Quantum Engineering

At the end of the course, the students will: • be aware of the major cybersecurity problems in the current IT landscape; • be able the evaluate the security offered by various cryptographic techniques and their applications; • be able to design a security architecture for modern IT systems based on a mixtures of techniques and tools (e.g. encryption, digital signature, firewall, secure network channels); • have knowledge of the cybersecurity threats posed and opportunities offered by the quantum computing paradigm.

The course aims to explain the problems related to cybersecurity in a modern IT system, to introduce the main protection techniques and how use them for creating a security architecture. Based on this foundations, the course will then focus on the threats posed by the quantum computing paradigm as well as the opportunities offered to cybersecurity by this new technology.

Security issues in modern IT systems: vulnerabilities, attacks, and attackers. [1 CFU] Cybersecurity foundations: cryptography (encryption, digest, digital signature, and public-key certificates) and authentication (passwords, challenge-response, authenticators) [1 CFU] Network security and protection of the networked applications: firewall, intrusion detection, VPN, TLS, electronic identity [2 CFU] Quantum Computing: cybersecurity risks and opportunities (quantum cryptography, quantum key distribution, post-quantum cryptography) [2 CFU]

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula);
Exam: Written test;
... The written test (up to 120 minutes) contains up to 10 open or closed questions about the analysis and design of cybersecurity solutions. The test is a “closed book� one. Note: in sessions with less than 10 students enrolled, the test may be replaced by oral questions (3 questions per candidate).

Handouts of the instructor’s slides, support material for classroom exercises, and manuals for laboratory coursework. All learning stuff is available at the teaching portal. An auxiliary textbook, covering many but not all the topics, is W. Stallings, “Cryptography and Network Security - principles and practice�, Prentice-Hall

Expected knowledge: • development of knowledge that extends and/or reinforces the ones received from previous Bachelor degree courses and allow to mature and/or apply original ideas and design methods to the development of a new technological process flow for the manufacturing of quantum devices; • knowledge of the physical-chemical behaviour of materials to be used in quantum devices, with a particular emphasis on the dimensional scaling effects, the behaviour at cryogenic conditions and the superconducting materials • knowledge of the basic technologies for micro and nano-scale fabrication. • knowledge of the fundamentals of cryogenic technologies. • knowledge of materials and technologies for quantum devices fabrication. • knowledge of techniques and issues related to the fabrication and verification of quantum devices. Expected competences and skills • ability to identify and select the most suited materials and technologies and to apply them for the fabrication of quantum devices, with a particular emphasis on their miniaturization and/or operation at cryogenic conditions; • ability to apply the acquired knowledge in a research and/or industrial framework, applying capability and skills in solving problems related to the design, simulation and implementation of quantum devices, also in the case of new or unfamiliar issues or into broader and more interdisciplinary application contexts than the pure engineering sector (healthcare, environmental monitoring, food, ...); • ability to integrate technical knowledge and to manage the complexity of the design and manufacturing process flow, to evaluate the quality and robustness of a process flow, its implementation and feasibility, choosing the most efficient solutions from the available options; • ability to communicate in a clear and unambiguous way technical aspects related to the design and manufacture of quantum devices, both in writing and oral form and to both specialists and non-specialists; • development of self-learning skills to allow the student to continue to learn autonomously new techniques, design methodologies and fabrication processes for quantum devices, not necessarily explained and described during the course.

The deepening on technologies at the micro and nano-scale, on cryogenic technology and superconductivity are the basis for the design and manufacture of quantum devices, sensors, and for the conception of new miniaturised devices exploiting quantum effects. Technological processes therefore represent a fundamental know-how for the quantum engineer and the strengthening of his professional competences in terms of manufacturing. In this framework, the "Fundamentals of technological process" course provides the theoretical foundation to be exploited for the study of materials, technologies and design for the manufacturing of quantum devices and their miniaturization, with a focus on applications in quantum sensing and quantum communication. To this aim, particular emphasis will be devoted to provide a comprehensive overview of full process flows and to provide the students with the minimal tools to allow them evaluating different materials and different technological processes so as to select the best suited combination for different devices and applications. This course plays a central role in the development of an Engineer expert in micro-, nano- and cryogenic technologies and related materials (semiconductors, superconductors, dielectrics, …), since it extensively provides the basic elements for the fabrication and design of the above mentioned devices and it is preparatory for the understanding and analysis of applications explored in the subsequent courses of the Master Degree. In the course, the fundamentals of technological processes and materials for quantum devices and some examples of the same are treated and discussed, thus making the course specifically addressed to those students interested in the fabrication and design aspects of miniaturised quantum devices.

