applications�, Elsevier, 2011 -Vedrine J. C., chapter “Fundamentals of heterogeneous catalysis� in the book “Metal Oxides in Heterogeneous Catalysis�, Elsevier, 2018

The students will learn the basics of in-situ testing of electrochemical and thermochemical hydrogen production and utilization technologies. The students will be able to select the appropriate testing setup and apply various electrochemical techniques (polarization (I-V), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV)) for the characterization of cells. Students will be able to select the appropriate setup and measurement techniques for the performance characterization of catalysts for hydrogen-based fuel synthesis (eg. methanation) and oxygen carrier materials for thermochemical cycles. • Understanding and application of testing techniques for PEM electrolysis at single cell level (I-V, EIS, CV) • Understanding and application of testing techniques for PEM fuel cells at single cell level (I-V, EIS, CV) • Understanding and application of testing techniques for SOC at single cell level, both in electrolysis and fuel cell mode (I-V, EIS, CV) • Understanding and application of testing techniques for the characterization of the performance of oxygen carriers in thermochemical cycles (micro-reactor measurements, basics of TGA analysis) • Understanding and application of testing techniques for the characterization of the performance of catalysts for hydrogen-based fuels synthesis (eg. methanation) (micro-reactor measurements)

Hydrogen technologies will play a key role in reducing polluted emissions by 2050, and will be part of the mosaic of solutions needed to mitigate climate change. The goal of the HySET programme is to provide students with a systemic overview and the ability to dialogue with a large panel of specialists while having solid core competencies. In their first-year students will acquire fundamental and industrial knowledge on the hydrogen value chain. Given this framework, the Hydrogen Laboratory will provide the knowledge and practical skills for testing and understanding testing results for different hydrogen generation and utilization technologies. These constitute a fundamental professional and cultural background for Engineers involved in R&D activities in the industry and academia.

The course will be subdivided in 5 topics: 1) Electrochemical hydrogen production by low-temperature electrolysis (PEM): fundamentals and application of PEM electrolysis cells testing (lessons 1.5h) (lab 4.5h) 2) Hydrogen utilization in low-temperature fuel cells (PEM): fundamentals and application of PEM fuel cells testing (lessons 3h) (lab 4.5h) 3) High-temperature Solid Oxide Cells (SOCs) for electrolysis and fuel cell: fundamentals and application of Solid Oxide Cells testing (lessons 3h) (lab 3h) 4) Chemical-looping hydrogen: fundamentals and application of oxygen carrier materials testing in micro-reactor in thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production (lessons 3h) (lab 3h) 5) Catalytic processes for hydrogen-based fuels synthesis: fundamentals and application of catalysts testing in micro-reactor (e.g. methanation) (lessons 1.5h) (lab 3h)

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato progettuale individuale;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Individual project;
... The exam consists in the evaluation of the project developed by the students on a specific topic (written essay and oral presentation of the project), followed by a mandatory oral exam.

The teachers will provide copies of the slides used during the lessons, covering all the topics. Suggested books (not compulsory, only for consultancy): • Advances in Medium and High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-46146-5 • Solar Fuels via Two-Step Thermochemical Redox Cycles https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-4246-6_3 • Hydrogen production: by electrolysis https://www.wiley.com/en-gb/Hydrogen+Production%3A+by+Electrolysis-p-9783527676521 • PEM Fuel Cell Testing and Diagnosis https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780444536884/pem-fuel-cell-testing-and-diagnosis#book-info

Conoscenza dei concetti basilari alla base della progettazione degli impianti elettrici nei sistemi di distribuzione BT. Capacità di impostare gli obiettivi progettuali, svolgere calcoli di progetto e tradurre operativamente le scelte in una documentazione progettuale sintetica. Capacità di comprendere e disegnare schemi elettrici riferiti agli impianti elettrici con la corretta simbologia.

L’insegnamento si propone di fornire gli elementi fondamentali per lo sviluppo di un progetto di un impianto elettrico di utente. Gli studenti vengono messi nelle condizioni di acquisire competenze applicative professionali, illustrando le principali tematiche progettuali, passando in rassegna i componenti più importanti e illustrando le tecniche di scelta.

CONCETTI INTRODUTTIVI Richiami sulle grandezze elettriche e sui circuiti elettrici. Sistemi trifase. Classificazione dei sistemi elettrici in base alla tensione nominale. Sistema di produzione, trasmissione e distribuzione dell'energia elettrica in Italia. Distribuzione in Media Tensione (MT) e in Bassa Tensione (BT). Regolamentazione del settore elettrico (leggi e normative, unificazione, certificazione, dichiarazione di conformità , verifiche sugli impianti). Caratteristiche e modello dei trasformatori. Modello delle linee elettriche. CONDUTTURE ELETTRICHE, SOVRACORRENTI E PROTEZIONI Cavi elettrici. Condizioni di posa. Sigle dei cavi. Portata di un cavo e criteri per la sua determinazione. Definizioni di sovracorrente, sovraccarico, cortocircuito. Arco elettrico. Apparecchi di manovra. Apparecchi di protezione (interruttori automatici e fusibili). Quadri elettrici. Esempi di applicazione. PROGETTAZIONE DEGLI IMPIANTI ELETTRICI DI DISTRIBUZIONE La progettazione degli impianti elettrici (cabina elettrica MT/BT e sistema di distribuzione BT): standard progettuali ed elaborati di progetto. Diagramma di carico di un utilizzatore. Determinazione del carico convenzionale, coefficienti significativi. Criteri base per il dimensionamento di un impianto elettrico. Calcolo delle correnti di impiego nelle reti elettriche radiali. Portata delle condutture. Caduta di tensione. Calcolo delle correnti di cortocircuito e scelta delle protezioni. Rifasamento (vincoli tariffari, connessione dei condensatori, strutture dei sistemi di rifasamento). Scelta dei trasformatori. Gruppi di continuità . Schemi tipici di cabine MT/BT. Esempi di applicazione. PERICOLOSITÀ DELLA CORRENTE ELETTRICA E PROTEZIONE CONTRO I CONTATTI ELETTRICI Elettrocuzione: Curve di pericolosità delle correnti alternate e continue. Percorso della corrente elettrica nel corpo umano. Fattore di percorso. Resistenza del corpo umano. Tensioni pericolose. Impianti di messa a terra: Dispersione di corrente elettrica nel terreno. Andamento del potenziale sulla superficie del terreno. Tensione di contatto e tensione di passo. Caratteristiche dei dispersori. Struttura di un impianto di terra. Misura della resistenza dell’impianto di terra. Protezione contro i contatti elettrici: Definizioni di massa, massa estranea, contatto diretto e contatto indiretto. Protezione contro i contatti diretti. Grado di protezione degli involucri (codice IP). Protezione contro i contatti indiretti. Classificazione dei sistemi (TT, TN, IT). Caratteristiche e criteri di scelta degli interruttori differenziali. Protezione contro i contatti indiretti senza interruzione del circuito. Protezione in ambienti non ordinari.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula);
Exam: Written test;
... L’esame viene svolto attraverso una prova scritta. Durante l’esame, gli studenti sono chiamati a risolvere alcuni esercizi numerici e rispondere ad un insieme di domande a scelta multipla ed aperte che riguardano tutto il programma svolto. Il punteggio massimo assegnato ad ogni domanda è indicato nel testo. Il risultato minimo per superare l’esame è 18/30. Le competenze principali valutate sono l’abilità di illustrare concetti, formulare problemi, descrivere i metodi di soluzione e risolvere esercizi numerici. La prova scritta dura 60 - 90 minuti. L’ora di consegna viene riportata sulla lavagna all’inizio della prova. Durante la prova viene identificata e riportata su un foglio la localizzazione degli studenti. Si richiede di tenere in evidenza un documento valido con fotografia. Durante la prova non è permesso uscire, se non ritirandosi o dopo la consegna definitiva dell’elaborato. Nel caso di ritiro il testo della prova deve essere riconsegnato con l’indicazione di nome e cognome negli appositi spazi e con la scritta "RITIRATO" oppure "NON CONSEGNATO". Alla consegna della prova il testo, con indicazione di nome e cognome, deve essere inserito nell’elaborato. E’ possibile usare soltanto fogli nuovi, penna e calcolatrice. Non sono ammessi libri, appunti, calcolatori portatili o tablet, né l’uso di apparecchi per scattare fotografie. Gli indumenti e gli effetti personali non devono rimanere sul piano di lavoro né sotto il banco, e devono essere posti, debitamente chiusi, sulla sedia vicina o in posizione non raggiungibile. Non è consentito consultare altre persone o altro materiale. Per chi viene sorpreso con materiale non consentito sul piano di lavoro o sotto il banco, è previsto l’immediato annullamento della prova con allontanamento dall’aula. Tutte le eventuali domande devono essere rivolte a un membro della Commissione che, in caso di risposte di interesse generale, provvede a informare tutti i presenti. I risultati vengono comunicati attraverso il portale della didattica. Gli studenti avranno la possibilità di visionare l’elaborato corretto entro la fine della sessione di esami in corso.

Appunti presi a lezione e materiale inserito dal docente sul Portale della Didattica. Nel caso di didattica erogata da remoto verranno caricati sul portale della didattica anche gli handout delle lezioni. Testi di riferimento: F. Piglione, G. Chicco, Sistemi Elettrici Industriali (I e II parte), Politeko, Torino M. Montanari, La progettazione degli impianti elettrici in bassa tensione, EPC editore Altri testi consigliati: G. Conte, Manuale di Impianti Elettrici, Hoepli. V. Cataliotti, Impianti elettrici, Flaccovio F.Prabhakara, R.Smith, R.Stratford, Industrial and commercial power systems handbook, Mc Graw Hill.

I principi della termodinamica, che regolano il comportamento dei sistemi fisici e delle sostanze in essi coinvolte, insieme ai meccanismi di scambio termico e di trasporto dell’energia nelle sue diverse forme, rappresentano le competenze di base acquisite. L’abilità di applicare tali conoscenze per interpretare, valutare e contribuire al miglioramento delle prestazioni di sistemi e dispositivi energetici operanti nella realtà osservata costituisce uno dei principali risultati di apprendimento attesi. A tali risultati concorrono anche le attività sperimentali finalizzate allo sviluppo di dispositivi energetici innovativi. L’applicazione pratica dei concetti teorici rappresenta, pertanto, uno degli elementi concreti di valutazione. Sono inoltre oggetto di valutazione le capacità comunicative e l’analisi critica dei risultati ottenuti, condotta secondo criteri sintetici e lineari.

L'insegnamento mira principalmente a contribuire allo sviluppo delle abilità dell’ingegnere energetico nell’analisi di sistemi secondo i criteri indicati dal metodo termodinamico. Le conoscenze acquisite nei precedenti insegnamenti costituiscono la base di competenze che lo studente utilizzerà per analizzare sistemi e dispositivi nelle reali condizioni di funzionamento. I concetti legati alla teoria degli errori, all'analisi statistica dei dati, in generale, saranno proposti ed in parte applicati. Alcuni aspetti legati alla manutenzione industriale e agli impianti energetici saranno trattati. Secondo questi presupposti sono identificabili due possibili traiettorie di sviluppo delle abilità professionali, attraverso laboratori in campo inerenti tecnologie energetiche consolidate e laboratori sperimentali rivolti allo sviluppo di tecnologie energetiche alternative o di tipo innovativo.

Introduzione in cui vengono delineate le caratteristiche e le peculiarità dei sistemi e dei dispositivi termodinamici oggetto d’indagine per l’anno in corso. Saranno definiti gli obiettivi delle analisi e approfonditi specifici richiami alla teoria degli errori, all’analisi statistica e, più in generale, ad aspetti legati alle tecniche di data mining. I concetti fondamentali della manutenzione industriale saranno inoltre presentati e trattati nell’ambito della descrizione dei vari impianti energetici (20 ore). In ragione di quanto sopra delineato, le attività di laboratorio e di sperimentazione in campo, saranno mostrati considerando le seguenti tematiche (40 h): - Impianti e sistemi FV - Scambiatori di calore - Impianti a biomassa e sistemi di purificazione del combustibile gassoso - Concentratore solare e sistemi di storage termico - Celle LIB e calorimetria - Impianti energetici a pompa di calore geotermica - Produzione elettrica con microturbine eoliche - Sistemi di condizionamento termoigrometrico - Sistemi di ventilazione di tipo industriale - Produzione, uso e sicurezza del vettore idrogeno

E' possibile sostenere l?esame in anticipo rispetto all?acquisizione della frequenza

Appunti e dispense del corso. Testi specialistici e raccolte normative opportunamente selezionate e indicate all’inizio del corso. Alcuni testi: M. Loreti, Teoria degli errori e fondamenti di statistica (Zanichelli) M. Agnello, Meccanica, metrologia e termodinamica (CLUT) Carpignano, Perotti, …, Manuale di Manutenzione, Tecniche nuove M. Marigo, La manutenzione di machine e impianti: sicurezza ed affidabilità (EPC) S. Dulli, S. Furini, E. Peron, Data mining, Metodi e strategie (Springer)

After this course, the students will understand the rationale behind energy models at local/regional/world level, they will know the structure of the different models existing in the literature and will be able to distinguish and classify them. They will know the input needed for the different energy models (e.g. the MARKAL – TIMES and the WEM on the macro-scale), with special attention to the main scenarios considered in the IEA and WEC reports, and they will be able to properly comment and compare the relative outputs, and in particular the outlook of the main energy markets for the next few decades. The student will also know the main algorithms adopted for the solution of the constrained optimization problems hidden in the models, and be able to apply them in order to develop the model of a regional energy balance in small teams. Thus they will empower their capabilities to work in a group exchanging ideas with their peers, while thanks to the final presentation to the whole classroom they will improve their communication skills.

The course focuses on the modeling of the dynamics of energy systems and markets at different spatial scales and on medium-long terms under a complex set of constraints. This modeling is crucial today for the planning of sustainable energy strategies at regional, national and international level. The objective of the course is to provide the students the capability to discriminate between different models and scenarios for energy planning, as well as to develop their own simplified models, and to analyze and compare the results of complex energy models and different development scenarios. The course starts presenting the context of the Paris Agreement, the needs for energy modeling and the different classifications of the existing models. The various possible approaches to face the complex challenge of developing a model connecting the input to the output are then compared: top-down vs. bottom-up ("engineering-economic" models), partial vs. global equilibrium models; particular attention is devoted to the data-driven modeling, bottom-up, partial equilibrium MARKAL - TIMES family of models. The analysis of the micro-scale models aims at showing how different deterministic or statistical, machine learning and stochastic models can be built to investigate the energy demand at domestic level. Then the meso-scale models are presented, with particular reference to Multi-Criteria Decision Algorithms and data classification learning processes. Finally, the macro-scale models are discussed. The different methodologies and approaches are presented: assumptions in input, interconnections between energy demand, energy supply and technologies, mathematical methods adopted (e.g. linear and non-linear programming), as well as an assessment of the propagation of uncertainties from input to output. The attention is focused in particular on the World Energy Model (WEM) by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Global Multi-regional MARKAL (GMM) model by the World Energy Council (WEC). The assumptions of the two models, resulting in so-called scenarios, are compared in detail, as well as their yearly published results, considering energy balances at regional level and also specific energy markets (e.g, the oil market). In order to get familiar with the most important indicators, the students will be requested to post-process some of the data tables contained in IEA and WEC reports. In parallel with these theoretical developments, the students have the opportunity to develop their own macro-scale model with a hands-on approach and to apply it to the analysis of a case study (a country or a region), divided in small groups. The course is inter-disciplinary in nature, being culturally located at the crossroads between economics and engineering.

1. Introduction and description of the course/content; the Paris agreement; taxonomy of energy models (15 h) 2. Micro-scale models (6 h ) - Deterministic approach –Data driven approach - Probabilistic approach 3. Meso-scale models (6 h + 3 h in the lab) - Community Energy Planning - Components of urban energy systems:drivers and constraints - Reference Energy System at urban level - Accounting simulation/optimization models for the energy modeling at the meso-scale - MCDA methods for decision making in the energy field -– classification models 4. Macro-scale models (15 h + 12 h in the lab): - History and classification - Reference Energy Systems, Macro-economics, Modeling techniques - The IEA World Energy Outlook: inputs, assumptions, scenarios and results - The WEC World Energy Scenarios: inputs, assumptions, scenarios and results - Comparison of IEA and WEC outcomes and discussion 5. Examples of regional energy outlooks, also based on students presentations (3 h)

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Group project;
... The final grade is obtained combining two different assessments: 1. Written exam (about half of the final grade), including 3-4 questions on different theoretical topics addressed during the lectures. 2. Preparation of a short report and a poster presentation to all other students of the course on the analysis of a regional energy balance, to be submitted about 2 weeks before the end of the course (about half of the final grade).

Selected up-to-date papers published in International Journals on the topic subject of the course. In addition: - World Energy Outlook from 2012 on, by IEA - World Energy scenarios from 2015 on, WEC - L. Schrattenholzer, “THEORY AND PRACTICES FOR ENERGY EDUCATION, TRAINING, REGULATION AND STANDARDS – Energy Planning Methodologies and Tools�, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) - R. Loulou, G. Goldstein, K. Noble, Documentation for the MARKAL family of models, Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme 2004. - R. Loulou et al, Documentation for the TIMES model – PART 1 - Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme 2005. - World Energy Model Documentation – 2013 Version., OCSE/IEA 2013 - World Energy Model Methodology and Assumptions, OCSE/IEA 2011

The students are expected to become aware of techniques and issues in the experiments that concern single phase and two phase pressure drop and heat transfer, and the characterization of materials in nuclear environment, relevant for fission and fusion applications. Furthermore, the acquisition of critical capability to model components or systems characterized by the need for removal of high heat fluxes is expected.

The course is logically divided in two parts: one is more related to the development of a hands-on attitude for some nuclear-relevant measurements; the second is more theoretical, and related to the problem of removing high heat fluxes from nuclear components.

1. Fundamentals of measurement instruments and signal analysis (17h lectures + 3h lab) a. International System of Measurements (SI) b. Measurement Methods and Experimental Errors c. System Dynamic Models (zero, first and second order) and Fourier analysis d. Basic Electrical Principles (Electrical Components, Bode Plot, Bridges, Amplifiers, Analogical and Numerical Filters) 2. Hydraulic characteristics for components in incompressible and compressible flows: mass and momentum conservation equations in single-phase and two-phase flow. (9h lectures + 6h lab) 3. Thermal-Hydraulic characteristics for components in single-phase flow: enhanced heat transfer in turbulence promoters, finned surfaces, porous media, ... Applications to devices of interest in nuclear applications (10.5h lectures + 9h lab) 4. Thermal-Hydraulic characteristics for components in two-phase flow: the modeling of boiling, condensation and critical heat flux (12h lectures + 4.5h lab) 5. Problems of heat transfer for superconducting materials at cryogenic temperatures and measurements (4.5h lectures + 4.5h lab)

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Elaborato progettuale individuale; Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Exam: Written test; Individual project; Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... For the individual project: the teachers will evaluate the methodology used to develop the project, its originality and feasibility. The project max score is 24/30. The compulsory oral exam, based on open questions on the course topics, will allow students to round their score to the maximum.