Micro and nano-scale technologies (30 h): � Substrate preparation and crystallography (1,5 h) � Cleanroom technology (1,5 h) � Silicon oxidation (1,5 h) � Epitaxy (VPE, LPE, MBE, CBE), CVD (APCVD, LPCVD, PECVD, MOCVD, ICPCVD), ALD, PVD (evaporation, sputtering), electroplating (6 h) � Doping by diffusion and by ion implantation (3 h) � Lithography (optical, e-beam, SPM) and advanced lithography (EUV, NIL, block copolymers, …) (4,5 h) � Wet etching, dry etching and applications like bulk micromachining and surface micromachining (9 h) � Wafer Bonding (1,5 h) � Back-end technologies (1,5 h) � Laboratory experience in cleanroom (lithography, deposition, etching, basic metrology, …) (4 h) (TO BE CONFIRMED) Cryogenic technology and superconductivity (30 h): � Fundamentals of cryogenic technology: He4 and He3 evaporative refrigerators, closed-circuit cryocoolers, dilution refrigerators and cryogen-free technologies, properties of materials at low and ultra-low temperatures (12 h) � Superconducting materials and technologies for quantum devices (7.5 h) � The technology of Josephson junctions and superconducting circuits (7.5 h) � The technology of superconducting single-photon detectors (3 h) � Laboratory experiences at low temperatures (resistivity, Josephson effect,…) (4 h) (TO BE CONFIRMED) No distinction to be reported for the content of the course according to the fact that it will be carried out in presence or remotely.

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam;
... Expected learning outcomes: Understanding of the covered topics and ability to grasp the fundamental aspects of the various technologies and related materials. Ability to compare (advantages/disadvantages) the different technological tools for the manufacture of a device. Ability to compare, identify and logically use the best technological tools in order to optimize the manufacturing process of a device. Ability to build a logical path by assembling the various technological processes, for the construction of a micro, nano-scale and/or superconducting quantum device. Criteria, rules and procedures for the examination: The exam is aimed at ascertaining the knowledge of the topics listed in the official program of the course and the ability to apply the theoretical contents for the solution of simple exercises for the assembly of technological processes. The exam is only oral and may involve both open questions and short exercises. Each student will be asked two questions for each of the two parts of the program ("Micro and nano-scale technologies" and "Cryogenic technology and superconductivity") for a total of 4 questions/student. The total allotted time is 30-40 mins for each student. No books, notes or any other didactic material is allowed. The assessments are expressed in thirtieths and the exam is passed if the mark is at least 18/30. The maximum achievable mark is 30 cum laude. The type of proposed questions aims to test the student ability to understand and revision the topics covered in class lectures, with particular reference to the ability to compare similar technologies, compare results or processing parameters of technological processes or performance of different materials. The main evaluation criteria of the exam consist in the correctness, completeness and synthesis of the answers to the questions and the correctness of the employed technical language. The exam results are communicated directly to the students at the end of the exam session.

The didactic material (slides for the lectures) will be distributed in pdf format by the teachers and uploaded on the Didactic Portal before the course start. Some optional additive readings (i.e. fundamental historical papers, whitepapers, review papers, manuals, …) will be made available by the teachers on the same above mentioned repository. Suggested but not mandatory additive readings and books will be specified by the teachers. Among them: - “Microsystem Technology�, W. Menz, J. Mohr, O. Paul, Wiley-VCH ed. - “Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures�, Frank Pobell, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007 - “Applied Superconductivity - Handbook on Devices and Applications�, Paul Siedel (Editor), Wiley, 2015 - “Fundamentals and Frontiers of the Josephson Effect�, Francesco Tafuri (Editor), Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

• Knowledge in computer architecture concepts - Knowledge in multiprocessor systems - Knowledge of the main elements composing a High Performance Computing system - Parallel computing development and programming skills - MPI development and programming skills. - Knowledge in hardware accelerators

The High Performance Computing (HPC) course is a mandatory course belonging to the Master Degree in Quantum Engineering, and it is taught in the second semester of the first year, and it is taught in English. The main goal of the course is to provide the students with a base knowledge of the traditional microprocessors, emphasizing the concepts related to multicore systems and High Performance Computing. During the course, the foundation concepts about HPC, and some of the most popular techniques for programming and use HPC are developed.