Notes by the teachers. In addition: • Boiling, condensation and gas- liquid flow, P.B. Whalley, Clarendon, Oxford, 1987 • Convective boiling and condensation, John G. Collier, John R. Thome, 3rd ed., Clarendon, Oxford, 1996

At the end of the course the students should be able to cope with the components calculations and the thermal-hydraulic design of the nuclear power plants core, with particular reference to light water reactors and to the thermal limits in the hot subchannel; they should know the nuclear power plants operational characteristics, with particular reference to the innovative reactors and Generatio IV future reactors as well as the decommissioning options.

The course will provide knowledge of the nuclear power plant features, including innovative and Generation IV reactors, and the design methodologies of the main components and systems of a nuclear plant, with particular reference to the thermal-hydraulics in the core and primary loops of light water reactors. The course consists of lectures and numerical exercises.

1. Introduction to Nuclear reactor design. 2. Characteristics of nuclear reactors cores: fuel assemblies, reactivity control systems and cooling fluids in the different types of reactors from Generation II up to Generation IV. 3. Typical parameters and their link with safety margins. 4. Thermal core design: thermal limits, fuel rod behavior and failure characteristics. 5. Thermal-hydraulic design of a LWR core: hot channel factors, heat transfer in operating conditions, boiling crisis, thermal resistance of the gap in the fuel pin and temperature profiles in the fuel pin. 6. Intrinsic and passive safety; passive heat removal systems in evolutionary and innovative reactors. 7. Containment systems, emergency systems and auxiliary systems and their evolution from Generation II reactors up to Generation III+.

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato scritto prodotto in gruppo; Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Group essay; Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... The exam at the end of the course is oral: it regards all the theoretical topics and includes a discussion of the results obtained in the computing laboratory sessions. To be admitted to the exam, the reports of the numerical evaluations must be provided to the teacher at least 5 working days before the exam date. Contributions to the final grade: oral 80%, projects reports 20%.

• R.A.Knief,"Nuclear Engineering", Hemisphere,1992. - P.B. Whalley, "Boiling, condensation and gas- liquid flow", Clarendon, Oxford, 1987 - John G. Collier, John R. Thome, Convective boiling and condensation, , 3rd ed., Clarendon, Oxford, 1996 - N.E.Todreas and M.S.Kazimi,"Nuclear systems",Vol.I ,II,Hemisphere,1990. - R.T.Lahey and F.J.Moody,"The thermal-hydraulics of a boiling water reactor",American Nuclear Society, New York, 1993. - L.S.Tong and J.Weisman,"Thermal analysis of pressurized water reactors",American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park,1996.

The part of the course on transport theory should enable the students to understand the fundamentals of kinetic theory and the link to neutronics and fluid-dynamics. The student should also acquire the basic knowledge on some of the mathematical physical models for the design of the cores of nuclear reactors. He should be able to carry out calculations and simulations of the neutronics of multiplying systems, criticality calculations and evaluations on the dynamics of nuclear reactors, and he should acquire the capability to physically interpret the results.

The course provides the specific physical and mathematical bases to be used in the study of the physics of fission and fusion reactors. The course is made of two parts. In the first, the kinetic theory is treated. The classic Boltzmann equation is deduced and the relationship between kinetic theory and fluid models is studied. In the second part the neutron transport equation and the physical principles of nuclear fission reactors are illustrated. Some simplified models and approximations for the description of the neutronics of multiplying systems are then presented, together with the fundamentals of criticality theory, reactor dynamics and perturbation theory.

1 Kinetic theory of gases 1.1 Rarefied gases 1.2 Binary collisions 1.3 Boltzmann equation 1.4 H theorem 1.5 Equations of fluid-dynamics 2 Design calculation of multiplying structures 2.1 Generation of nuclear data; 2.2 Criticality calculation; multiplication eigenvalue and physical meaning; 2.3 Integration of the neutronic calculation in the design of a nuclear reactor. 3 Neutronic models 3.1 Multigroup diffusion theory; 3.2 Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactors; reflected reactors; 3.3 Neutron transport theory. 3.4 Slowing-down of neutrons in matter 4 Perturbation theory 4.1 Perturbation methods for eigenvalues; 4.2 Generalized perturbation techniques. 5 Nuclear reactor dynamics 5.1 Factorization methods for the solution of the neutronic equations; point kinetics and quasi-static method; 5.2 Non-linear feed-back effects; 5.3 Transmutation phenomena. 6 Mathematical and computational techniques 6.1 Spherical harmonics method 6.2 Discrete ordinate method 6.3 Analytical solution of the linear transport equation

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale facoltativa;
Exam: Written test; Optional oral exam;
... The evaluation is carried out by an oral examination, to verify that the student knows the basic principles of particle transport, the fundamentals of nuclear reactor physics and the methods to solve neutron transport problems in steady state and in transient regimes. In the first part of the exam the student can present an argument of his choice. In the second part the student is asked to answer questions on both general transport theory and nuclear reactor physics.

• Bell, G. I., and Glasstone, S. Nuclear Reactor Theory, Van Nostrand Reinhold Inc.,U.S., 1970 - A. F. Henry, Nuclear-reactor Analysis, MIT Press, 1975 - K. M. Case, P. F. Zweifel, Linear transport theory, Addison-Wesley, 1967 - R. V. Meghreblian, D. K. Holmes, Reactor Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1960

The student should acquire a basic knowledge of the physics of magnetically confined plasmas in a tokamak-type fusion reactor, from an engineering point of view, as well as of the structure and functions of the main reactor components and of their integration in a consistent design. The student should also acquire a critical perception of the main open issues and related perspectives of research and development in the field of fusion technology.

Nuclear fusion has the potential of becoming a practically inexhaustible and almost clean energy source. The world’s efforts, in which Italy and Europe play a major role, focus on the confinement of a burning D-T plasma in devices based on superconducting magnets: the multi-billion ITER project, under construction at Cadarache in France, a few hundred kilometres from Torino, is scheduled to start operating in the late 20’s, while the EU is strongly pursuing the next step, i.e. a DEMO program, aiming at providing the first kWh from fusion. This course gives an introduction to both the physics and the engineering of a nuclear fusion reactor of tokamak type. Some emphasis is put on the modelling aspects, at both the component and system level. The course, mandatory for nuclear engineering students, could also be of interest for students who simply desire to get a somewhat more precise idea of the enormous potential of the fusion energy source.

• Nuclear fusion in a nutshell - The European roadmap on fusion electricity - The course roadmap - The key parameters and constraints for a 1 GWe fusion reactor of tokamak type: - tau_E~ 1 s  plasma confinement: * motion of a single charged particle in the electromagnetic field * definition of a plasma: Debye length, plasma frequency, quasi-neutrality * MHD equilibrium and stability * collisions in a plasma * particle and energy transport * performance of present tokamaks vs future reactors # the superconducting magnet system and its cryogenics. - T ~ 10-20 keV  plasma heating: * Ohmic; need for auxiliary heating (NNBI, RF); alpha. - n ~ 1020-1021 m-3  plasma fueling: # the fuel cycle  the blanket (part 1)  neutronics, choice of breeder/multiplier  ITER TBM vs EU DEMO BB # vacuum technology. - limitations on heat flux q (MW/m2), and core plasma contamination (Z_eff)  plasma-wall interactions: * Debye sheath and Bohm criterion; impurities; Scrape-Off Layer, 2-point model # limiter, first wall, divertor; engineering of power exhaust. - Practical experience of small tokamak plasma operation (GOLEM) - Power extraction and conversion  the blanket (part 2)  choice of coolant; storage; BoP - Wrap-up # ubiquitous/enabling technologies - materials ( DONES/IFMIF) - safety. # ITER and satellites schedule; the current status of the EU DEMO design.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato scritto prodotto in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam; Group essay;
... The exams for the two parts are separate. The final score will be the average of the two. Physics The final exam is in two parts, the first (mandatory) is written, the second is an oral discussion. The written test, of duration about 1.5 h, involves a number of numerical problems and theoretical questions. It aims at verifying that the student can (i) complete successfully some simple calculations, and (ii) can critically discuss the simplest phenomena occurring in a fusion reactor. The students will be allowed to use a pocket computer, but no another material will be allowed, except what provided by the instructor. The maximum score which can be obtained from the written test is 27/30. Students who obtained a score equal or higher than 26/30 in the written test may ask to also have an oral discussion, during which the level of comprehension of the physical processes discussed during the main lectures will be verified in depth. Engineering For all students, an oral exam about the different topics treated in the course, will lead to a maximum mark of 24/30. For those students who aim at a maximum mark above 24/30, the oral will be followed by a presentation (in ppt form), of the estimated duration of ~ 10 minutes, on the results of a small project, based on the application of the software presented in class, in either of the following three fields at the students’ choice: 1) superconducting magnets; 2) breeding blanket; 3) power exhaust. The presentation will be valued up to an additional 6 points and will be considered for a possible final mark of 30 cum laude.

Physics Reference textbooks • J.P. Freidberg, Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy, Cambridge University Press, 2007 • Peter C. Stangeby, The Plasma Boundary of Magnetic Fusion Devices, Institute of Physics Publishing, 2000 Auxiliary books • C. Wendell Horton, Jr. and S. Benkadda, ITER Physics, World Scientific, 2015. Engineering A few good references are available, see e.g. • Thomas J. Dolan (Editor), “Magnetic Fusion Technology (Lecture Notes in Energy)�, Springer; 2013 edition (February 10, 2014), ISBN 978-1447155553 • Weston M. Stacey, “Fusion: An Introduction to the Physics and Technology of Magnetic Confinement Fusion� 2nd Edition, Wiley-VCH (March 22, 2010), ISBN 978-3527409679. However, no single textbook really covers the scope of topics to the needed depth for this course. We shall therefore often rely on presentations from summer schools (e.g. the KIT International School on Fusion Technologies http://summerschool.fusion.kit.edu/ ) and on presentations given at international conferences, as well as on papers published on international journals like Fusion Engineering and Design, Fusion Science and Technology, etc.

The student should acquire a basic knowledge of the physics of magnetically confined plasmas in a fusion reactor. The student should also acquire a critical perception of the main open issues and related perspectives of research and development in the field of fusion science and technology.

Nuclear fusion has the potential of becoming a practically inexhaustible and almost clean energy source. The world’s efforts, in which Italy and Europe play a major role, focus on the confinement of a burning D-T plasma in devices based on superconducting magnets: the multi-billion ITER project, under construction at Cadarache in France, a few hundred kilometres from Torino, is scheduled to start operating in the late 20’s, while the EU is strongly pursuing the next step, i.e. a DEMO program, aiming at providing the first kWh from fusion. This course gives an introduction to both the physics of a nuclear fusion reactor. The course, mandatory for nuclear engineering students, could also be of interest for students who simply desire to get a somewhat more precise idea of the enormous potential of the fusion energy source.

• General introduction * motion of a single charged particle in the electromagnetic field * definition of a plasma: Debye length, plasma frequency, quasi-neutrality * MHD equilibrium and stability * collisions in a plasma * particle and energy transport * performance of present tokamaks vs future reactors * plasma heating * Debye sheath and Bohm criterion; impurities; Scrape-Off Layer, 2-point model * Physics of power exhaust * Impurities physics * Practical experience of small tokamak plasma operation (GOLEM)

Modalita di esame: Test informatizzato in laboratorio; Elaborato progettuale individuale; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Computer lab-based test; Individual project; Group project;
... The final exam is in two parts, the first (mandatory) is written, the second is an oral discussion. The written test, of duration about 1h 40 m, involves a number of numerical problems and theoretical questions. It aims at verifying that the student can (i) complete successfully some simple calculations, and (ii) can critically discuss the simplest phenomena occurring in a fusion reactor. The students will be allowed to use a pocket computer, but no another material will be allowed, except what provided by the instructor. The maximum score which can be obtained from the written test is 27/30. Students who obtained a score equal or higher than 26/30 in the written test may ask to also have an oral discussion, during which the level of comprehension of the physical processes discussed during the main lectures will be verified in depth.

Reference textbooks • J.P. Freidberg, Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy, Cambridge University Press, 2007 • Peter C. Stangeby, The Plasma Boundary of Magnetic Fusion Devices, Institute of Physics Publishing, 2000 The teacher will also distribute a few notes in support to the reference textbooks.

The aim of the course is to provide students with the basic knowledge necessary to understand the main phenomena occurring in heterogeneous finely dispersed systems, and to quantitatively predict and control their dynamics. In particular, at the end of the course the student should know the main evolution mechanisms of a dispersion and be able to select proper methods to control or modify the size distribution and the morphology of a disperse phase.

The course is an introduction to the physical chemistry of finely dispersed systems. These systems are largely adopted in process engineering (environmental remediation, formulation chemistry, synthesis of pigments and catalysts) as well as in the production of different kinds of materials (biomaterials, ceramics, polymers and soft matter). The transformations in the dispersed state are strongly influenced by the high surface energy of the system and their study needs a peculiar approach, capable of linking information from the microscopic structure of the interface and the macroscopic global properties of the dispersion. The course begins with the macroscopic description of the interface provided by surface mechanics and thermodynamics, and subsequently moves towards the aspects related to the smallest scales: surface forces, charge separation and structure of interfaces. Finally, the modes of evolution of a disperse phase are examined and population balance method is introduced, as a tool to predict the dynamics of a disperse system.

1: Mechanics and thermodynamics of interfaces (15 h) Surface and interfacial tension, Young-Laplace equation, capillary rise, contact angle; surface tension and stress in solids; Kelvin equation and capillary condensation; dynamic effects on surface tension and contact angle. 2. Structure of the solid-liquid interface and electrical double layer (15 h) Mechanisms of surface charge generation; ion distribution and charge distribution; Z potential and electrokinetic phenomena 3: Surface forces in dispersed systems (10 h) Van der Waals forces; Electrical double layer interaction; Electrostatic stabilisation of colloidal dispersions and DLVO theory; Steric stabilisation; Structural forces; Capillary forces. 4. Evolution of a disperse system (20 h) Aggregation-coalescence: kinetics and mechanisms (Brownian, shear flow, turbulent, inertia); Nucleation: primary homogeneous and heterogeneous, secondary; growth and dissolution; Introduction to the population balance approach: characterisation of a population of particles; prediction of the dynamics by the balance equation.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale facoltativa; Elaborato scritto prodotto in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Optional oral exam; Group essay;
... The exam is aimed at ascertaining the knowledge of the subjects listed in the course syllabus and the ability to apply the theory and related calculation methods to practical applications. The written part of the test lasts approximately two hours. It contains short theoretical questions, to ascertain the knowledge of the basic aspects of the subject, and simple numerical problems to verify the ability to quantitatively predict the response of a system. No notes, handouts or books may be kept or consulted during the test. The result of the exam is communicated on the teaching portal, together with the date on which the students can view the test and give the optional oral exam. After the written test, the exam can be concluded (in this case the maximum grade is 27/30) or it can be continued with an additional oral exam, which aims at evaluating in depth the comprehension of the subject and the ability to apply the theoretical results.

Some reference books are listed below. The teacher will suggest the proper bibliography. H.J. Butt, K. Graf, M. Kappl, Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces, Wiley-VCH. J.C. Berg, An Introduction to Interfaces and Colloids: The Bridge to Nanoscience, World Scientific. P.C. Hiemenz, R. Rajagopalan, Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, CRC Press. J.W. Mullin, Crystallization, Butterworth.

Applications of fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics and electrochemistry to energy systems. Understanding and design of complex energy systems based on thermo-chemical and electro-chemical processes and technologies. Understanding and design of power-to-X processes. Underatanding and design of technologies and processes for CO2 recovery and re-utilization. Understanding and design of poly-generation systems.

The description, modelling, analysis of advanced energy systems based on the integration of power, thermo-chemical and electro-chemical processes for poly-generation purposes. Starting from the fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics and electrochemistry applied to energy systems, the course develops topics related to electrochemical systems (fuel cells, electrolyzers, flow batteries), thermo-chemical systems (gasification, production of biogas, chemical looping systems), concepts of chemical storage for the production of synthetic fuels (CO2 recovery, power-to-gas, power-to-liquid, in general power-to-X processes) and complete this with the analysis of some examples of complex poly-generation systems. Some activities at the lab level (mainly on electrochemical and thermochemical systems applied to energy) will be developed along the course. A group work, making use of a commercial software (ASPEN+) is also mandatory.

FUNDAMENTALS • Fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics • Fundamentals of electro-chemical processes and devices ELECTRO-CHEMICAL SYSTEMS • PEMFC: Description of the PEMFC and of its operation, Electrochemical model of the PEMFC (polarization curve), Useful expressions for design and operation of the PEMFC, Stack PEMFC: description and analysis of operation in cogenerative configuration • SOFC: Description of the SOFC and of its operation, Electrochemical model of the SOFC (polarization curve), Chemical model of the SOFC (internal reforming) • Electrolyzers: alkaline, acid, solid oxide. • Flow batteries: vanadium-based, Li-air batteries, SOFC redox batteries THERMO-CHEMICAL SYSTEMS • Pyrolysis • Gasification • Supercritical water gasification • Biogas • Principles of chemical looping (example: fuel decarbonization) HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES • Physical and chemical properties of H2 • Reforming of hydrocarbons • Production from renewables • Storage of hydrogen (liquid, metal hydride) CHEMICAL STORAGE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC FUELS • RES-storage and synthetic fuels • Processes for CO2 recovery • CCS processes • CCU processes • Principles of power-to-X technologies and processes • Principles of power-to-gas (P2G) processes • Production of synthetic methane • Principles of power-to-liquid (P2L) processes • Production of synthetic Methanol, DME, diesel EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX POLY-GENERATION SYSTEMS • WWTU plant with MCFC CHP system and hydrogen recovery • WWTU plant with SOFC system and CO2 recovery and carbon fixation in algae • IGCC integrated with SOFC systems and CCS

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale facoltativa; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Optional oral exam; Group project;
... The final exam starts with a WRITTEN PART of 2 hours, composed by 1 long calculation exercise (10 points) 1 short calculation exercise (4 points) 1 long theoretical question (8 points) 1 short theoretical question (4 points) 1 question on the LAB SOFC (2 points) 1 question on the LAB microbial fuel cells (2 points) for a total of 30 points. No notes and other support material can be used by the students. The minimum grade of the WRITTEN Part (to pass the exam or to do the optional oral) is 18/30. The maximum grade of the WRITTEN Part is 30/30. The next ORAL PART has the following rules: • MANDATORY SECTION: evaluation of the project (home assignment): grades 0-3 points, added to the grade of the Written Part • OPTIONAL SECTION: oral exam on all the topics of the course: the grade of the Written Part will be modified according to the result of the Oral Part, with a range in the order of -3 (decrease) ÷ +3 (increase) points.

Mostly supplied by the teachers. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS: 1. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, Adrian Bejan, Editore: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 3 ed. (August 18, 2006) 2. Thermodynamics: Foundations and Applications, Elias P. Gyftopoulos and Gian Paolo Beretta, Editor: Macmillan Publishing Company ELECTROCHEMISTRY: 1. Electrochemical Engineering Principles, Geoffrey Prentice, Editor: Prentice-Hall International FUEL CELLS: 1. Fuel Cells Systems Explained, James Larminie and Andrew Dicks, Editor: John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2. High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Desig and Applications, Subash Singhal and Kevin Kendall, Editor: Elsevier Ltd 3. Advanced Methods of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Modeling, Jaroslaw Milewski, Konrad Swirski, Massimo Santarelli, Pierluigi Leone, Editor: Springer

Acquisire conoscenza delle tecniche di design, analisi e ottimizzazione di componenti impianti di conversione energetica dai punti di vista energetici ed economici: analisi exergetica e termoeconomica, valutazione dei costi di componenti e impianti, fondamenti di matematica finanziaria e discounted cash flow analysis, integrazione di processo e pinch analysis, ottimizzazione a singolo obiettivo e multi-obiettivo e design improvement. Acquisire l’abilità di analizzare un impianto energetico, applicando correttamente le metodologie indicate e analizzando i risultati al fine di migliorare/ottimizzare l'impianto in condizioni di progetto e/o funzionamento

Il corso approfondisce le tecniche di analisi e ottimizzazione di componenti e impianti di conversione dell’energia, con il duplice obiettivo di migliorare le prestazioni energetiche e ridurre i costi di investimento e funzionamento. Il corso ha un taglio fortemente applicativo ed è articolato in lezioni, esercitazioni svolte in aula dal docente ed esercitazioni di laboratorio svolte al calcolatore. Nelle lezioni si illustrano le tecniche di modellazione di componenti e impianti energetici, nonché i metodi di analisi quali la pinch analysis, l’analisi exergetica e l’analisi termoeconomica. Al termine del corso lo studente avrà acquisito la capacità di analizzare componenti e sistemi energetici, identificare le opportunità di miglioramento delle prestazioni energetiche ed economiche agendo sulle variabili geometriche, di progetto e di configurazione e ottimizzare gli stessi. Nel corso delle esercitazioni, verranno svolti esercizi pratici finalizzati a consentire allo studente di famigliarizzare con le tecniche di analisi. Una parte significativa del corso è poi costituita dallo sviluppo di due esercitazioni progettuali utilizzando codici di calcolo commerciali per l’analisi di componenti e sistemi termici.

Introduzione al corso. Breve cenno all’evoluzione degli scenari energetici e alle tematiche di ricerca in ambito energetico, con particolare riguardo agli impianti industriali. Ruolo dell’integrazione, ottimizzazione e design improvement di processi energetici. Caratteristiche di un problema di ottimizzazione. Tecniche di ottimizzazione: metodi diretti e indiretti, algoritmi genetici. Simulazione di impianti energetici. Ottimizzazione dei componenti. Applicazione a un componente energetico. (12 h di lezione + 9 h di esercitazione di laboratorio). Analisi exergetica. Determinazione dell’equazione dell’energia utilizzabile. L’ambiente di riferimento. Calcolo dell’exergia fisica e chimica. Utilizzi dell’analisi exergetica nel design improvement di impianti energetici. Applicazioni dell’analisi exergetica. Costo exergetico e bilancio di costo. Valutazione del costo totale di investimento di un impianto energetico. Funzioni di costo dei componenti. Fondamenti di matematica finanziaria. Analisi di flussi di cassa attualizzati. Processo di formazione di costo dei prodotti di un impianto. Metodologia di design improvement. Valutazioni di opportunità di razionalizzazione delle risorse di un impianto. Rilevamento dei principali componenti da ottimizzare in condizioni di progetto e funzionamento. (32 h lezione + 14 h esercitazione + 18 h di esercitazione di laboratorio). Il metodo della pinch analysis. Analisi del processo produttivo e determinazione dei vincoli del processo. Individuazione dei principali flussi e costruzione grafica della curva composita. Scelta della minima differenza di temperatura; implicazioni termodinamiche ed economiche. Determinazione del pinch point per via grafica. Calcolo del pinch point per via analitica. Rappresentazione di una rete di scambiatori di calore. Regole per il tracciamento della rete di scambiatori corrispondente al minimo fabbisogno di energia. Cenno alla teoria dei grafi. Determinazione della rete corrispondente al minimo numero di scambiatori di calore. Rilassamento del sistema. Applicazione del metodo della pinch analysis a impianti di produzione industriale ed impianti per la conversione di energia (20 h di lezione + 12 h di esercitazione + 3 h di esercitazione di laboratorio).

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Group project;
... Modalità di esame: prova scritta; progetto in gruppi. L’esame scritto è composto da due parti: - alcuni esercizi (tipicamente 2, ma il numero dipende dalla complessità di ciascun esercizio), sulla analisi exergetica e sulla pinch analysis. Tale parte ha lo scopo di valutare la capacità dello studente di applicare le tecniche di analisi viste a lezione ed esercitazione. Gli esercizi hanno uguale peso e determinano circa il 70% del voto dello scritto. Una o più domande di carattere applicativo vertono inoltre sugli aspetti legati all'analisi economica e termoeconomica degli impianti e normalmente sono correlate all'esercizio di analisi exergetica. Tali domande concorrono alla restante parte del voto di scritto. L'esame scritto ha una durata di 3 ore e non è possibile utilizzare materiale didattico durante la prova. Il valore massimo attribuito all'esame scritto è di 26/30. Le esercitazioni di laboratorio sono svolte durante l'anno e vengono valutate dai docenti seguendo il lavoro durante lo svolgimento e attraverso un colloquio da effettuare durante il periodo delle lezioni. La votazione sarà assegnata sulla base della rispondenza dei modelli sviluppati con quanto richiesto, dell'analisi critica dei risultati ottenuti e della partecipazione. Il punteggio massimo ottenibile dalla valutazione delle due esercitazioni progettuali è di 6/30 e devono essere svolte entrambe. Qualora lo svolgimento delle esercitazioni non venisse svolto e valutato entro la fine del periodo delle lezioni sarà possibile sostenere un test scritto, che verterà sugli argomenti del corso non coperti dall'esame scritto (ad esempio modellazione a livello di componenti, metodi di ottimizzazione di impianti energetici, analisi economica, metodo grafico di pinch analysis, applicazione della pinch analysis all'integrazione di pompe di calore o sistemi di recupero) e contribuirà al voto finale fino ad un massimo di 4/30. La valutazione delle esercitazioni progettuali o del test integrativo sarà valida per l'intero anno accademico La valutazione con lode sarà assegnata per un punteggio complessivo (esame scritto + discussione dei progetti) superiore a 31.

Libro di testo: Verda, Guelpa. Metodi termodinamici per l’uso efficiente delle risorse energetiche. Esculapio. Dispense integrative fornite dal docente.

L'insegnamento a fornire la conoscenza dei principi, degli strumenti di valutazione quantitativa, dei dati di riferimento fondamentali e delle tecnologie nell’ambito della termofisica dell’edificio. Un focus sarà dedicato ai concetti di Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB) ed alle strategie per migliorare: l’efficienza energetica degli edifici, lo sfruttamento delle energie rinnovabili a scala di edificio e l’implementazione di tecnologie passive per la climatizzazione. Al termine del corso lo studente sarà in grado di: • determinare i requisiti per la corretta progettazione del sistema edificio-impianto ai fini del controllo dell’ambiente interno e dell’efficienza energetica (comfort termoigrometrico, qualità dell’aria, ventilazione, requisiti dei componenti di involucro edilizio); • definire i carichi termici di progetto per il riscaldamento e la climatizzazione estiva; • ottimizzare la prestazione energetica degli edifici e la qualità dell’ambiente interno; • impiegare strumenti di valutazione quantitativa in ambito normativo ed affrontare la modellazione energetica di edifici multizona all’interno di un software di simulazione termoenergetica dinamica. • progettare interventi di retrofit energetico e di implementazione di tecnologie passive e ZEB/nZEB ; • gestire e comunicare nell'ambito professionale la progettazione energetica degli edifici e gli interventi di efficientamento energetico.

L'insegnamento si propone di fornire le conoscenze fondamentali e di sviluppare le capacità progettuali nell’ambito del comportamento termo-fisico degli edifici, con particolare attenzione alla valutazione dei requisiti qualitativi dell’ambiente interno (comfort termoigrometrico e qualità dell’aria), delle prestazioni energetiche ed allo studio, analisi e dimensionamento dei sistemi edificio-impianto. Il corso si articola in lezioni, esercitazioni numerico/progettuali (che saranno svolte in aula e/o nei laboratori informatici) ed esercitazioni sperimentali.

Il programma verte sui seguenti argomenti principali: • Il bilancio termico e di massa dell’ambiente e dell’edificio; • La soluzione del bilancio termico in regime invernale - determinazione del carico di progetto • La soluzione del bilancio termico in regime estivo - determinazione del carico di progetto • Software di simulazione termoenergetica dinamica degli edifici e loro utilizzo pratico a fini progettuali (principi di base per il calcolo dei carichi termici, modellazione geometrica e zonizzazione termica, standardizzazione dei dati di input e dei profili delle condizioni al contorno, analisi dei risultati e reportistica, processi di ottimizzazione basati sulla simulazione). • Analisi termo-energetica delle prestazioni dei componenti di involucro (componenti opachi, trasparenti e ponti termici); • Tecnologie e materiali innovativi per i componenti di involucro (componenti opachi, trasparenti e ponti termici); • Le variabili meteoclimatiche per la progettazione termoenergetica degli edifici e degli impianti di climatizzazione: gli anni tipo (TMY), le condizioni di progetto invernali ed estive • Fondamenti di comfort termo-igrometrico: bilancio termico del corpo umano, metodo del PMV, comfort termico adattativo secondo UNI EN ISO 7730 e lo standard ASHRAE 55; • Introduzione alla valutazione della qualità degli ambienti interni (IEQ – Indoor Environmental Quality): lo standard EN 16798-1; • Qualità dell’aria indoor: classificazione degli inquinanti e principali inquinanti indoor/outdoor, valutazione della qualità dell’aria con metodi oggettivi e soggettivi, approccio normativo prescrittivo e prestazionale: UNI EN 16798-3, UNI 10339 and ASHRAE 62; • Tecniche di controllo della qualità dell’aria, filtrazione e fondamenti di ventilazione; • Sistemi di ventilazione naturale e meccanica: tecnologie e metodi di analisi; • Strategie e tecnologie per il passive cooling e heating degli edifici • Sviluppo di misure sperimentali in relazione a: IAQ, ventilazione, comfort termoigrometrico, prestazioni termofisiche dei componenti di involucro edilizio; • Sviluppo di un'esercitazione progettuale di concerto con il corso "Progettazione di impianti termotecnici" - 01TWHND (collocato al primo semestre dell'anno successivo).

... L’esame prevede una prova scritta ed una orale. La prova scritta è costituita da: • una parte di teoria con domande aperte a risposta sintetica su argomenti introdotti a lezione ed esercitazione; • Un esercizio numerico articolato in più punti. La parte di teoria (I parte) ha una durata di 30 min. Durante questa parte non è consentito l’uso di alcun materiale a supporto. L’esercizio numerico (II parte) ha una durata di 1 ora. Durante questa parte è consentito l’utilizzo di dispense, libri appunti, norme e formulari (da portare con sé). Ciascuna delle 2 parti dello scritto vale 16 punti (totale 32 = 30 e lode). Se la votazione dello scritto è positiva (superiore a 15/30) si può accedere all’orale dove i candidati esporranno le esercitazioni svolte nel corso del semestre (approfondimento delle esercitazioni di progetto) giustificandone i risultati sulla base delle conoscenze acquisite nel corso (all’orale potranno anche essere chiesti approfondimenti di teoria e chiarimenti/approfondimenti in relazione al compito scritto). Scritto ed orale devono essere obbligatoriamente sostenuti all’interno del medesimo appello (N.B.: in genere la prova scritta e l’orale non sono effettuati nel corso della medesima giornata). Il voto d’esame risulta dalla media pesata fra scritto (che conta 2/3) ed orale (che conta 1/3). Se il voto dell’orale non risulta sufficiente (almeno 15/30) decade anche la validità del voto dello scritto. All’orale occorre presentarsi con un “book� che ordina e raccoglie le esercitazioni numeriche, progettuali e sperimentali condotte e/o assegnate durante il corso. Questo book sarà utilizzato come base per condurre la discussione durante la prova orale.

Materiale, slide, riferimenti a norme e dispense distribuite dai docenti. Slide del progetto IDES-EDU (http://proftrac.eu/training-material/search-training-material.html). Materiale per approfondimenti e ripasso: • Corrado V., Fabrizio E., “Fondamenti di Termofisica dell’Edificio e Climatizzazione�, CLUT, 2012, Torino • Stefanutti L., “Manuale degli impianti di climatizzazione�, ISBN 978-88-481-1884-2, Editore Tecniche Nuove, 2007. • ASHRAE, “Handbook of Fundamentals�, ASHRAE, 2017. • Spietler J., “Load Calculation Applications Manual�, ASHRAE, 2009. • EnergyPlus, “Getting started with EnergyPlus� – Documentation of the software tool • AICARR, “Manuale d’ausilio alla progettazione: Miniguida AICARR (III Edizione)�, ISBN: 978-88-95620-56-5, MILANO: AICARR, 2010. • Capozzoli A., Corrado V., Gorrino A., Soma P., “Atlante nazionale dei ponti termici�, Edilclima, 2011 • Corrado V., Paduos S., “La nuova legislazione sull’efficienza energetica degli edifici. Nuova edizione�, Editore CELID, 2010. • http://download.rockwool.it/media/115586/brochure%20dm%20web.pdf

A project management framework will be used to illustrate how projects are managed through evaluating, financing, organizing, planning, monitoring, and controlling with reference to both traditional waterfall and agile project management processes. Within this framework, students will learn the main theories, methodologies and software tools necessary for each aspect of the Project Management process. By the end of the term students will be then able to adapt and apply the framework to effectively manage a project. In particular, students will develop knowledge and methods for effectively organize, plan, and control projects in various industries and organizations. As learning outcomes, students are expected to understand: - how project organizations and projects are structured - governance of project management - communication and teamwork in projects - project financing, assessment and strategic planning - project scope management - cost, schedule and resource monitoring and control - risk management, uncertainty and contingency management To this end, students will acquire hands-on skills and learn how to use techniques and software tools to effectively manage a project. Such competencies/skills will include: - define a project management organization - implement a traditional waterfall project management framework - apply agile project management techniques and use corresponding software packages - evaluate project feasibility and define the financial structure of project funding - initiate a project and create a project budget - schedule time and resources for complex projects - define performance metrics for project monitoring and use Earned Value Management techniques to monitor and forecast project performance - use advanced features of project planning and teamwork management software

This course guides students through Project Management knowledge and skills needed to successfully initiate, plan and manage projects in various industries and organizations. To stay competitive project-based businesses have sought to shorten production times, minimize resources and mitigate risks by effectively using a variety of Project Management methodologies and tools. The course will present these important aspects of successful Project Management implementation via teaching the theory, methods and quantitative tools used to organize, direct, and control projects. Management methods will be also revealed through practice and hands-on project team works from real-world situations.

Section 1: Project Feasibility & Organization. Project feasibility involves evaluating possible projects, determining the appropriate capital structure and financing mechanism, and organizing the company and the project teams for competitiveness. Project portfolio and programs are also key to successful organization of a project-based company. Section 2: Project Planning & Scheduling. Project planning involves establishing the Work Breakdown Structure, mapping this structure to the established organization and setting a schedule using various deterministic or probabilistic techniques such as Critical Path Method, Critical Chain, or Program Evaluation and Review Technique. Effective decision making competences are included in planning and scheduling processes. Section 3: Project Contracting. Managing a project involves appropriate design and management of main contract, including a delivery system, a payment scheme and an award method. Section 4: Project Monitoring & Control. Project Monitoring refers to the configuration and metrics used to monitor the progress, cost and schedule of a project throughout its life. Earned Value Analysis is one project management tool used to help answer these questions. Based on the information gathered through the Project Monitoring system, corrective action may be required to keep a project on track. Section 5: Project Risk Management including risk identification, analysis, contingency management and response plans.

Course materials will include both textbooks, e-textbooks, course slides, software usage tutorials, case-study readings, business cases, recommended paper readings and additional resources. All course materials will be posted on the course website either prior or after class depending on pedagogical best option. Datasheets, assignments and project work instructions will be also distributed via the course website. A non-exhaustive list of learning resources is anticipated as follows. Main textbook: - De Marco, A. (2011) Project Management for Facility Constructions, Springer, Free educational e-book version Other manuals: - PMBOK by PMI - IPMA ICB4 Recommended textbooks: - Nicholas, J.M., Steyn, H. (2011). Project Management for Engineering, Business and Technology, Routledge - Meredith, J. and Mantel, S., (2000) Project Management: A managerial Approach, 4th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons New York - Hendrickson, C. (2006). Project Management for Construction, on-line at: www.ce.cmu.edu/pmbook/ Business cases: - Video Ezy case, provided by instructor - The Atek PC Project Management Office, Harvard Business Case 9-308-049 - Ariba Implementation at MED-X, Kellogg School of Management, KEL 224 - Turner Construction Co.: Project Management Control Systems, Harvard Business Case 9-190-128 - MDCD Inc, Kellogg School of Management, KEL 170

At the end of the course the students will know the main technologies about the photovoltaic generators and plants (including general aspects of power electronics), and will be able to calculate the productivity and to correctly design the main components of these power systems.

The course is devoted to present the photovoltaic power systems starting from their operating principles, in which general aspects of power electronics are included. The knowledge of the solar resource, the methods to correctly design the main components, to evaluate the energy production, with the economic analysis of investment, are the goals of the course.