• Introduction to microprocessor architecture - Introduction to multiprocessor systems architecture - Foundation concepts and perspectives about High Performance Computing - Techniques for using and programming HPC - Parallel computation - Message Passing Interfaces (MPI) - Hardware accelerators, graphic processing units (GPU) - Laboratory sessions and examples are provided for the different topics

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Exam: Written test; Group project;
... The examination is composed of two parts, a written part and an assignment. Written examination: The written exam is composed of questions and exercises on the course content. It lasts for 1h. The maximum score for this part is 30/30. A sufficient mark is >= 18. Assignment Students will be asked to deliver a group assignment (2 persons per group) to be developed at the end of the semester. The maximum score for this part is 30/30. A sufficient mark is >= 18. The final grade is the arithmetic mean of the two parts, provided that both of them are sufficient (>=18) An optional oral examination can be asked to the teacher, in order to improve the mark and reach the 30 cum laude.

• J.L. Hennessy, D.A. Patterson, Computer Architecture: a Quantitative Approach, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., VI Edition, 2017 - Thomas Sterling, Maciej Brodowicz, Matthew Anderson, High Performance Computing: Modern Systems and Practices, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1st Edition - December 5, 2017 Optional additional material provided by the professors.

Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices/Qubit Electronics (Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices)Expected knowledge: • Development of knowledge that extends and/or reinforces the ones received from previous Bachelor’s degree courses and allows to mature and/or apply original ideas and design methods to the development of a new technological process flow for the manufacturing of quantum devices. • Knowledge of the physical-chemical behaviour of materials to be used in quantum devices. • Knowledge of the basic technologies for micro and nano-scale fabrication. • Knowledge of materials and technologies for quantum device fabrication. • Knowledge of techniques and issues related to the fabrication and validation of quantum devices. Expected competences and skills: • Ability to identify and select the most suited materials and technologies and to apply them for the fabrication of quantum devices. • Ability to apply the acquired knowledge in a research and/or industrial framework, applying capability and skills in solving problems related to the design, simulation, and implementation of quantum devices also in the case of new or unfamiliar issues or into broader and more interdisciplinary application contexts than the pure engineering sector (healthcare, environmental monitoring, food, ...). • Ability to integrate technical knowledge into manufacturing processes. • Ability to communicate in a clear and unambiguous way technical aspects related to the design and manufacture of quantum devices, both in writing and oral form and to both specialists and non-specialists alike. • Independent learning skills that tackle the acquisition and application of know-how related to new techniques, design methodologies and fabrication processes for quantum devices, not necessarily explained and described during the course.Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices/Qubit Electronics (Qubit Electronics)The student will know the main characteristics, non-idealities, and models of devices for the Qbit implementations of existing technologies. The student will know how to describe and model the Qbit devices to simulate the behavior and understand the expected performance, noise degradation, and the dependency of characteristics on technological parameters. The student will know the methods and tools associated with the real exploitation of the current technological implementation of Qbits. The student will be able to describe, model, and simulate the circuits to interface Qbit devices to standard technology to evaluate the impact of possible design parameters and choices on the Qbit expected behavior. The student will have the ability to analyze the impact of operating conditions on Qbit devices and on standard technology circuits (e.g. temperature, noise, interference, process variations). The capability to analyze and design part of a Qbits will also be an expected knowledge.

Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices/Qubit Electronics (Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices)Quantum computing, sensing, and metrology are emerging technologies that promise to overcome the limitations of existing approaches, thus impacting the way we handle data in a broad range of fields, from communications to medical diagnostics. The fundamental component of these technologies is the quantum bit, or qubit, which is a quantum object that contains information. With the recent progress in fabrication and characterization at the nanoscale, size at which quantized behaviors emerge, it is now possible to produce quantum systems that are well defined, highly controllable, and reproducible. To achieve this result, it is necessary to integrate theoretical and applied knowledge in materials and processes that interface micro- and nano-fabrication, surface science, and materials science within the framework of quantum information science. This course aims at introducing the student to the materials and processes needed to produce quantum systems made from superconducting circuits, semiconductors, defects, including the technologies necessary to support these processes.Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices/Qubit Electronics (Qubit Electronics)The course explores the structure, characteristics, non-idealities, and models of devices for Qbit implementation. The existing technologies, both mainstream and experimental, will be detailed, and the most important parameters will be analyzed to clarify the relationship between the technology and the device behavior. The module also analyzes circuits that interface Qbits devices and their fundamental design parameters, which can be simulated using Nanoacademic's software QTCAD®. Discussions on behavior at cryogenic temperature and high frequencies will be a focus of the module as well.

Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices/Qubit Electronics (Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices)Introduction to the course. Elements of quantum optics. Technologies for the realization of single photon sources. Technologies for the realization of quantum sensors. Technologies for photon manipulation. Technologies for the realization of qubits: fabrication and characterization of materials. Technologies for the realization of the Josephson junction, superconducting quantum interface devices, superconducting quantum bits.Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices/Qubit Electronics (Qubit Electronics)Study, model, design, and characterize single Qbit elements, their control, and read-out. The leading technologies currently existing or under study will be the objective as (3.5 CFU): - Superconductive structures - Trapped ions structures - Nano Magnetic Resonance and molecules-based structures -Semiconductor Qubit:       -Heterostructucture Qubit       -Metal Oxide Semiconductor Qubit       -UTB and UTBB Qubit - Quantum Dot structures:       -Single Electron Transistor       -Constant interaction model       -Coulomb and Spin blockade       -Stability diagrams for Qubit operations For some of the main types of Qbit realization, the focus will be on the control and readout of the Qbit through (2.5 CFU): - magnetic resonance - RF reflectometry - Josephson Junctions - Electron Spin Resonance - Electric Dipole spin resonance - Analog to Digital Converters - Digital to Analog converters - Low Noise Amplifiers - ASIC/FPGA dedicated systems A design perspective will be adopted during the study and analysis to provide methods and tools to use the knowledge in realistic cases. In all cases, the structures will be simulated where possible, and examples of control and/or measurement circuits will be implemented in practical laboratories.

Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices/Qubit Electronics (Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices)Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Elaborato scritto individuale; Elaborato progettuale individuale; Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices/Qubit Electronics (Qubit Electronics)Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices/Qubit Electronics (Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices)Exam: Written test; Individual essay; Individual project; Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices/Qubit Electronics (Qubit Electronics)Exam: Written test; Group project;
... Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices/Qubit Electronics (Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices)Expected learning outcomes Understanding of the covered topics and ability to grasp the fundamental aspects of the various technologies and related materials. Ability to compare (advantages/disadvantages) the different technological tools for the manufacture of a device. Ability to compare, identify, and logically use the best technological tools to optimize the manufacturing process of a device. Ability to build a logical path by assembling the various technological processes for the construction of a quantum device. Criteria, rules and procedures for the examination The exam is aimed at ascertaining the knowledge of the topics listed in the official program of the course and the ability to apply the theoretical contents for the solution of simple exercises for the assembly of technological processes. The exam is composed of two parts: 1) a report on a project carried out on a case study assigned by the instructor in class (a seminar of 10 minutes or a essay of max 3000 words); 2) a written exam involving open questions (1 open question, 3 multiple choice questions, 4 true/false questions). Each student will be asked to ascertain their knowledge on the topics studied and their ability to use this knowledge in hypothetical real-life case studies. The total allotted time is 60 minutes. No books, notes or any other didactic material is allowed. The final grade is given by the sum of the score obtained on the project/written report (16/30) and the written exam (16/30). The assessments are expressed in thirtieths and the exam is passed if the mark is at least 18/30. The maximum achievable mark is 30 cum laude. The type of proposed questions aims to test the student ability to understand and revise the topics covered in class lectures, with particular reference to the ability to compare similar technologies, compare results or processing parameters of technological processes or performance of different materials. The main evaluation criteria of the exam consist in the correctness, completeness, and conciseness of the answers to the questions and the correctness of the employed technical language. The exam results are communicated directly to the students at the end of the exam session.Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices/Qubit Electronics (Qubit Electronics)The exam consists of two parts: E1 a written exam and E2 the execution of the laboratory exercises with related reports. The part linked to the laboratories (E2) weighs 20% of the final evaluation, while the oral discussion (E1) weighs 80%. The written exam will be based on questions associated with both the theoretical criteria for Qbit implementation and the practical skills associated with circuit implementation. In the laboratory reports, the completeness and accuracy of the arguments, as well as the organization and conciseness of the report, are evaluated.

Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices/Qubit Electronics (Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices)The lecture material (slides for the lectures) will be distributed in pdf format by the instructors and uploaded on the Teaching Portal prior to each lecture and whenever needed. Some optional additive readings (i.e., scientific literature papers, review papers, manuals, …) will be made available by the teachers on the same abovementioned repository. Suggested but not mandatory additional readings and books will be suggested by the instructors on a need basis.Materials and Processes for quantum sensing, metrology and qubit devices/Qubit Electronics (Qubit Electronics)Slides used in the lessons and laboratory guides are available. Books suggested are: - Quantum Computing, from linear algebra to physical realization, M. Nakahara, T.Ohmi, CRC Press, Taylor and Francys Book - Principles of Superconductive Quantum Computers, D.D. Stancil, G.T. Bird, Wiley and Sons Inc. - Quantum information and quantum optics with superconducting circuits� by Juan José García Ripoll

Knowledge: basics of quantum mechanics mastering the mathematical formalism at a rigorous level; interpretation of quantum mechanics and related contemporary debate; applications to devices, from transistors to contemprary sigle-particle technology. Skills: solving problems on spectra of quantum observables, probability transitions, from spin systems to atomic systems. Write down quantum mechanical models for simple systems and discuss them. Reading autonomously classics of quantum mechanics as well as modern treatises.

The course gives a presentation of Quantum Mechanics together with the necessary mathematical tools, from finite dimensional linear algebra to Fock Spaces. Example and applications are numerous and developed, aiming at applications on quantum computing, cryptography, teleportation, information.

Two-slit experiment. Superposition principle. Two state systems: polaroid, spin, qubit. The problem of measurement. Structure of finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. Self-adjointness and observable. Spectrum. Spectral theory, simultaneous diagonalization and compatible observable. Collapse. Statistical mixtures, density matrix. Bell inequalities, locality, EPR, interpretation. Examples: quantum algorithms (Grover), quantum teleportation, quantum cryptography. Ininite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. Potential well, Dirac potential, Harmonic oscillator, Hydrogen atom. Creation and annihilation of particle: Fock spaces. Some examples from quantum electrodynamics.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale facoltativa;
Exam: Written test; Optional oral exam;
... Written exercises on the programme of the course, with a possible oral integration

Luigi E. Picasso, “Lectures in Quantum Mechanics�, Springer 2015 Luigi E. Picasso, E. d’Emilio, “Problems in Quantum Mechanics with Solutions�, Springer 2015. Griffiths, Schoeter, “Introduction to Quantum Mechanics�, 1995 Preskill, Lecture Notes on Quantum Information and Computation, online.

At the end of the course, students will develop: - An understanding of computer architectures and of the main components of an embedded system - Problem-solving abilities, allowing them to approach and characterize a problem from the point of view of the application context and/or of the algorithmic strategies adopted - Elementary notions of complexity analysis - Knowledge of the basic constructs of the C language, such as: scalar data types, elementary I/O, iterative and conditional constructs, functions, structured data types, struct, arrays and matrices, strings of characters.

The knowledge of computer systems and programming are fundamental elements in the skill set of AgriTech engineers, enabling them to define, develop, evaluate, and compare technological solutions that can bring value to a company. The aim of the course is to provide students with the necessary background in: - Computer programming, with an introduction to the C language as a second programming language, in addition to Python, and as a tool for problem-solving. - The architecture of computer systems, with particular emphasis on embedded systems and Internet of Things (IoT) nodes, which constitute the “brain� of smart sensors used in the AgriTech domain.