Lectures (about 40 h) Summary of electric circuit theory. State of the art in Photovoltaic (PV) technologies: general advantages and drawbacks; manufacturing process of crystalline silicon solar cells; thin film technologies and high-efficiency technologies; configurations and tasks of power conditioning units (inverters). Structure of the semiconductors: energy bands; doping with electron/hole; p-n junction, diffusion and electric field; losses in the energy conversion; spectral response and efficiency of the main technologies. The current-voltage characteristic curve (I-V curve) and the equivalent circuit of the solar cell; dependence on irradiance and temperature; profiles of meteorological and electrical quantities under clear sky conditions. Focus on an application problem: series/parallel connection of real cells; mismatch of their I-V curves due to production tolerance, defects and shading effect; hot spots and breakdown; bypass and blocking diodes. Structure of a PV module; datasheets of the commercial PV modules; qualification tests to simulate accelerated ageing; detection of faults by thermography and electroluminescence imaging. Unconventional aspects of PV generators with respect to the voltage sources; use of fuses in large PV plants; use of blocking diode in case of reverse current in a shaded string; the designer issue in case of partial shading of strings (concentrated and equally distributed shadings). The usage of transistors in DC-AC converters; PWM modulation and H-bridge voltage source inverter; paths of current with positive, negative and zero output voltage; active/reactive power control for grid connection; Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). Conventional calculation of energy production: evaluation of solar radiation, loss sources in the productivity. An innovative procedure to assess the energy production: automatic data acquisition systems, experimental tests and results on operating PV plants; economic analysis by the Net Present Value (NPV) method. Cost of energy production. Brief summary about the stand-alone PV plants equipped with electrochemical batteries.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula);
Exam: Written test;
... Written exam, 2 h duration, with theoretical questions for a total of 20 points (short discussions, drawings and formulas) and numerical exercises regarding the classroom exercises for a total of 10 points. During the written exam it is possible to use a pocket electronic calculator, but it is not permitted to use handouts or notes regarding the program of the course. The space at disposal for the answers, on the single sheet of the written exam (front and back sides), is limited to test the ability of the student to summarize the concepts. The request of oral exam is possible only above the mark 24/30 in the written exam. The oral exam deals with the whole program of the course. During the oral exam it is not possible to use any document.

Teaching documents (handouts on photovoltaic power systems and slides on the lectures) on the POLITO portal of the teacher. For deepening, it is suggested to read the books "T. Markvart, Solar Electricity, 2nd Edition, 2000, J. Wiley & Sons, USA" and “M. Patel, Wind and Solar Power Systems, 2006, CRC Press, USA�.

At the end of the course, the students should have a good knowledge of the main technologies for exploiting the solar source through thermal conversion. The 2 fields of application considered will be the civil construction sector, where Low-medium temperature (<100°C) systems (LTS) are used to meet heating, domestic hot water and cooling demands, and the concentrating solar power generation (CSP) plants. A core knowledge acquired will be to understand the coupling of transient and intermittent availability of the sources with the temporal profile of the demand, by the application of heat storage and automated controls. The students who successfully complete the course will be able to correctly design the main parts of the systems, evaluate the useful energy which may be produced, and make a cost-benefit analysis, also taking into account environmental impact issues.

The course covers the main technologies for exploiting low-medium temperature and concentrating solar systems, the methods to correctly design the installations, and to estimate their performance in terms of energy and economics outcomes.

Low-medium temperature solar thermal systems LTS (56h) • Solar source: position of the Sun in the sky; atmospheric models for clear and average skies; data bases of horizontal solar radiation energy; solar spectrum; solar irradiance components. • Solar collector typologies and definition of efficiency. Thermal balance of a solar collector and analysis of temperature profile of the plate. Hottel equation. Thermal and optical characterization of plate, glazed cover, ducts, and insulation. • The role of thermal storage and sizing criteria. Installation typologies, components and applications. Production of hot water for domestic and space heating uses. Methods for the evaluation of seasonal performance of solar thermal installations. The f-chart method. Software for the dynamic simulation of solar thermal installations (Polysun). • Analysis of as-built technical diagrams. Control, regulation and safety components. • Practical laboratory exercise with microcontrollers (like Arduino). • Solar cooling through absorption/adsorption refrigeration. Solar DEC (Desiccant Evaporative Cooling) system. • Cost-benefit analysis. • Some hints on solar district heating network and seasonal storage systems. • Recent research trends. Introduction to Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies (24h) In this module an overview of the main CSP technologies (Parabolic Trough, Central Tower, Linear Fresnel, Stirling Dish) will be presented, with particular emphasis on the first two. The state of the art of each technology will be discussed, as well as the main physics principles, features and technical characteristics, together with an analysis of current and future R&D lines and trends. An overview of the commercial experiences worldwide will be given. In detail: • Motivation • Principles of concentration of Solar Radiation • Analysis of the most successful technologies so far - Parabolic Trough - Central Tower • Principles of energy storage in CSP plants • Modeling & Design tools: Optics – the open-source Tonatiuh code, Thermal fluid dynamics – commercial CFD codes at component level and tools for system-level modeling, Integration • Thesis opportunities

Modalita di esame: Prova orale facoltativa; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo; Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Exam: Optional oral exam; Group project; Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... The project discussion is part of the final mark and weights as 7/30 points. The project is developed during the course and 15 minutes discussion for each group is held before the end of May. The discussion is a team one, but individual scores will be assigned. The written examination consists of multi-answer questions, open question and/or short exercises concerning Low-medium temperature solar thermal systems (LTS) (including the experimental exercise and the guided visit) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), and, if the availability is confirmed, will be made in electronic form using PCs at LAIBs. The details of the grading of the different parts are: 7 points for the project, 25 for the written/electronic test (15 LTS and 10 points CSP), to reach a total of 32 points, corresponding to "30 cum laude".

• Notes from the teachers • Duffie & Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, John Wiley & sons, 4th edition, New York 2013. • Tiwari G.N., Solar Energy - Fundamentals, Design, Modelling, and Applications, CRC Press, 2002 • Bent Sorensen, Renewable Energy: Physics, Engineering, Environmental Impacts, Economics, Elsevier Associated Press, London, 2004. • Notes from the EnerMENA lectures on CSP

At the end of this course, students are expected to know the techniques for design, analysis and optimization of thermal systems and their components from the energy and economic point of view: exergy and thermoeconomic analysis, estimation of cost of components and plants, fundamental of financial mathematics and discounted cash flow analysis, process integration and pinch analysis, single and multi-objective optimization, design improvement, entropy generation minimization. Acquire the ability to correctly apply these methodologies to thermal systems and their components.

This course focuses in the thermal design and optimization of energy systems and components with the twofold objective to improve efficiency and reduce the investment and operating costs. The course is oriented towards applications and it is based on lectures, practical exercises developed in class and practices developed at the computer. In lessons the techniques for modeling energy components and plants are discussed, together with advanced methods for their analysis, such as pinch analysis, exergy analysis and thermoeconomic analysis. At the end of the course, the student will be able to analyse thermal systems and components as well as to identify the opportunities for improving energy and economic performances acting on the variables referred to geometry, design and configuration, and optimize components and systems. During practices in class, some applications will be developed in order to allow the student to become familiar with the various techniques. A relevant part of the course is devoted to project team working using commercial software for the analysis of thermal systems and components.

Introduction to the course. Brief analysis of the energy scenarios and the role of research in energy systems, with particular emphasis on the application to industrial plants. Role of the process integration, optimization and design improvement of energy conversion systems. Characteristics of an optimization problem. Optimization techniques: direct and indirect optimization, heuristic optimization (9 h lesson). Simulation of energy components: continuum mechanics; overview of continuity, momentum and energy equations; meaning of the terms in the equations; boundary and initial conditions. Optimal design of components. Entropy generation minimization. Application to an energy conversion component (12 h lesson + 9 h lab). Exergy analysis. Development of the exergy balance equation. The reference environment. Calculation of physical and chemical exergy. Uses of exergy analysis for the design improvement of energy plants. Applications of the exergy analysis. Exergy cost. Exergo-economic cost balance. Evaluation of the total investment cost of a thermal plant. Cost functions of components. Fundamentals of financial mathematics. Discounted cash flow analysis. Current and constant currency assumptions. Investment assessment of energy systems: applications to renewable power plants. Process of cost formation of products in a thermal plant. Design improvement methodology. Possible interventions for increasing the rational utilization of the resources. Detection of the main components to be optimized in design and/or operation. (30 h lesson + 12 h practice + 12 h lab). Pinch analysis method. Analysis of productive processes and determination of productive constraints. Definition of the main streams and graphical construction of the composite curves. Definition of the minimum temperature difference; thermodynamic and economic implications. Graphical calculation of the pinch point. Analytical calculation of the pinch point. Representation of a heat exchanger network. Rules for the design of the heat exchanger network corresponding to the minimum energy needs. Application of the pinch analysis to production plants and energy conversion systems (10 h lesson + 5 h practice).

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula);
Exam: Written test;
... Exam: written test; group project; The final mark is composed by the written test for 24/30 and for 6/30 by the group project. The written test is composed by two parts: - two exercizes, one on exergy and thermoeconomic analysis and one on pinch analysis. This part aims at evaluating the ability of the student to apply the analysis techniques presented during lessons and practices in class. – some questions focused on the theoretical aspects and the analysis techniques presented during the course. This part aims at evaluating specific knowledge acquired during the course and not evaluable through numerical exercizes. The two exercizes have a value of about 9/24 each, while the questions overall contribute for 6/24 to the final mark. The written exam lasts 3 hours.

Teaching material provided by the teacher. Textbook: Verda, Guelpa. Metodi termodinamici per l’uso efficiente delle risorse energetiche. Esculapio.

Structural mechanicsThe Structural Mechanics module aims to provide students with the knowledge required to understand the failure behavior of structural components under both static and cyclic loading conditions. It also enables them to perform the main calculations involved in the structural design and verification of pressure vessels and related components, in accordance with the technical guidelines defined by applicable standards. By the end of the module, students are expected to be able to carry out preliminary design and verification of key components used in power plants.Thermal machines and structural mechanics (Thermal Machines)At the end of the course the student is expected to be able to perform a preliminary design a new powerplant and/or to critically analyze the performance and the key operating parameters of an existing one. Moreover, he should be able to identify the most suitable methodologies to regulate the power output of the plant and to select the most suitable technologies to either increase its efficiency or reduce its pollutant emissions.

Structural mechanicsThe module of Structural Mechanics aims at providing students with the fundamentals to understand, analyze, and critically assess the structural behavior of key components in power plants during service. The Structural Mechanics module covers the following topics: analytical models describing the mechanical behavior of structural materials, static failure mechanisms, and fatigue failure — including high-cycle fatigue, low-cycle fatigue, and thermomechanical fatigue — affecting both materials and components. Design and verification practices for pressure vessels will also be addressed, following both analytical methods and standards.Thermal machines and structural mechanics (Thermal Machines)This course aims at providing the students with the fundamentals necessary to understand and critically analyze the performance of the main topologies of powerplants. The course will also provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art technologies capable to improve the plant efficiency and to reduce its pollutant emissions. Finally particular attention will be devoted to the regulation strategies in order to assess the impact of the off-design operations on the efficiency of the plants.

Structural mechanicsThe Structural Mechanics module aims to provide an overview of the following topics: 3D stress and strain status. Stress vector and tensor. Principal stresses and principal directions. Stress status invariants. Hydrostatic and deviatoric stress status. Mohr circles for stress. Main loading conditions for beams. Deformation kinematics. Strain vector and tensor. Principal strains. Relation between stress and strain: Hooke’s law. Static resistance. Tensile test. Brittle and ductile materials. Failure criteria for brittle and ductile materials. Static safety factor against static failure. Effect of temperature on mechanical properties of metallic materials. Creep. Notch effect and stress intensity factor. Notch effect in static failure. Fatigue resistance. Phenomena related to fatigue and characteristic parameters. Whoeler (SN) diagrams: fatigue limit. SN material diagram estimation. Influence of mean stress: Haigh diagram. Influence of load, of dimensions, of surface finish and of notch. Component fatigue limit. Haigh diagram and SN component curves. Fatigue safety factor. Fatigue with variable amplitude stresses. Multiaxial fatigue. Cyclic and thermo-mechanic cyclic behavior: low-cycle fatigue, isothermal and thermomechanical. Parameters describing low cycle fatigue behavior and corresponding constitutive models. Parameters describing thermomechanical fatigue behavior and corresponding constitutive models. Damage models: classification, uniaxial models, multiaxial models. Residual life estimation. Case studies. Pressure vessels. Definition of the problem, differential equilibrium equation and its solution. Determination of stress status generated by internal and external pressure and by thermal gradient. Pipings. Axialsymmetric plates: axialsimmetric shells. Edge effect. Bolted joints, design and verification.Thermal machines and structural mechanics (Thermal Machines)Introduction Overview on the energy scenario & motivation for thermal machine analyses Steam Power Plants • Recap of fundamentals of the Rankine-Hirn Cycle • Analysis of real power plants and of the main technology trends • Environmental issues: overview plants pollutant emissions and on the aftertreatment technologies • Off-Design Operation. Gas Turbine Plants: • Recap of fundamentals of the Brayton Joule • From the ideal Cycle to the real one: analysis of the main sources of loss and of the most important operating parameters • Analysis of real power plants and of the main technology trends • Environmental issues: overview plants pollutant emissions and on the aftertreatment technologies • Off-Design Operation. Hydraulic Turbine Technologies* • Introduction: comparison among different methodologies to produce electricity from renewable sources • Key Features of main categories of Hydraulic turbines and their operating parameters • Definition of Turbine regulation and performance curves Wind Turbine Technologies • Introduction: comparison among different methodologies to produce electricity from renewable sources • Key Features of main categories of Wind turbines and their operating parameters • Definition of Turbine regulation and performance curves Internal Combustion Engines: • Introduction: comparison among different engine categories and configurations with a focus on powerplant applications • Efficiency analysis • Definition of internal combustion engine operating parameters and characteristic curves • Overview on the main technologies to improve the performance and the efficiency of the engine • Analyses of the engine pollutant emissions and of their aftertreatment technologies • Alternative fuels: biofuels and e-fuels *This topic could be skipped if already analyzed and discussed in …….

Structural mechanicsModalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria; Prova pratica di laboratorio; Elaborato scritto prodotto in gruppo; Thermal machines and structural mechanics (Thermal Machines)Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale facoltativa;
Structural mechanicsExam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam; Practical lab skills test; Group essay; Thermal machines and structural mechanics (Thermal Machines)Exam: Written test; Optional oral exam;
... Structural mechanicsThe exam consists of two parts: a written test (numerical exercises) and an oral test (theory). The written test lasts 1.5 hours and includes two exercises, one for each module of the course. The type and complexity of the exercises are similar to those covered during class tutorials. Consultation of notes or any external material is not permitted during the written test, except for a single A3 sheet prepared by the student, containing formulas. The oral test will be scheduled according to a calendar published within one day after the written exam. It consists of one question on theoretical topics. To be admitted to the oral test, the student must obtain a score of at least 18/30 in both written exercises. During the oral test, students are required to bring a printed report of the experimental lab activity on strain measurement in pressure vessels. This report will be discussed with the professor, and up to 2 bonus points may be awarded and added to the average score (written + oral) of the Structural Mechanics module. At the end of the oral test, a score will be assigned for each module, based on the results of both the written and oral tests. The exam is considered passed only if the student obtains a grade of at least 18/30 in both the written and the oral tests. The final grade is calculated as the average of the scores obtained in the two modules. The written test is intended to assess the ability to solve practical problems involving material properties, failure mechanisms, and load-bearing models, reflecting real-world applications. The oral test evaluates the student's ability to reason beyond standard exercises, particularly in handling analytical models describing the behavior of materials and structures under operating conditions. This includes both the understanding of model assumptions and their application to case studies.Thermal machines and structural mechanics (Thermal Machines)- Written test (duration: 1h 25 m): it is divided into two parts: o The first part is composed by 8 multiple-choice questions to be answered within 30 minutes. The questions are concerned with the theory topics, but a few of them will require the solution of short numerical problems. Each correct answer will score 2 points, each blank (not given) answer will bring 0 points, and each wrong answer will bring -0.5 points. Each question will have only one correct answer. The maximum score for the first part is 16/15. o The second part will require the solution of two exercises within 1 hours, in the form of essay questions. The maximum score is 15/15. In order to be admitted to the second part, it is necessary to get a score >= 8/16 from the first part o The exam is not passed if the score from the first written part is strictly lower than 8/15 OR the one from the second part is strictly lower than 9/15. o The final mark of the written test is given by the sum of the two parts. The maximum achievable mark of the written part is 26/30. In order to achieve higher marks, the student has to attend the oral exam. - Oral Test: the student will discuss with the commission about the main topics of the course, and he may be asked to provide some of the mathematical demonstrations shown during the lessons. With the oral test, the student may increase or decrease the mark achieved during the written part of the exam. All the students with a sufficient mark (>=18) may ask the commission to attend the oral test.

Structural mechanicsStudents are warmly invited to attend both theory lectures and tutorials to better understand the content of the slides shared by the professor on the web teaching portal. Suggested books are: • Shigley's mechanical engineering design, Richard G. Budynas, McGraw-Hill Education • A textbook of machine design, R.S. Khurmi J.K. Gupta, McGraw-Hill Education • F. Cesari, D. Martini, I recipienti in pressione, Pitagora Editrice Bologna, 2012.Thermal machines and structural mechanics (Thermal Machines)The student is suggested to attend lectures and exercises, to use the notes provided by the teacher for the preparation of the exam, since there is no single text dealings with all the topics covered in the course. Possible books to deepen single topics, when needed, for future professional activity, are the following: • M.J. Moran, H.N. Shapiro, “Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics�, 5th ed., John Wiley & Sons. • S.L. Dixon, C.A. Hall, “Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery�, 6th ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier. • S.A. Korpela, “Principles of Turbomachinery�, Wiley & Sons. • Heywook J., Internal Combustion Engine fundamentals

Capability to understand the structure of a traction electrical drive consisting of battery, power electronic converters and electrical machines. Ability to provide the right specifications for the components of an electrical powertrain, according to the vehicle specifications.

The course aims at providing to the students the fundamental concepts of: - batteries use in EVs (Electric Vehicles) from the point of the view of the stored energy user - interactions between batteries and chargers - electric energy conversion system for EVs

Commercial EV examples (structures and data). Batteries for EV trains, ships, RES, power system. Battery pack integration and user side parameters. Equivalent-Circuit models for batteries (behavioural black box model, lumped parameters model, continuum cell model). Electrical components and systems and wiring for electric powered mobility. Power electronics converters (power electronics devices, structures and topologies). Electric power train for EV applications. Battery chargers. Battery test. Safety rules and standards for cells and battery packs.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale facoltativa;
Exam: Written test; Optional oral exam;
... Written test with open-ended questions, multiple-choice questions, fast numerical computations using the Exam platform and proctoring tools. During the exam, the use of books, notes or equivalent materials is not allowed. The total duration of the written test is 1 h. Students have the possibility to integrate the written text with an oral examination.

BATTERY SYSTEMS ENGINEERING, Christopher D. Rahn and Chao-Yang Wang, John Wiley & Sons. Battery Management Systems, Volume I: Battery Modeling, Plett Gregory Thermal Management of Electric Vehicle Battery Systems, Ibrahim Hamut, Halil S. Javani, Nader Dincer, John Wiley & Sons. Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design, Ned Mohan , Tore M. Undeland, John Wiley & Sons Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications, Muhammad H. Rashid, Pearson Chris Mi, Hybrid Electric Vehicles, John Wiley & Sons Slides of the course and additional reading material will be supplied to the students.

At the end of this course, students are expected to acquire detailed knowledge about the design and operation of electricity, gas and heat networks. In addition the ability to simulate the various energy networks should be developed. In the case of thermal networks, the student is expected to learn how to solve the fluid dynamic behavior of three-shaped and loop networks considering a one-dimensional approach. In addition, the techniques for solving thermal behavior of the network and the related issues should be understood, together with the ability to apply to practical cases. For gas networks, the student will learn how to extend the momentum and energy equations to compressible fluids such as natural gas and how to model complex fuel mixtures that can be transported in gas pipelines. Indeed, innovation in natural gas industry is looking at the multi-injection of gas resources into the gas networks including fuels from LNG route, biofuels (i.e., biomethane) and hydrogen from power-to-gas. For electricity network the student will learn the structure and the role they play in energy systems with an outlook on the interchanges with other commodities. The mathematical modelling of the network in steady state along with the main operational requirements (frequency and voltage) are introduced. The emerging challenges (RES, storage, P2x) are introduces in the framework of the energy trilemma 8sustainability, security equity)

Energy networks constitute a crucial portion of the energy infrastructures. Pipelines are currently the main way to transport gas at an international level and distribute it within countries. The electricity grid, both at the transmission and distribution level, is crucial for the exploitation of renewable energy sources (RES) at the core of the energy transition. Thermal networks for district heating and cooling are also gaining attention due to the large availability of renewable or waste heat. In addition, all these networks allow an easier conversion of energy flows, from power to gas (or fuel in general) and to heat/cold, from gas to power etc. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that there is a huge interest in the scientific and industrial community to explore pathways for the mutual integration of energy networks towards flexible multi-energy carriers systems. This course is focused on the main energy networks and aims at providing the student with the ability to analyze and model electricity, gas and thermal networks. A technical description of these assets is provided together with a detailed information related with the modeling approaches. Current and future trends are described, also considering the interaction between the various networks. A relevant part of the course is dedicated to the development of a practical project related with the design and analysis of the energy networks.

Introduction to the main energy trades. Thermal networks: current situation worldwide and trends. Technical characteristics of thermal networks. The main components: heat sources, transport and distribution pipelines, thermal substations, pumping systems. Behavior of buildings. Thermal storage. From the first to the fourth generation district heating. Fluid dynamic calculation: from 3D to 1D. Fundamentals of graph theory. Solution of the fluid flow problem for a network. The SIMPLE algorithm and its implementation. Solution of the thermal problem. The upwind scheme. Numerical diffusion and possible algorithms to overcome this issue. Application to a network (work to be developed in groups). Analysis of real networks. Gas networks: technical description of gas networks from transmission to distribution level. Pipeline description, gas quality and interchangebility. Momentum and energy equation, adaptation for the modelling of gas pipelines and networks. Modelling of non-pipe elements (i.e. compressors, reduction station). Simulation of gas networks with multiple fuel injection: fluid-dynamic effects, gas quality effect, linepack management. Electricity networks: structure of electrical energy systems (generation, transmission, distribution and utilization). Definitions of adequacy and security. The operation of electricity network in normal state: power frequency regulation and voltage control. The steady state operation of electricity networks: power flow equations (AC and linearized DC, backward and forward sweep), solution techniques. Application of real systems with dedicated graphical SW. Electricity networks in energy transition: penetration of renewables and inertia problems, storage e multi commodity transformation of electricity. Multiscale electricity networks from global interconnections to smart grids. The impacts of networks in electricity markets.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Group project;
... The final mark is composed by the written test for 24/30 and for 6/30 by the group project. The written test is composed of questions (both open and multiple choice). This part aims at evaluating the specific knowledge of the student concerning the technical aspects related with energy networks as well as the ability of the student to apply the numerical modeling techniques. The group project is specifically designed in order to make the student familiar with the application of the modeling techniques. The specific contribution of students is assessed through proper questions in the written test which are tailored on each specific project. The exam structure is the same considering both the cases in which it is performed in the exam room or from remote.

Teaching material provided by the teachers

The aim of the Course is to meet the needs of students at graduate level, to acquire knowledge and training in nuclear fuel cycle, waste and decommissioning field. The course also aims to provide the necessary basic tools for those who will become professionals in the waste management field, and the safeguards implementation too. It is designed to provide both theoretical and practical training in the multidisciplinary scientific and/or technical bases of national and international recommendations and standards in such fields. At the end of the course the students should be able to address all the front-end and back-end technologies in the nuclear field: “outside the nuclear reactor, it is all my business�.

A European nuclear and energy engineer looking for a job in his/her actual field of specialization will probably find it in the area of nuclear fuel cycle, waste and decommissioning. In the EU, these topics gather most of the nuclear-related planned activities in the short and medium term. The process of fabricating fuel (front end of the fuel cycle) includes different steps from uranium ore exploration and mining to fabrication of fuel assemblies. While uranium mining activities are limited in the EU, abundant uranium resources are available worldwide. European companies rank among the world's major producers of nuclear fuel. Major investments have been made in the past in conversion and enrichment capabilities and fuel fabrication, and the focus in the coming years will be on modernising them in order to maintain EU technological leadership. The back-end of the fuel cycle will need increasing levels of attention: it is estimated that more than 50 of the 129 reactors currently in operation in the EU are to be shut down by 2025/2030. Based on the latest information provided by Member States, the largest 20 European nuclear operators estimated that nuclear decommissioning, radioactive waste management and disposal will be “the main question� until 2050 in the EU. This course is tailored to enable the student to get knowledge and skills in all the above topics. Aspects dealing with peculiar Italian nuclear legislation and situation will be dealt with. Aspects dealing with nuclear non-proliferation and safeguards – essential activity of the IAEA – will be examined too

• Front-end: nuclear mining, uranium enrichment and fuel fabrication. • Spent fuel management • Disused sealed radioactive sources • Fundamentals of radioactive waste disposal. Near surface disposal. Borehole disposal. Geological disposal • Preparation for decommissioning. Decommissioning implementation • Fundamentals of environmental remediation. Planning for environmental remediation • National and International legislation in the nuclear field • Safeguards and non-proliferation aspects • Almost natural: NORM and TENORM • Fuel cycle and waste management for fusion reactors.

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato scritto prodotto in gruppo; Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Group essay; Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... Exam: written test, followed, after test grading by the instructors, by an oral discussion of the test results and of CR The exam is aimed at checking the student's knowledge about the topics listed in the official program of the course and his ability to apply the theory and the relative methods to answer questions dealing with Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Waste and Decommissioning. The exam consists of a written test with three open-ended questions on the topics contained in the course program. It aims to verify the level of knowledge and understanding of the covered topics. In particular, it aims to verify the skills specified in the "Expected learning outcomes" part. Time to answer: 90 minutes. Each question gets a grade going from 0 to 10. Each part is considered "pass" when the grade is equal or higher to 5. Summing up the three grades (if they are “pass�) the provisional final evaluation (a grade from 18 to 30) is obtained, which will be completed with the evaluation of the Report CR (see Course Structure), to get the final grade. The CR report may be evaluated as follows (in brackets the effect on the provisional final evaluation): Insufficient (must be edited until sufficient), sufficient (+0), good (+1). The exam is considered "pass" when the final grade is equal or higher to 18/30. During the written exam, it is not allowed to keep and consult books and notebooks. The results of the written test are communicated on the portal, loading in the Materials section appropriate files with the grades), together with a date in which the students can participate to the oral discussion. The oral discussion deals with a collective review of the test results, followed by the possibility for each student of viewing his personal written elaborates, and ask questions, followed by a brief discussion of the CR report.

Lecture notes on each topic will be provided online by the instructors. The following texts are recommended: Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants, Research Reactors and Other Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities, Specific Safety Guide, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG-47 (available online). Cacuci, Dan Gabriel (Ed.), Handbook of Nuclear Engineering, Vol. 5: Fuel Cycles, Decommissioning, Waste Disposal and Safeguards, Wiley, 2010 (available online).

Il corso è mirato a fornire conoscenza sui principi fondamentali e le tecnologie alla base dei sistemi di gestione energetica intelligente e automazione negli edifici attraverso modellazione guidata dai dati. Lo studente apprenderà le principali strategie di gestione e automazione degli impianti tecnici e componenti tecnologici a servizio dell’edificio per l’ottimizzazione della prestazione energetica in esercizio e della qualità dell'ambiente interno. Al termine del corso lo studente sarà inoltre in grado di sviluppare e implementare tecniche di analisi e modelli energetici dell’edificio guidati dai dati di monitoraggio per le seguenti applicazioni: • Stima del risparmio energetico conseguente a processi di riqualificazione • Estrazione e caratterizzazione di profili di carico termico ed elettrico • Identificazione e diagnosi di guasti e anomalie energetiche • Sviluppo di modelli predittivi della domanda di energia.

L’ottimizzazione della gestione energetica degli edifici durante il loro esercizio sta diventando sempre di più importante per fare fronte alle sfide imposte dalla crescente penetrazione di fonti rinnovabili, dalla gestione dei sistemi multi-energia e dai requisiti di flessibilità energetica e qualità dell’ambiente interno richiesti. I sistemi avanzati di gestione energetica e informazione (Energy Management and Information Systems) rappresentano oggi una grande opportunità per ottimizzare la prestazione energetica degli edifici attraverso l’opportuna analisi di dati di monitoraggio di lungo periodo oggi disponibili grazie alla penetrazione delle tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione (ICT) e all’ IOT (Internet of Things). Su queste basi il corso approfondisce le metodologie e gli strumenti per il controllo e la gestione della prestazione energetica in esercizio degli impianti tecnici e dei sistemi tecnologici a servizio dell’edificio. Viene fornito un inquadramento teorico sulle caratteristiche di edifici intelligenti, con riferimento alle tecnologie dell’informazione e alle infrastrutture per il monitoraggio, alla gestione e al controllo dei sistemi energetici a servizio. Sono forniti gli elementi per la modellazione energetica dell’edificio attraverso tecniche di machine learning, analizzando i principali metodi supervisionati e non supervisionati di analisi dei dati. Il corso fornisce conoscenza sui sistemi di gestione intelligente e automazione negli edifici e del loro effetto sulla prestazione energetica e il comfort ambientale. Nelle lezioni saranno approfondite le principali strategie di controllo e automazione per l’ottimizzazione della prestazione energetica in esercizio degli edifici relativa a diversi servizi energetici (e.g., climatizzazione, illuminazione, ventilazione). Sono inoltre discusse le implicazioni che la gestione energetica e automazione negli edifici hanno sulle reti con riferimento alla possibilità di implementare strategie di demand response e incrementare la flessibilità energetica. Il corso prevede esercitazioni pratiche su basi di dati di monitoraggio reali di edifici finalizzate alla stima e alla verifica del risparmio energetico conseguente a processi di riqualificazione, all’estrazione di profili tipologici di carico termico ed elettrico, all’individuazione e alla diagnosi di anomalie e inefficienze energetiche, e allo sviluppo di modelli predittivi della domanda di energia.

• Definizione e caratteristiche di edifici intelligenti con particolare riferimento all’evoluzione delle tecnologie dell’informazione e alle infrastrutture per il monitoraggio, alla gestione e al controllo dei sistemi energetici e componenti tecnologici a servizio dell'edificio. Analisi dei sistemi di automazione e gestione energetica (BACS, BEMS), dell’integrazione di sistemi di gestione energetica e di informazione (Energy Management and Information Systems) e di tecnologie di monitoraggio di lungo periodo (smart meters). Caratterizzazione e classificazione della tipologia di dati misurati attraverso processi di monitoraggio negli edifici. Inquadramento normativo ( ISO 52120-1) e discussione di programmi internazionali (7,5 ore lezione). • Fondamenti di modellazione energetica dell’edificio attraverso tecniche di machine learning: apprendimento automatico supervisionato e non supervisionato (6 ore lezione). • Valutazione delle prestazioni energetiche degli edifici in esercizio attraverso sistemi di gestione informativi. Caratterizzazione e identificazione di profili di carico elettrici e termici a diverse scale spaziali. Sviluppo di processi di benchmark avanzati sia interno che esterno. Processi di valutazione del risparmio energetico ottenuto a valle di interventi di riqualificazione per mezzo di tecniche statistiche o di intelligenza artificiale. Processi di previsione della domanda energetica degli edifici. Caratterizzazione del comportamento degli occupanti sulla prestazione energetica degli edifici. Analisi e sviluppo di energy dashboard (12 ore lezione + 16 ore di esercitazioni in aula). • Verifica della prestazione in esercizio dei sistemi impiantistici e della domanda di energia per diversi usi finali attraverso l’identificazione automatica e la diagnosi di anomalie energetiche (3 ore lezione + 4 ore di esercitazioni in aula). • Fondamenti di controllo e regolazione dei sistemi impiantistici nell’edificio sia di tipo reattivo (e.g., PID, RBC) che di tipo predittivo ed adattativo (e.g., Model Predictive Control). Strategie di controllo e automazione per l’ottimizzazione della prestazione energetica in esercizio degli edifici relativa a diversi servizi energetici (e.g., climatizzazione, illuminazione, ventilazione). Analisi dell’impatto dell’automazione sulle prestazioni energetiche degli edifici (9 ore lezione). • Cenni su applicazioni di gestione della domanda e flessibilità energetica negli edifici (2,5 ore lezione).

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria;
Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam;
... Modalità d’esame: prova scritta, progetto discusso oralmente. L’esame è strutturato in due parti: • Prova scritta con durata di 1 ora e mezza. Tale prova include 4 domande in forma aperta riguardo tutti gli aspetti teorici trattati durante il corso. Il punteggio massimo per questa parte è di 12 punti. Il voto minino per accedere alla seconda parte è pari a 6 punti. Durante lo svolgimento di questa prova non è consentito l'utilizzo di materiale didattico e/o appunti. Le domande sono finalizzate ad accertare le competenze relative ai principi fondamentali dei sistemi di gestione intelligente e automazione del sistema edificio-impianto e all’analisi del loro effetto sulla prestazione energetica e la qualità dell’ambiente interno. • Discussione di un progetto sull'applicazione di tecniche di analisi dati nell'ambito delle tematiche trattate durante le esercitazioni. Il progetto è discusso con una sessione orale della durata di circa 30 minuti. Il punteggio massimo per questa parte è di 20 punti. La discussione orale ha lo scopo di valutare il raggiungimento dei seguenti obiettivi dal punto di vista teorico e pratico: • Stima del risparmio energetico a valle di interventi di riqualificazione. • Analisi di benchmarking energetico applicato a un portafoglio di edifici. • Identificazione di profili di carico termico ed elettrico. • Previsione con orizzonte temporale a breve termine della domanda energetica. • Identificazione di anomalie energetiche in serie storiche di consumo. Il voto finale è calcolato come somma delle due parti. Per superare l’esame è necessario ottenere una valutazione superiore o uguale a 18. La lode viene assegnata se si raggiunge un punteggio finale almeno pari a 31.

Le presentazioni utilizzate durante le lezioni saranno messe a disposizione degli allievi e costituiranno le dispense di riferimento per l'insegnamento. Sono inoltre forniti riferimenti sulla letteratura tecnica e normativa per approfondimenti. Referenze suggerite per approfondimenti: • Sinopoli, James. Advanced technology for smart buildings. Artech House, 2016. • Handbook, A. S. H. R. A. E. "Fundamentals", 2017. • Handbook, A. S. H. R. A. E. "HVAC applications." , 2019. • Harris, Douglas. A guide to energy management in buildings. Taylor & Francis, 2016.Harris, Douglas. A guide to energy management in buildings. Taylor & Francis, 2016. • Krarti, Moncef. Energy audit of building systems: an engineering approach. CRC press, 2016. • Montgomery, Ross, and Robert McDowall. Fundamentals of HVAC control systems. Elsevier, 2008. • Wang, Shengwei. Intelligent buildings and building automation. Routledge, 2009. • Capozzoli A., Piscitelli M. S., Brandi S., Grassi D., Chicco G. (2018), Automated load pattern learning and anomaly detection for enhancing energy management in smart buildings, Energy, Vol. 157, pp. 336-352, Elsevier, ISSN: 0360-5442 , DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.127 • Capozzoli A., Cerquitelli T., Piscitelli M.S. (2016), Enhancing energy efficiency in buildings through innovative data analytics technologies, In: Pervasive Computing Next Generation Platforms for Intelligent Data Collection (editors: Dobre C. , Xhafa F.), Chapter 11, pp. 353-389, Elsevier, ISBN: 978-0-12-803663-1, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-803663-1.00011-5 •ISO 52120-1:2021, Energy performance of buildings — Contribution of building automation, controls and building management — Part 1: General framework and procedures

Capacità di svolgere analisi di consumi energetici nel settore industriale. Capacità di effettuare valutazioni tecnico-economiche delle condizioni di fornitura di servizi e vettori energetici. Sviluppo o analisi di proposte preliminari di cogenerazione e di risparmio energetico.

Nel quadro dell’indirizzo Uso Razionale dell’Energia e Progettazione Termotecnica della Laurea Specialistica in Ingegneria Energetica e Nucleare, il corso affronta il tema degli usi e delle trasformazioni dell’energia nel settore industriale. Nella prima parte del corso si descrivono l’attuale regolamentazione del settore energetico italiano, i meccanismi per l’incentivazione del risparmio energetico e delle fonti rinnovabili e le condizioni di approvvigionamento di energia sul mercato libero. Parallelamente si affronta il tema dell’efficienza energetica nei sistemi industriali, con particolare riferimento al dimensionamento e alla regolazione delle macchine e alla produzione e distribuzione dei vettori energetici. Si trattano le applicazioni industriali della cogenerazione, esaminando le principali macchine e configurazioni di impianto. Vengono forniti gli elementi teorici e pratici necessari per affrontare i problemi connessi con le misure sperimentali, il rilievo e la verifica delle prestazioni di macchine, impianti, e dei loro componenti in generale.

Lezioni Introduzione - Generalità sui sistemi e le trasformazioni energetiche in ambito industriale - Panoramica sui consumi energetici dei vari settori industriali nazionali (estrattivo, agroalimentare, cartario e grafico, tessile, petrolchimico, chimico, metallurgico, meccanico, costruzioni, altre industrie manifatturiere) Monitoraggio e manutenzione dei sistemi energetici - Metodi e strumenti di misura. - Metodi di analisi dei dati rilevati sperimentalmente - Modalità di collaudo e manutenzione degli impianti - Metodi per il controllo e il monitoraggio a fini manutentivi - Esempi di piani di manutenzione e gestione degli interventi manutentivi Mercato dell’energia - Liberalizzazione del settore elettrico e del gas naturale; organizzazione dei mercati (operatori, unbundling, regolazione); modalità di acquisto (clienti idonei, contrattazione bilaterale, borsa elettrica) - Promozione del risparmio energetico e delle fonti rinnovabili (Titoli di efficienza energetica, Certificati verdi) - Tariffe energetiche (componenti tariffarie, principali tariffe di fornitura in ambito industriale, condizioni di acquisto sul mercato libero) Efficienza dei sistemi energetici industriali - Cabine elettriche: ottimizzazione del dimensionamento dei trasformatori - Motori elettrici ad alta efficienza - Pompe: richiami e regolazione - Compressori: richiami e regolazione - Centrali termiche: efficienza ed emissioni delle caldaie - Scambiatori di calore, condensatori, torri evaporative - Reti di fluidi: analisi economica delle dispersioni di calore e delle fughe - Gruppi frigoriferi a compressione e assorbimento, pompe di calore Cogenerazione nell’industria - Generalità sulla cogenerazione, criteri di dimensionamento - Impianti a vapore e regolazione - Impianti turbogas, rigenerazione, microturbine - Motori alternativi Interventi di efficienza energetica nell’industria - Audit energetici, analisi degli investimenti - Presentazione di casi studio Esercitazioni Mercato dell’energia - Forniture energetiche Efficienza dei sistemi energetici industriali - Trasformatori: dimensionamento - Caldaie: rendimento e emissioni - Applicazioni degli impianti di refrigerazione e delle pompe di calore - Regolazione di pompe Cogenerazione nell’industria - Analisi energetica ed economica di impianti di cogenerazione/trigenerazione - Regolazione di impianti a vapore e turbogas - Caratteristica meccanica e di regolazione dei motori alternativi

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula);
Exam: Written test;
... L’esame è scritto e comprende solitamente 4 domande di teoria e 1 esercizio ed il peso nella determinazione del voto di ogni domanda/esercizio è di circa il 20% ciascuno. Le domande di teoria sono volte a verificare le capacità acquisite nella valutazione dei consumi energetici aziendali e delle metodologie volte al miglioramento dell’efficienza nel settore industriale. L’esercizio permette invece la verifica delle capacità acquisite dall’allievo nella valutazione tecnico-economica di impianti di cogenerazione e di risparmio energetico. La durata dell’esame è di 2 ore e non sarà possibile consultare testi o appunti durante l’esame. Durante il corso gli studenti dovranno inoltre svolgere due tesine sulle tematiche affrontate; tali tesine concorreranno fino ad 1 punto in più sul voto finale dell’esame.

Bibliografia Testi di consultazione ed approfondimento Petrecca, Industrial Energy Management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993 Andreini, Pierini, La conduzione dei generatori di vapore, Milano, Hoepli, 2000 Anglesio, Elementi di impianti termotecnici, Bologna, Pitagora, 1997 Chiesa, Dall'O' , Gestione delle risorse energetiche del territorio, Milano, Masson, 1997 Cornetti, Macchine Termiche, Torino, Il capitello, 2003 Gas turbine world Handbook 2004, Pequot Publishing, 2004 Lozza, Turbine a gas e cicli combinati, Milano, Progetto Leonardo - Esculapio, 1997 Stultz, Kitto, Steam 40th. Its generation and use, Babcock & Wilcox, 1992 Wegner, Raimondi, Il servizio di produzione calore ed energia, Milano, Franco Angeli, 1987 Holman - Experimental Methods for Engineers - Ed. McGraw Hill. Minelli - Misure Meccaniche - Ed. Pà tron, Bologna. Beekwith, Buck - Mechanical Measurements - Ed. Addison-Wesley, Londra. Benedict - Fundamentals of Pressure, Temperature and Flow Measurements - Ed. Wiley & Sons. Doebelin - Measurement Systems - Ed. McGraw Hill. Sirohi, Rada Krishna - Mechanical Measurements - Ed. Wiley & Sons. Worthing, Geffner - Elaborazione dei dati sperimentali - Ed Ambrosiana, Milano. Automotive Handbook - Bosch GmbH. Test Methods for Rating Motor, Diesel, Aviation Fuels - Annual ASTM Standards. Documentazione presente su siti internet Autorità per l’energia elettrica e il gas, www.autorita.energia.it Gestore della Rete di Trasmissione Nazionale, www.gse.it Gestore del Mercato Elettrico, www.mercatoelettrico.org Federazione Italiana per l’Uso Razionale dell’Energia, www.fire-italia.it

Industrial chemistry and process simulationAims of the course are the development of abilities in the chemical process evaluation for industrial production, the application of theoretical principles to control the conversion of a raw material into a chemical product, the identification of the process parameters playing a critical role on the transformation and the gathering of factors critical for the product cost reduction. Moreover, the course is planned to develop the student expertise on models handling, for single equipment or whole plant process representation, with the task of verification of the process performances, parameters optimization and simulation result presentation. At the end of the course, it is expected that the student has knowledge on: - industrial cycles for transformation of petroleum into chemicals, - critical parameters that control the chemical transformations on a large scale, - the problems related to chemical processes modelling, - the characteristics of a professional process simulator, - how to present in an effective form the results obtained using a process simulator; It is expected that he/she has the following capacities: - evaluate the suitability of a hydrocarbons transformation process on industrial scale, - develop useful models for process simulation, - identify suitable thermodynamic methods for the description of the single steps of a chemical process, - employ a process simulator to design equipment and processes, - analyze the results obtained through process simulation; It is expected that he/she is able: - to identify a suitable industrial process for the production of a specified chemical product, - to change the process conditions to reach the specification target about the product, - to present in a suitable way the results obtained through process simulation.

Industrial chemistry and process simulationThe lectures give an up-to-date and essential knowledge of the chemical industrial processes used to transform the petroleum into chemicals and final products, for chemical industry and manufacturing, respectively. Chemical, technological and economical issues are investigated. The necessary knowledge for the use of a professional software to simulate chemical processes is developed, and single equipments, as well as whole processes, are designed, with particular emphasis on crude oil transformation.

Industrial chemistry and process simulationPetroleum, a raw material. Economic and historical aspects of the industrial exploitation of hydrocarbon mixtures. Industrial products from petrochemistry. Technological evaluation of hydrocarbon mixtures. Crude oil distillation. Fractions composition. Distillation curves. Technological properties and their graphical representation. Refining processes. Hydrocarbon fractions for energy and petrochemistry. Refining processes of gaseous mixtures by absorption and adsorption. Hydrotreating of liquid fractions. Conversion of liquid and gaseous fraction. Catalysts for hydrocarbon interconversion. Catalytic cracking, alkylation, isomerisation, isomerisation, oligomerization and catalytic reforming. Petroleum fractions. Product specifications. Blending. Additives. Environmental pollution by hydrocarbons. Ecological and safety criteria in the hydrocarbon mixture handling. Flammability. Production of light olefins. Ethylene. Olefins and diolefins from steam cracking. Reaction schemes. Unsaturated product separation and purification. Butadiene and isoprene from chemicals. Production of aromatics. Sources of aromatic hydrocarbons. Separation of BTX mixtures. Processes for separation and purification of aromatic C8 isomers. Alkylaromatics conversion. Aromatic derivatives. Chemicals. Monomers. Solvents. Light olefins derivatives through oxosynthesis, selective oxidation, hydration and halogenations. Process development through process simulation. Importance of the mathematical models in for process description and analysis. Problems and drawbacks in the process simulation practice. Criteria for simplified models selection. Selection of thermodynamic methods. Methods for the presentation of the simulation results. Design of basic equipments for chemical processes. Design and optimization of heat exchangers, absorption or adsorption columns, distillation units, liquid-liquid contactors and chemical reactors through a professional process simulator. Design of industrial processes. Design and optimization of industrial processes with energy integration and internal recycling. Applications to petrochemical processes for polymer production.

Industrial chemistry and process simulationModalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Industrial chemistry and process simulationExam: Compulsory oral exam; Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... Industrial chemistry and process simulationThe students are requested to solve some simple exercises requiring to use the process simulator and to answer to questions about theoretical issues, chemical processes description and simple calculations. The duration of the exam is approximately 2 hours. The use of any kind of didactic material is not allowed during the exam.

Industrial chemistry and process simulationTexts and exercises will be available on the web student site. To deepen the subjects of the course: P. J. Chenier, Survey of Industrial Chemistry, Plenum Publisher, 2002 C. Giavarini, Processi di raffinazione e petrolchimici, Siderea, Roma, 1999.

Internships are offered to students as the first real chance to gain experience in the world of work. An internship gives you the opportunity to put into practice what you have learned during your studies and it will help you decide about your future professional career. Politecnico di Torino promotes internships and guarantees insurance coverage both for civil liability and occupational injuries. Before starting an internship, you need to include it in your Personal Study Plan/Annual Personal Study Plan in the academic year in which you would like to do your internship. The internship is part of a training project agreed among you, your academic tutor and your company tutor. The internship is worth 6 CFU and corresponds to a workload of 150 hours.

Modalita di esame: Accertamento (esame senza voto);
Exam: Check;

Il settore energetico sta attraversando dei cambiamenti epocali che riguardano, in maniera trasversale, le modalità di approvvigionamento, trasporto, distribuzione, accumulo e utilizzo di energia. La transizione energetica è pertanto una sfida multi-dimensionale che include la dimensione tecnologica, la dimensione ambientale e quella socio-economica. La transizione energetica è però anche una sfida multi-attoriale che vede la collaborazione attiva tra istituzioni pubbliche e soggetti privati. In questo contesto, il ruolo dei tirocini per la formazione dei nuovi ingegneri che si occuperanno di temi energetici è fondamentale. Il tirocinio ha pertanto l’obiettivo di affiancare al tema delle competenze, acquisite durante il corso di studi, anche il tema della capacità sviluppando esperienze applicative, analitiche, valutative e creative in ambito energetico. I tirocini coinvolgeranno istituzioni pubbliche, centri di ricerca e aziende private contribuendo quindi ad accrescere le capacità dei tirocinanti sia su temi di natura progettuale, che di ricerca, che di aspetti trasversali riguardanti gli aspetti socio-economici dell’energia.

The final thesis represents an important step of the master's degree course and consists of a manuscript that must be prepared in an original way by the student under the guidance of a university supervisor and any internal or external co-supervisors. The student is requested to develop properly detailed study of a technical or theoretical topic. The study should be conducted independently and should critically examine the available documentation, elaborate the problem and propose adequate engineering solutions. The work can be carried out at the departments and laboratories of the University, at other Italian or foreign universities, at external research laboratories and at industries and professional studies with which collaborative relationships are established. The graduating student must demonstrate the ability to operate independently, to have acquired proper knowledge of the topics and the capability in communicating effectively the contents and in supporting a public discussion. The thesis can be also written and presented in English. The commitment to the preparation of the final thesis is about 400 hours, which corresponds to 16 credits. The presentation and discussion of the work takes place in front of a specific committee, which includes both the supervisor(s) and the opponent, who is a professor of the committee who is asked for a particularly in-depth critical analysis of the thesis.

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam;
... The final mark is determined by the committee. The overall average marks obtained in the exams passed during the entire master career, on a 110 basis, are considered as the starting point for grading. As a rule, the committee can add up to a maximum of 8 points taking into consideration: • evaluation of the work done for the thesis (commitment, autonomy, methodological rigor, relevance of the results achieved, etc.); • presentation of the thesis (clarity of exposition, etc.); • excellence of the study path (for example, the number of honors received, experiences in foreign universities and research centers, any extracurricular or student planning activities etc.). Honors can be awarded, upon reaching the score 110, at the discretion of the committee and by qualified majority, or at least 2/3 of the members of the committee. If the thesis has the necessary characteristics, dignity of the press can be granted only if the final mark is one hundred and ten with honors and the opinion of the commission is unanimous.

Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis (Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis A)At the end of the course the student should: - know the fundaments of probability and statistiscs and of the Monte Carlo method; - be able to apply the Monte Carlo method for the solution of problems, by correctly identifying the statistical phenomena involved, carry our the random sampling and perform the corresponding statistical analysis to evaluate averages and uncertainties - apply the Monte Carlo approach to problems involving statistical phenomena in different fields of application, including risk analysis - be able to provide the structure of the risk analysis in the industrial field, identifiying relevant hazards, defining the expected accidental sequences, estimating their probability, and assessing, by simplified tools, the related consequences. - be able to suggest prevention and mitigation measures to reach an acceptable risk level.Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis (Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis B)At the end of the course (part B) the student should: - be able to provide the structure of the risk analysis in the industrial field, identifiying relevant hazards, defining the expected accidental sequences, estimating their probability, and assessing, by simplified tools, the related consequences. - be able to suggest prevention and mitigation measures to reach an acceptable risk level.

Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis (Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis A)The course is divided in two parts. In the first part (A), concerning statistical methods and Monte Carlo techniques, the fundamentals of probability and statistics are given, the Monte Carlo method is introduced and its possible applications to various technical fields are illustrated. The objective of this part of the course is to give the students the required knowledge to solve a technical problem with a statistical approach. In the second part of the course (B), focused on risk analysis, the methodologies adopted for the improvement workers' safety and prevent/mitigate the risks associated to major accidents are presented in relations to different technological applications. Deterministic and statistical techniques adopted for risk analysis are presented and some specific information and procedures for the evaluation and management of major hazards in process plants are given (Seveso Directive). For both parts, lectures are complemented with exercise sessions where specific problems are analysed and worked out as applications of the theoretical presentations. For part (B), the students are required to carry out independent activities on the subjects of the course and to present a written report on the work done.Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis (Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis B)The course is divided in two parts. In the first part, concerning statistical methods and Monte Carlo techniques, the fundamentals of probability and statistics are given, the Monte Carlo method is introduced and its possible applications to various technical fields are illustrated. In the second part of the course (B), focused on risk analysis, the methodologies adopted for the improvement workers' safety and prevent/mitigate the risks associated to major accidents are presented in relations to different technological applications. Deterministic and statistical techniques adopted for risk analysis are presented and some specific information and procedures for the evaluation and management of major hazards in process plants are given (Seveso Directive). Lectures are complemented with exercise sessions where specific problems are analysed and worked out as applications of the theoretical presentations. The students are required to carry out independent activities on the subjects of the course and to present a written report on the work done.

Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis (Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis A)PART A - MONTE CARLO METHODS -1- Probability and statistics a. Concept of probability and its properties b. Probability density functions, expected value and variance c. Simulation of random event - sample average d. Tchebycheff inequality and Central Limit Theorem e. Statistical laws of interest for applications in the energy engineering field f. Properties of correlated statistical quantities -2- The Monte Carlo method a. Origin ad motivations b. sampling methodologies c. simulation of discrete and continuous random walks c. Applications of the Monte Carlo method to engineering problems: radiative heat transfer, evaluation of energy plants performance, evaluation of integrals, ... PART B - SAFETY AND RISK ANALYSIS -1- The Risk concept: definition, assessment and tolerability -2- Methodologies for the safety assessment: a. Hazard identification b. Methodologies for the reliability assessment of complex systems, c. Methodologies for the study of accidental sequences, d. Risk Assessment, -3- Major hazards: a. EU and Italian legislation, b. Description of accidental phenomena by simple methods (loss of containment, fires, explosions, gas dispersion), c. Vulnerability analysis, d. Emergency planning.Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis (Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis B)PART B - SAFETY AND RISK ANALYSIS -1- The Risk concept: definition, assessment and tolerability -2- Methodologies for the safety assessment: a. Hazard identification b. Methodologies for the reliability assessment of complex systems, c. Methodologies for the study of accidental sequences, d. Risk Assessment, -3- Major hazards: a. EU and Italian legislation, b. Description of accidental phenomena by simple methods (loss of containment, fires, explosions, gas dispersion), c. Vulnerability analysis, d. Emergency planning.

Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis (Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis A)Modalita di esame: Test informatizzato in laboratorio; Prova scritta (in aula); Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis (Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis B)Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria;
Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis (Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis A)Exam: Computer lab-based test; Written test; Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis (Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis B)Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam;
... Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis (Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis A)PART A – MONTE CARLO METHODS The exam is at the computer (in PoliTO LAIB). The students are requested to solve some exercises, ranging from basic statistics to applications of the Monte Carlo method to simplified problems (duration: 2 hours). The grade obtained by the exercise part can be modified (max +4 points, min -2 points, not compulsory) by answering to two theoretical questions provided at the end of the exercise part (duration: 30 minutes). Students are not allowed to bring any material (books, notes, ...) to the final exam. FINAL MARK The final mark of the exam is evaluated as the average of the marks obtained in the two parts of the exam, i.e. Monte Carlo Methods (part A) and Safety and Risk Analysis (part B), rounded to the upper integer.Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis (Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis B)PART B - SAFETY AND RISK ANALYSIS The final exam is organised as a written text that is mandatory. In the written text students have to develop some exercises in order to demonstrate their ability in applying theory and solve practical problems related to safety and risk assessment. The maximum grade that can be obtained in the written test is 27/30. Student can ask, at the beginning of the course, to enroll for the Project Work, a practical application of Risk Analysis to a portion of a real plant. The Project Work must be made in team working with other 2 or 3 students. Project work will be discussed by an oral exam, planned when the written test has been already passed. The oral discussion of the Project Work can add maximum 4/30 marks. FINAL MARK The final mark of the exam is evaluated as the average of the marks obtained in the two parts of the exam, i.e. Monte Carlo Methods (part A) and Safety and Risk Analysis (part B), rounded to the upper integer.

Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis (Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis A)PART A – MONTE CARLO METHODS - G. Vicario and R. Levi, Statistica e probabilità per ingegneri, Progetto Leonardo, Bologna, 2001 - S. M. Ross, Introduction to probability and statistics for engineers and scientists, Wiley, New York, 1987 - Lux and L. Koblinger, Monte Carlo particle transport methods : neutron and photon calculations, CRC, Boca Raton, 1991. - Lecture notes provided by the professor Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis (Monte Carlo methods, safety and risk analysis B)PART B - SAFETY AND RISK ANALYSIS The professor provides a booklet and the set of slides used in class during lectures

Applications of fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics and electrochemistry to energy systems. Understanding and design of complex energy systems based on thermo-chemical and electro-chemical processes and technologies. Understanding and design of power-to-X processes. Understanding and design of technologies and processes for H2 . Understanding and design of technologies and processes for CO2 recovery and re-utilization. Understanding and design of poly-generation systems.

The description, modelling, analysis of advanced energy systems based on the integration of power, thermo-chemical and electro-chemical processes for poly-generation purposes. Starting from the fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics and electrochemistry applied to energy systems, the course develops topics related to electrochemical systems (fuel cells, electrolyzers, flow batteries), thermo-chemical systems (gasification, production of biogas, chemical looping systems), concepts of chemical storage for the production of synthetic fuels (CO2 recovery, power-to-gas, power-to-liquid, in general power-to-X processes) and complete this with the analysis of some examples of complex poly-generation systems. Some activities at the lab level (mainly on electrochemical and thermochemical systems applied to energy) will be developed along the course. A group work, making use of a commercial software (ASPEN+) is also mandatory.

FUNDAMENTALS • Fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics • Fundamentals of electro-chemical processes and devices ELECTRO-CHEMICAL SYSTEMS • PEMFC: Description of the PEMFC and of its operation, Electrochemical model of the PEMFC (polarization curve), Useful expressions for design and operation of the PEMFC, Stack PEMFC: description and analysis of operation in cogenerative configuration • SOFC: Description of the SOFC and of its operation, Electrochemical model of the SOFC (polarization curve), Chemical model of the SOFC (internal reforming) • Electrolyzers: alkaline, acid, solid oxide, proton conducting ceramics • Flow batteries: vanadium-based, Li-air batteries, SOFC redox batteries THERMO-CHEMICAL SYSTEMS • Pyrolysis • Gasification • Supercritical water gasification • Biogas • Principles of chemical looping (example: syngas production, fuel decarbonization) HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES • Physical and chemical properties of H2 • Reforming of hydrocarbons • Production from renewables • Storage of hydrogen (liquid, metal hydride) CHEMICAL STORAGE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC FUELS • RES-storage and synthetic fuels • Processes for CO2 recovery • CCS processes • CCU processes • Principles of power-to-X technologies and processes • Principles of power-to-gas (P2G) processes • Production of synthetic methane • Principles of power-to-liquid (P2L) processes • Production of synthetic Methanol, DME, diesel EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX POLY-GENERATION SYSTEMS • WWTU plant with MCFC CHP system and hydrogen recovery • WWTU plant with SOFC system and CO2 recovery and carbon fixation in algae • IGCC integrated with SOFC systems and CCS

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale facoltativa; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Optional oral exam; Group project;
... Written test; Optional oral exam; Group project; The final exam starts with a WRITTEN PART of 2 hours, composed by 1 long calculation exercise (10 points) 1 short calculation exercise (4 points) 1 long theoretical question (8 points) 1 short theoretical question (4 points) 1 question on the LAB SOFC (2 points) 1 question on the LAB microbial fuel cells (2 points) for a total of 30 points. No notes and other support material can be used by the students. The minimum grade of the WRITTEN Part (to pass the exam or to do the optional oral) is 18/30. The maximum grade of the WRITTEN Part is 30/30. The next ORAL PART has the following rules: • MANDATORY SECTION: evaluation of the project (home assignment): grades 0-3 points, added to the grade of the Written Part • OPTIONAL SECTION: oral exam on all the topics of the course: the grade of the Written Part will be modified according to the result of the Oral Part, with a range in the order of -3 (decrease) ÷ +3 (increase) points.

Mostly supplied by the teachers. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS: 1. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, Adrian Bejan, Editore: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 3 ed. (August 18, 2006) 2. Thermodynamics: Foundations and Applications, Elias P. Gyftopoulos and Gian Paolo Beretta, Editor: Macmillan Publishing Company ELECTROCHEMISTRY: 1. Electrochemical Engineering Principles, Geoffrey Prentice, Editor: Prentice-Hall International FUEL CELLS: 1. Fuel Cells Systems Explained, James Larminie and Andrew Dicks, Editor: John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2. High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Desig and Applications, Subash Singhal and Kevin Kendall, Editor: Elsevier Ltd 3. Advanced Methods of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Modeling, Jaroslaw Milewski, Konrad Swirski, Massimo Santarelli, Pierluigi Leone, Editor: Springer

Al termine del semestre gli studenti avranno acquisito le conoscenze e le abilità necessarie per: - conoscere i dati di progetto degli impianti di climatizzazione, i metodi di calcolo dei carichi termici (con i riferimenti normativi applicabili), le caratteristiche costruttive e prestazionali dei principali componenti e sistemi impiantistici utilizzati nella climatizzazione, i principi della sicurezza, affidabilità , efficienza energetica e impatto ambientale sottesi alla gestione degli impianti; - identificare le tipologie d’impianto idonee per le varie applicazioni e definirne le logiche di funzionamento e regolazione; - dimensionare o scegliere a catalogo i principali componenti e sottosistemi dell’impianto; - documentare il progetto attraverso relazioni di calcolo ed elaborati grafici (piante, sezioni, schemi funzionali, ecc.).

Insegnamento dell’orientamento "Progettazione e gestione di impianti energetici", che si propone di fornire i principi e le tecniche necessari per sviluppare il progetto degli impianti di climatizzazione a servizio di edifici a destinazione d’uso residenziale, terziaria e industriale e dei relativi componenti. L’insegnamento ha taglio fortemente applicativo e prevede un’esercitazione progettuale avente come oggetto l’impianto di climatizzazione di un edificio del terziario.

A) LEZIONI (tot. 39 h) - Struttura degli impianti di climatizzazione. Figure coinvolte nel progetto, realizzazione e gestione degli impianti. Dati di progetto e richiami sul calcolo del carico termico (3 h) - Tipologie di impianti di climatizzazione: caratteristiche costruttive e funzionali, campi di applicazione, criteri di dimensionamento. Unità per il trattamento termoigromatrico e la filtrazione dell'aria, ricuperatori di calore (9 h) - Distribuzione dell'aria in ambiente e reti aerauliche. Criteri di progetto, dimensionamento e bilanciamento. Caratteristiche costruttive e funzionali. Scelta del ventilatore. Criteri di regolazione (6 h) - Impianti ad acqua. Caratteristiche e dimensionamento dei terminali. Reti di distribuzione dell'acqua calda e refrigerata. Criteri di progetto, dimensionamento e bilanciamento. Caratteristiche costruttive e funzionali. Scelta della pompa. Criteri di regolazione. Aspetti di sicurezza per gli apparecchi in pressione e per il rischio di incendio (6 h) - Generatori di calore a combustione. Refrigeratori d'acqua e pompe di calore. Sistemi a fonti rinnovabili. Schemi funzionali di impianto (6 h) - Regolazione e supervisione degli impianti. Monitoraggio delle prestazioni energetiche (9 h) B) SEMINARI E VISITE DI ISTRUZIONE (tot. 12 h) - Sono previsti seminari di approfondimento con l'intervento di professionisti di settore e visite a realizzazioni impiantistiche significative C) ESERCITAZIONI DI CALCOLO (tot. 15 h) - Trattamento termoigrometrico dell'aria e dimensionamento UTA (6 h) - Progetto e dimensionamento terminali e reti distribuzione aria (3 h) - Progetto e dimensionamento terminali e reti distribuzione acqua (3 h) - Scelta e analisi sistemi di produzione dell'acqua calda e refrigerata (3 h) D) ESERCITAZIONI DI PROGETTO (tot. 15 h) - Presentazione dell'esercitazione di progetto alla settimana n. 1 (3 h) - Verifica avanzamento del progetto alla settimana n. 6 (3 h) - Verifica avanzamento del progetto alla settimana n. 10 (3 h) - Verifica avanzamento del progetto alla settimana n. 13 (3 h) - Verifica finale del progetto alla settimana n. 14 (3 h) E) TUTORAGGIO (tot. 20 H) - Assistenza alla redazione degli elaborati grafici di progetto (12 h) - Assistenza alla verifica del progetto (8 h)

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato grafico prodotto in gruppo; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam; Group graphic design project; Group project;
... Nel caso di sessione d'esame in presenza, l’esame finale consiste in una prova scritta, della durata di 2 h e con libera consultazione del materiale, in cui è richiesta la soluzione di un esercizio numerico e lo sviluppo del commento a uno schema impiantistico, e in una presentazione orale di gruppo sull’esercitazione progettuale. Nel caso di sessione d'esame in remoto, la prova scritta sarà svolta su carta con videosorveglianza tramite Virtual Classroom del Portale della Didattica. Per l'esercitazione di progetto, sarà chiesto agli studenti di inviare alla commissione gli elaborati per la valutazione, a cui farà seguito un colloquio orale di approfondimento tramite Virtual classroom del Portale della Didattica.

Il materiale didattico (dispense, presentazioni, leggi, normative, articoli, documentazione tecnica, materiale per l’esercitazione di progetto) è messa a disposizione attraverso il portale. Bibliografia di riferimento Libri: C. Pizzetti. “Condizionamento dell’aria e Refrigerazione. Teoria e calcolo degli impianti�. Ed. CEA. G. Alfano, M. Filippi, E. Sacchi. “Impianti di climatizzazione per l’edilizia. Dal Progetto al Collaudo�. Ed. CEA. N. Rossi “Manuale del Termotecnico�. Ed. Hoepli. L. Stefanutti (a cura di) “Manuale degli impianti di climatizzazione� (2 volumi). Ed. Tecniche Nuove. L. Stefanutti, “Impianti di climatizzazione�. Ed. Tecniche Nuove. L. de Santoli, F. Mancini "Progettazione degli impianti di climatizzazione". Maggioli Editore. ASHRAE “Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning� “ASHRAE Handbook� (4 volumes). Periodici: AICARR Journal (organo ufficiale dell’AICARR) La Termotecnica, (organo ufficiale dell’ATI) RCI, Ed. Tecniche Nuove ASHRAE Journal (organo ufficiale dell’ASHRAE)

Radiation protection and safety of nuclear plants (Radiation Protection)What you will learn Radiation protection ❑ Ionizing radiation, radiation protection, effects, legislation, shielding ❑Radiological and nuclear accidente, ,radiation detection ❑ Non-ionizing radiation measurement, protection and safetyRadiation protection and safety of nuclear plants (Safety of nuclear plants)The aim of the Course is to meet the needs of students at graduate level, to acquire knowledge and training in safety of nuclear plants. The course also aims to provide the necessary basic tools for those who will become professionals in nuclear safety analyses. It is designed to provide both theoretical and practical training in the multidisciplinary scientific and/or technical bases of national and international recommendations and standards on nuclear safety standards, and their implementation. At the end of the course the students should be able to analize and model the phenomena occurring during accidental transients, up to severe accidents, and the safety systems apt to the reduction of the risk to the population and environment.

Radiation protection and safety of nuclear plants (Radiation Protection)Radiation protection: detailed program Ionizing radiation and related physical quantities. Main sources of radiation. Fundamental physical dosimetry. Interaction of radiation with living matter. Short-term effects, long-term effects, epidemiology. Instrumentation for the detection of ionizing radiation. Legislation and regulations for radiation protection. Radiation protection principles. Techniques for protection against ionizing radiation. Shielding: Design of shielding required in the use of x-ray machines and radioactive sources of various kinds. Use of shielding codes Radiological Nuclear Safety. Nuclearaccidents(TMI,Chernobyl,Fukushima,Mayak)and radiological events. They will deal with radioactive reseases, emergency management, environmental impact, health consequences, lessons learned, etc., and not the reactors design. Nuclearandradiologicalemergencymanagement. Radiation protection of non-ionizing radiation (electromagnetic fields). Description, interaction with living matter, legislation, case studies.Radiation protection and safety of nuclear plants (Safety of nuclear plants)Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety is a basic skill for a nuclear engineer all over the world. This part (Safety of nuclear plants) of the course will provide knowledge of the fundamental topics involved in the safety analysis of nuclear plants (design basis and severe accidents) from both deterministic and probabilistic point of view. Main topics deal with deterministic and probabilistic methodologies necessary to assess the safety of a nuclear power plant, with reference to both design basis and severe accidents. Both analytical models and numerical simulation tools will be provided and applied to study the fundamental thermal-hydraulic phenomena and system behaviour, which are fundamental to avoid the core damage during an accidental sequence.

Radiation protection and safety of nuclear plants (Radiation Protection) Ionizing radiation and related physical quantities, Main sources of radiation. Interaction of radiation with living matter. Short-term effects, long-term effects, epidemiology. Instrumentation for the detection of ionizing radiation. Legislation and regulations for radiation protection. Radiation protection principles. Techniques for protection against ionizing radiation. Shielding. Radiological Nuclear Safety. Nuclear accidents Nuclearandradiologicalemergencymanagement. Radiation protection of non-ionizing radiation (electromagnetic fields).Radiation protection and safety of nuclear plants (Safety of nuclear plants)Protection system and engineered safety features in power reactors. Deterministic analysis of Design Basis Accidents: causes, physical phenomena, simplified analytical models, characteristic time constants, time behaviour of process parameters during the accidents. Severe accidents: in-vessel and ex-vessel phenomena, fission product release from the reactor core and their removal from the containment system atmosphere. Probabilistic Risk Assessment: objectives and results of the three levels of the PRA. Development of event trees in PRA-Level 1 of nuclear reactors, containment failure modes, containment event tree. Safety problems in nuclear fusion reactors

Radiation protection and safety of nuclear plants (Radiation Protection)Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo; Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo; Radiation protection and safety of nuclear plants (Safety of nuclear plants)Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo; Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Radiation protection and safety of nuclear plants (Radiation Protection)Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Group project; Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform; Radiation protection and safety of nuclear plants (Safety of nuclear plants)Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Group project; Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... Radiation protection and safety of nuclear plants (Radiation Protection)Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Group essay; Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform; The exam is aimed at checking the student's knowledge about the topics listed in the official program of the course and his ability to apply the theory and the relative methods to answer questions dealing with Radiation Protection The exam consists of a written test with open-ended questions on the topics contained in the course program. It aims to verify the level of knowledge and understanding of the covered topics. The written exam deals with two open-answer questions dealing with Radiation Protection. Time to answer: 60 minutes. Time to answer: 60 minutes. The writtenexam gets a grade going from 0 to 30: it is considered "pass" when the grade is equal or higher to 18/30. The two “pass� grades equally contribute (50%-50%) to the final evaluation (a grade from 18 to 30) The final mark of radiation protection will be the sum of the mark on the report and the mark of the written test.The reports on Radiation Protection will be evaluated as follows: each report may be evaluated as follows (in brackets the effect on the provisional final evaluation): Insufficient (must be edited until sufficient), sufficient (+0), good (+1). During the written exam, it is not allowed to keep and consult books and notebooks. The results of the test are communicated on the portal, loading in the Materials section appropriate files with the grades, together with a date in which the students can participate to the oral discussion. The oral discussion deals with a collective review of the test results, followed by the possibility for each student of viewing his personal written elaborates, and ask questions, followed by a brief discussion of the reports.Radiation protection and safety of nuclear plants (Safety of nuclear plants)The exam is aimed at checking the student's knowledge about the topics listed in the official program of the course and his ability to apply the theory and the relative methods to answer questions dealing with Radiation Protection (RP) and Safety of Nuclear Plants (SNP). The exam consists of a written test with open-ended questions on the topics of the course. It aims to verify the level of knowledge and understanding of the covered topics, with particular reference to the skills specified in the "Expected learning outcomes" part. The written exam deals with two parts (one regarding the Radiation Protection and the other regarding the Safety of nuclear plants), which the student may choose to address altogether or separately in any appeal. Each part consists of two open-answer questions. Time to answer each part: 60 minutes. During the written exam, it is not allowed to keep and consult books and notebooks, nor use mobile phones. The written exam gets a grade going from 0 to 30 and it is considered "pass" when the grade is equal or higher to 18/30. The results of the written test are communicated on the portal, loading in the Materials section appropriate files with the grades, together with a date in which the students can participate to the oral discussion. The oral discussion deals with a discussion of the reports and of the personal written elaborates. The mark of the part on Safety of nuclear plants is calculated as follows: 80% of the mark of written test + 20% of the mark of the reports (which also includes the discussion). The exam is passed if a grade >18/30 is obtained in both the parts (RP and SNP). The final grade of Radiation Protection and Safety of Nuclear Plants will be the average between the mark of Radiation Protection and the one of Safety of Nuclear Plants.

Radiation protection and safety of nuclear plants (Radiation Protection)Lecture notes on each topic will be provided online by the instructors. The following texts are recommended: ATTIX, F.H., Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry, Wiley, New York, (1986). CEMBER, H., Introduction to Health Physics, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2000). FIRESTONE, R.B., BAGLIN, C.M., FRANK-CHU, S.Y. (Eds), Table of Isotopes (8th Edition, 1999 update), Wiley, New York (1999). KNOLL, G.T., Radiation Detection and Measurement, 3rd Edition, Wiley, New York (2000)Radiation protection and safety of nuclear plants (Safety of nuclear plants)Lecture slides on each topic will be provided online by the instructor. The following texts are recommended: R. A. Knief, Nuclear Engineering: Theory and technology of Commercial Nuclear Power, Hemesphere Publishing Corporation, 1992. E.E. Lewis, Nuclear power reactor safety, Wiley, New York, 1977. D. L. Hetrick, Dynamics of Nuclear Reactors, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1971. G. Petrangeli, Nuclear Safety, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2020. N.J. McCormick, Reliability and risk analysis, Academic Press, London, 1981. N.E.Todreas and M.S.Kazimi,"Nuclear systems",Vol.I ,II,Hemisphere,1990. R.T.Lahey and F.J.Moody,"The thermal-hydraulics of a boiling water reactor",American Nuclear Society, New York, 1993. L.S.Tong and J.Weisman,"Thermal analysis of pressurized water reactors", American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park,1996

With emphasis on engineering tools that can support Sustainable Development, the student is expected to gather basic knowledge about the socio-economic-environmental characterisation of energy and mineral resources, and environmental engineering projects. He/she should gain a basic understanding of resource management issues and their relationship to property rights, externalities, market structure, and discount rates, as well as the economic analysis tools and evaluation techniques used in environmental economics and the analysis of natural resources and construction of engineering works. He/she should understand what is meant by sustainable development and how sustainability concepts are applied to energy, minerals and in engineering projects. He/she should be able to conduct a life cycle assessment and interpret the results in terms of environmental management and sustainable development, in a context of a more circular economy.

The overarching framework for this course is sustainable engineering and industrial ecology, i.e., the theory and practice of engineering within a complex, interconnected world that faces many economic, environmental and social challenges. The objective is to build on basic concepts of market economics as they apply to minerals, energy, the environment, and engineering projects. Students will be taught the skills necessary to understand and evaluate the socio-economic-environmental consequences of energy and mineral production, as well as environmental engineering projects, and their relationship to biotic resources and the environment. At the end of the course, the student is expected to know the basic concepts relevant to the role of natural and environmental resources in the economic system, the environmental issues connected with the production and use of energy and minerals, and to understand how resources and engineering can contribute (positively or negatively) to sustainable development through a more circular economy.

•Role of natural resources in the economy and man’s efforts to modify the earth to his needs. Role and evolution of energy and minerals in the economy: past, present and future perspectives. National material flow accounts. Birth and evolution of the “Environmental debate�. •Sustainable engineering. Engineers need to solve problems in the real world, one that is fast changing, complex, and interconnected. Because the challenges engineers must face today differ from those of prior generations, and because societies are looking for solutions that are consistent with a sustainable future, the course will address how the practice of engineering is fundamentally changing. Basic concepts of sustainable development, from societal and intergovernmental perspectives, and linkage of industrial ecology to sustainability. •Sustainable development as applied to energy and mineral resources and engineering projects. Sustainability and business management in the energy and mineral industries. Recent SD thinking, sustainability assessments, indicators of sustainability, corporate reporting, and codes of conduct. •Mineral economics and policy. Basic microeconomic theory as applied to non-renewable resources. Economic significance of mineral raw materials and the resource industry, including minerals and energy in GDP and national income and product accounts. Principles of minerals economics, including scarcity and resource depletion, the nature of economic rent. Market structure, international aspects, and trade of minerals. Raw Materials Policy and the EU. Critical Raw Materials. •Energy resources economics and policy. Primary and secondary energy sources. Demand and supply of energy. Conventional energy sources: oil, gas and coal. Renewable energies. Evolution of the international energy strategies from the birth of OPEC to present days. Energy Management and Industrial Energy Analysis. •Environmental economics. Progression from environmental to ecological economic theory; core concepts, including public goods, common property resources, pollution, and externalities. Market and non-market valuation of damages. The internalization of externalities. Environmental policies and public/private instruments. Applications of the foregoing to energy, mineral, and engineering projects. •Circular economy. Elements of Circular Economy, starting for the EC COM/2015/0614 final: Closing the loop - An EU action plan for the Circular Economy. The European Commission has adopted an ambitious new Circular Economy Package to help European businesses and consumers to make the transition to a stronger and more circular economy, where resources are used in a more sustainable way. The overarching goal is to maximise the benefits to society from all raw materials, products and waste, fostering energy savings and reducing Greenhouse emissions, covering the full lifecycle of products. •Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). A methodology to evaluate the environmental performances of production and consumption systems. Origin and basic principles of LCA according to the ISO 14040 standards. Use of LCA software applications. Basics of Life Cycle Management and green communication. The IT laboratory will be used in order to carry out those practice exercises which require the use of the software packages SimaPro, GaBi and openLCA.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Group project;
... The final examination consists of a written test (1,5 hours) made of open (essay) questions and short exercises (oral examination not allowed). Examples of written tests from previous years will be distributed via Portale della didattica. The final mark is given 60% according to the mark obtained in the written examination (passmark 16/30) and 40% according to the mark obtained in the Team Project report. In order to attend the final exam it is necessary: -to register via web site of the Politecnico within the deadline; -to submit the Team Project report any time, but not later than 5 days before the written examination. The written examination must be in legible English. The use of teaching material during the exam is not allowed.

Powerpoint Slides available at the Politecnico web site. References: Field, Environmental Economics, Chapters 5 and 6, McGraw-Hill, Irwin, 2009. Gibson, et al., Sustainability Assessment, Chapter 3, Earthscan, 2005. Hacket, Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Chapters 3 and 4, M.E. Sharpe, 2006. IEA, World Energy Outlook, International Energy Agency. IEA, Renewables Information. International Energy Agency. Tilton, Mineral Economics: an overview of the discipline, 2007. Turner, Pearce and Bateman, 1993, Chapters 5 and 8, Johns Hopkins, 1993. Additional supplementary articles and materials (uploaded in the Politecnico web site)

Il corso intende fornire allo studente i concetti, i metodi e gli strumenti tecnici e normativi per affrontare la valutazione del rischio di un sistema tecnologico complesso, individuarne le criticità e suggerire le soluzioni tecnico/gestionali atte a rendere il sistema sicuro, considerando la sicurezza delle persone e della collettività , la tutela dell’ambiente, la protezione degli investimenti e della produttività nonché la reputazione della Società che realizza e gestisce l’impianto. Le competenze acquisite nel corso sono direttamente spendibili a livello professionale nei processi di progettazione degli impianti e sistemi complessi oppure a supporto della gestione nel ruolo di responsabile della sicurezza o dell’ingegneria di manutenzione.

Il corso illustra i concetti della sicurezza negli impianti e nei sistemi complessi e le tecniche e gli strumenti disponibili per gestire la valutazione del rischio nell’intero ciclo di vita del sistema, dalle fasi progettuali, durante la vita operativa, fino allo smantellamento finale. Lo scopo ultimo dell’analisi è l’identificazione delle soluzioni progettuali, gestionali o manutentive atte a migliorare la sicurezza e l’operabilità degli impianti e dei sistemi. L’approccio didattico è rigoroso dal punto di vista teorico ma intende soffermarsi sull’applicazione pratica dei metodi che aiutano lo studente ad integrare, con uno scopo unitario, ovvero la valutazione del rischio, le diverse competenze multidisciplinari acquisite in tutto il percorso di studi, ottenendo così una competenza direttamente spendibile nel mondo del lavoro.

1. Introduzione ai concetti di sicurezza, pericolo, rischio. 2. La valutazione del rischio, criteri di tollerabilità del rischio e percezione. 3. La valutazione del rischio nella normativa italiana e internazionale. 4. La lezione appresa dagli incidenti rilevanti avvenuti nel passato. 5. Le tecniche per l’identificazione dei pericoli (Check List, HAZID, HAZOP, What If, ecc.). 6. L’analisi di affidabilità , disponibilità e manutenibilità (RAM) e strumenti (FMECA, ETA, FTA, RBD, CCFs) per la stima delle frequenze di incidente. 7. I fenomeni incidentali e la loro modellizzazione (rilasci, dispersione di gas e vapori, incendi, esplosioni). 8. Identificazione delle misure preventive e mitigative per il controllo del rischio. 9. Cenni alla sicurezza funzionale ai sensi della IEC EN 61508 e norme derivate.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam; Group project;
... L’esame prevede un test scritto obbligatorio con domande a scelta multipla, domande aperte, piccoli esercizi di calcolo al fine di dimostrare la loro competenza nel risolvere problemi pratici nell’ambito della sicurezza e dell’analisi del rischio. La durata del test scritto è di 1,5 ore. La prova scritta permette di ottenere un voto massimo di 26/30. Durante la prova scritta lo studente avrà a disposizone un formulario inserito nel testo dell'esame. Lo studente non potrà utilizzare altri materiali (appunti, testi, strumenti per la connessione in rete). E' ammesso l'utilizzo di una calcolatrice per l'esecuzione dei calcoli. Completa l'esame una prova orale in cui lo studente discute il Project Work e la teoria che giustifica il lavoro fatto, ottenendo un punteggio aggiuntivo fino ad un massimo di 6/30. Ogni studente deve essere in grado di discutere tutti i contenuti del Project Work prodotti dal gruppo e non solo quelli da lui/lei personalmente sviluppati. Il Project Work deve essere consegnato al docente non meno di 7 giorni prima della data in cui il primo studente del gruppo intende sostenere la prova orale. Il voto finale sarà definito sommando i voti della prova scritta e della prova orale.

Il docente, all’inizio del corso, mette a disposizione degli studenti una dispensa (Booklet) che contiene gli elementi presentati nel corso e tutte le slide utilizzate durante le lezioni.

The student who passes the exam will gain skills for interacting with the operators of the electrical system by using the correct terminology and by showing appropriate knowledge to discuss the basic issues concerning smart grid and distributed energy resources. The student will also become aware of the technological evolution in progress and of the impact of this evolution on the present and future smart electricity systems. The minimum objectives to be reached as learning outcomes include: - ability to use the correct terminology in addressing the problems concerning smart grid applications; - ability to interpret the problems concerning the introduction of distributed energy resources in the smart grids.

The course presents a wide view on the emergent aspects in the evolution of the electricity systems, with the on-going transition towards a growing utilization of electricity in many applications. The concept of “smartness� in electricity and energy systems is related to the new ways in which a system can operate and also interoperate with other systems (e.g., transportation) for assuring a socially desirable performance in terms of sustainability (energy efficiency and environmental impacts reduction), economic efficiency and affordability, electricity security and reliability. The course starts from an overview on the structure and operation of modern and future electrical networks (smart grids), with a special focus on Low-Voltage and Medium-Voltage distribution and utilization systems. A conceptual model of the smart grids is presented, in which various aspects (technologies, energy, data, markets, etc.) are analysed, along with their interactions, in a comprehensive way. Some of the most important “smart functions� in the emerging operation of the electricity distribution systems are illustrated, highlighting the concept of interoperability of various systems and actors over the smart grid, e.g., electric vehicles, prosumers, network operators, distributed energy resources (DER), etc. The impact of the DER introduction in the electrical networks is studied by addressing theoretical aspects and application examples concerning distributed generation, distributed storage and demand response. On the local system side, the course deals with the structures of the power electronic conversion systems, including both the source-side converters and grid-side converters. To better understand the power electronic conversion concepts and their application, an experimental activity is carried out in the laboratory of the Energy Department. Some applications are solved through numerical calculations carried out in the computer laboratory.

At the beginning, up to 6 hours of non-mandatory tutoring will be available on the basic concepts of Electrotechnics and Electrical Machines. PART 1 (20 hours): Smart grid architecture and emerging scenarios Structures of electrical transmission and distribution systems. Emerging paradigms (smart grid, distributed energy resources, virtual power plants, microgrids, multi-energy systems, prosumers). Technical evolution of the grid infrastructures. Steady-state model of the electrical networks. Power flow calculations. Short circuit calculations. Use of computational tools for power flow calculations and for the solution of network problems. Active electrical networks. Demand Side Management. Smart metering concepts. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Notes on the energy markets. Evolution of the tariff structures towards real-time pricing. Smart grid architecture model (SGAM). PART 2 (20 hours): Power electronics for smart grid connection Structures of power electronic conversion systems for distributed generation: grid-side converters and source-side converters. Examples of distributed energy sources (micro-turbines, micro-hydro, wind generators, photovoltaic panels and fuel cells). Grid-side converters: topologies (single-phase and three-phase inverters, output filters); operation in parallel with the grid as current-controlled voltage sources and the corresponding control schemes; island operation or in parallel with a micro-grid as voltage-controlled voltage source with droop control. International standards for the connection with the grid of power converters for distributed generation (IEEE 519, UL1741, IEC 61000-3-12, VDE 0126-1-1). Source side converters: AC/DC converters for electrical generators used by wind turbines and micro-turbines; DC/DC power converters for photovoltaic panels and fuel cells along with control schemes. PART 3 (20 hours): Distributed energy resources (DER) Distributed energy resources (DER). Limits to the DER diffusion. Island operation of a portion of the distribution network. Microgrids. Combined production (cogeneration and multi-generation). Black box analysis. The Energy Hub matrix model. Impact of the combined production on smart grids. The role of the environment. Local and global emissions. Emission factor model. Emission balances. Indices of emission reduction. Storage applications in the smart grid area. Power vs. energy. Drivers to storage development. Parameters of the storage systems. Objectives of the use of storage in the electrical systems. Storage in the Energy Hub model. Evolution of the regulatory framework and of the standards for smart grids. Grid codes. Active and passive users. Operating modes for the grid-connected local generation. General scheme of the system protection with possibility of islanding operation. Scenario studies with local generation in smart distribution systems. Capability limits of the generators with transformer-based or converter-based interfaces. Electrical load representations. Load duration curves. Macro-categories of users. Active and reactive power profiles. Demand Side Management principles. Evolution of the tariff structures towards real-time. Demand response (DR). Incentive-based and price-based DR programmes. Costs and benefits for DR. DR baseline. Grid integration of electric vehicles: Vehicle to Grid and Grid to Vehicle. Charging stations and parking lots. Notes on the traffic models. Framework for studying the grid integration of electric vehicles.

E' possibile sostenere l?esame in anticipo rispetto all?acquisizione della frequenza

The material (slides and handouts) used during the lectures and course activities will be available on the web portal. There is no commercial book covering the contents of this course. Reference books: Nick Jenkins, Ron Allan, Peter Crossley, Daniel Kirschen, Goran Strbac, 'Embedded generation', IET (ISBN 978-0-85296-774-4), 2000. Remus Teodorescu, Marco Liserre, Pedro Rodriguez, “Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems�, Wiley 2011, ISBN: 978-0-470-05751-3. D.N. Gaonkar (ed.), Distributed Generation, Intech (ISBN 978-953-307-046-9), 2010. Freely available at the web address http://sciyo.com/books/show/title/distributed-generation.

La prova finale rappresenta un importante momento formativo del corso di laurea magistrale e consiste in una tesi che deve essere redatta in modo originale dallo studente sotto la guida di un relatore dell'ateneo e di eventuali co-relatori interni o esterni. E' richiesto che lo studente svolga autonomamente lo studio approfondito di un tema tecnico-progettuale o teorico, prenda in esame criticamente la documentazione disponibile ed elabori il problema, proponendo soluzioni ingegneristiche adeguate. Il lavoro può essere svolto presso i dipartimenti e i laboratori dell'Ateneo, presso altre università italiane o straniere, presso laboratori di ricerca esterni e presso industrie e studi professionali con i quali sono stabiliti rapporti di collaborazione. Il laureando dovrà dimostrare capacità di operare in modo autonomo, padronanza dei temi trattati e attitudine alla sintesi nel comunicarne i contenuti e nel sostenere una pubblica discussione. La Tesi può essere eventualmente redatta e presentata in lingua inglese. L'impegno per la realizzazione dell'elaborato è di circa 400 ore pari a 16 CFU.

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam;
... L'esposizione e la discussione dell'elaborato avvengono di fronte ad apposita commissione di cui fanno parte sia il/i relatori che il controrelatore, che è un docente della commissione a cui viene richiesta un'analisi critica particolarmente approfondita dell'elaborato di tesi. La determinazione del voto finale è assegnata alla commissione di laurea che prenderà in esame la media complessiva degli esami su base 110. A tale media la commissione potrà sommare, di norma, sino ad un massimo di 8 punti prendendo in considerazione: • la valutazione del lavoro svolto per la tesi (impegno, autonomia, rigore metodologico, rilevanza dei risultati raggiunti etc.); • la presentazione della tesi (chiarezza espositiva etc.); • l'eccellenza del percorso di studi (ad esempio, il numero delle lodi conseguite, le esperienze in università e centri di ricerca all'estero, le eventuali attività extracurriculari o di progettualità studentesca etc.). La lode potrà essere assegnata al raggiungimento del punteggio 110 a discrezione della commissione e a maggioranza qualificata, ovvero almeno i 2/3 dei componenti la commissione. Se la tesi ha le caratteristiche necessarie, può essere concessa la dignità di stampa soltanto qualora il voto finale sia centodieci e lode e il parere della commissione sia unanime.

Knowledge of the main technologies about the Wind and Ocean Energy generators and plants. Knowledge of the state of the art and perspective in the market of Wind and Ocean Energy Plants. Knowledge of the path and the guidelines to develop an idea from a concept to a full scale demonstrator in the Sea. Ability to calculate productivity, efficiency and the main technoeconomic indexes of a Wind and Ocean power systems. Ability to correctly design and size the main components of the plants given specific requirements.

The course presents Onshore and Offshore Wind Energy plants together with Wave and Tidal Energy plants, starting from their operating principles up to the electric connection to the grid. The Goals of the course include: the knowledge of the wind, wave and tidal resource, the methods to correctly design the main plant components, evaluation of the energy production with economic analysis of investment. Since Ocean Energy Plants are a recent technology, also the R&D development path from concept to market will be addressed.

Lectures (about 40 h) Wind energy: Resource characterization, global and local availability. Wind generation, measurement of speed, space and time distribution, gusts. Evaluation of wind potential, Betz theory. Wind turbine: Historical evolution, Horizontal axis and vertical axis layouts. Bladeless wind energy systems. Turbine main components and subsystems. Betz Theory. Blades and turbine aerodynamics characterization, coefficient of lift and coefficient of thrust, stall conditions, basics of aeroelasticity, flutter. Mechanical limitations, static and fatigue loads. Mathematical modeling and experiments. Generator control, tip speed ratio control, speed and torque limitation, power shedding. Turbine wake, Wind farm layout. Electrical systems: structure and operation of synchronous and induction (asynchronous) machines, equivalent circuit and integration in the variable speed drives by power electronics, a solution for variable speed wind turbines: the doubly-fed induction generator. Ideal calculation of energy production for a single wind turbine by the manufacturer power curve, issues affecting the real energy production: wake and park effects, failure rate and reliability, deviations from the manufacturer power curve, power losses consequent to grid connection and curtailment. Offshore Wind Energy: global energy potential, state of the art and perspectives of the market. Bottom fixed wind farms, architecture and components. Deployment, service and decommissioning. Floating wind energy systems, floaters architectures (spar, semisubmersible and tension leg platforms), mooring layout and electric connection. Ocean Energy: Mechanics of waves, Airy’s linear wave theory, dispersion relationship, deep-intermediate-shallow water theory, wave power density. Wave Resource characterization, surface elevation time series and frequency spectrum. Most common wave spectra (Bretschneider, Pierson-Moskovits, Jonswap), directionality, groupiness. Wave buoys, wave gauges, satellite measurement of waves. Global wave atlas. Basic of hydrodynamics, ship stability and Cummins equation. Wave Energy Converter (WEC) working principle, technology classification. Power Take Off (PTO) electric and hydraulic systems, PTO control techniques. Wave farm layout, hydrodynamic interaction. Evaluation of WEC/wave farm power output, economical feasibility, LCOE (Levelized Cost Of Energy). Focus on most relevant technologies, case study on ISWEC (inertial Sea Wave Energy Converter). WEC development path, TRL scale, guidelines and procedures. State of the art of R&D activities on Wave Energy, market status and future developments. Tidal Energy: Mechanics of tides, resource characterization, tidal range and tidal streams resource. Tidal Energy Converters (TEC), layout and principle of working. Focus on state of the art plants and technologies, deployment and maintenance. Energy output definition and cost of energy. Osmotic power (salinity gradient) and OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion): basic principles, potential, current R&D activities, perspectives. Ocean Energy multisource generations, synergies and energy storage implications. Basics of environmental impact analysis and LCA of Wind and Ocean Energy plants. Basics of Ocean Economy and Processes, Aquaculture, Microplastic debris.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Group project;
... Written exam (2h duration, 28 points) + Report on collaborative project (mandatory, 4 points) Total mark 32 (a grade >30 corresponds to 30 cum laude). The written exam is passed if a score higher than 60% (17 points) is achieved. The written exam is composed both of theory questions and numerical exercises. During the written exam it is possible to use a pocket electronic calculator, but it is not permitted to use handouts, books or notes. The exam assesses the knowledge of the course topics and the achievement of the expected learning outcomes by answering theoretical questions and solving problems related to the program.

Teaching documents (handouts and slides of the lectures) on the POLITO portal of the course. Free open textbooks:  J.F. Manwell, J.G. McGowan, A.L. Rogers, Wind Energy Explained – Theory, Design and Application, Second Edition, Wiley, 2009. http://ee.tlu.edu.vn/Portals/0/2018/NLG/Sach_Tieng_Anh.pdf  Martin O. L. Hansen, Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines, Second Edition, EarthScan, 2008. https://www.academia.edu/794883/Aerodynamics_of_Wind_Turbines  Matt Folley, Numerical Modelling of Wave Energy Converters - State-of-the-Art Techniques for Single Devices and Arrays, Elsevier (Accessible from Polito network), 2016. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128032107/numerical-modelling-of-wave-energy-converters  Arthur Pecher, Jens Peter Kofoed, Handbook of Ocean Wave Energy, SpringerOpen, 2017. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-39889-1