Part 1: Basics of computer and embedded systems architecture [15h] - Architecture and functioning of a CPU and of the central memory - Concepts of pointers and addresses - Compilation, linking, execution, and program organization in memory - Microprocessors versus microcontrollers - Microcontrollers peripherals and buses Part 2: C Programming [30h] - Basic types and I/O - Conditional and iterative constructs - Functions and parameters passing (by value/reference) - Aggregated data types (arrays, matrices, strings and structs) - Pointers and dynamic allocation Part 3: Elementary problem-solving [15h]: - Computational complexity - Problems on numbers - Problems on text - Verification, selection, and sorting problems.

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Exam: Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... The exam will last 1h30 and will consist of: - Closed-book multiple-choice or open-ended questions and exercises. - Programming and problem-solving exercises in C. The maximum score will be 33 points (corresponding to 30 cum laude).

The course does not have an official textbook. Slides shown in class, as well as additional documents, URLs, or any other necessary material, will be provided on the course’s website. Material for further study can be found in the following textbooks: - Deitel & Deitel, "C: how to program", Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010 - Vahid & Givargis, “Embedded System Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction�, Wiley, 2002

Quantum Condensed Matter Physics/Quantum Devices (Quantum Condensed Matter Physics)The students are expected to learn how to apply the principles of quantum physics to study, describe and predict the physical properties of condensed matter both at the micro and nanoscale. Main anticipated achievements are: - Knowledge of solid-state structure - Knowledge of electronic and optical properties of solids and nanostructures - In-depth knowledge of quantum charge conduction in nanostructures - Knowledge of the effects related to quantum coherence and ballistic regime of electrons in nanostructures - Knowledge of superconductivity - Ability to evaluate the effect of confinements on the electronic motion in nanostructures - Ability to evaluate band structures in low-dimensional systems - Ability to apply quantum condensed matter physics for the realization of solid-state qubits and quantum sensors - Ability to use physics-based models for the prediction of materials and nanostructures properties. Quantum Condensed Matter Physics/Quantum Devices (Quantum Devices)Expected knowledge: - Understand and discuss the quantum limitation to device scaling in the framework of the current technological scenario - Acquire the mathematical and theoretical background to model quantum effects in electron devices ad in particular quantum confinement and quantum tunnelling - Understand and discuss the operation of advanced classic devices, highlighting the role of quantum effects - Understand and discuss the operation of the main quantum devices, and in particular quantum dots and resonant tunnel devices - Understand and discuss the fundamental physical properties relevant to quantum devices: spin, polarization, superconductivity - Understand the basic knowledge of superconducting quantum circuits. Expected competences and skills - Describe the FinFET operation and derive the characteristics in terms of analytical models - Describe the JLNT operation and derive the characteristics in terms of analytical models - Describe the TFET operation and derive the characteristics in terms of analytical models - Describe heterostructure devices - Describe the tunnel junctions characteristics in terms of analytical models - Describe Quantum blockade devices and Single electron transistors - Describe superconducting Quantum circuits and Qubit and SQUID operations in these quantum circuits - Develop codes to model FinFETs, TFETs, resonant diodes, single electron transistors - Compare devices in terms of quantum effects, operation and applications.

Quantum Condensed Matter Physics/Quantum Devices (Quantum Condensed Matter Physics)The course aims at providing the theoretical basis necessary to understand and describe the physics of condensed matter. The student will learn how to apply the laws of quantum mechanics to study the functioning mechanism of solid-state quantum devices, with applications in the area of quantum sensing, quantum communication and quantum computing. During the first part of the course, the basics of solid-state physics are presented, while the second part deals with the physics of low-dimensional nanostructures such as quantum wells, multi-quantum wells, quantum wires and quantum dots. Finally, the course addresses quantum phenomena such as superconductivity, the Hall effect and others, that are currently exploited for the realization of qubits and quantum devices.Quantum Condensed Matter Physics/Quantum Devices (Quantum Devices)The availability of devices exploiting quantum effects is at the basis of the development of quantum electronics and quantum computing. The development of physical structures where quantum states can be prepared and manipulated is nowadays an active research field where new ideas, device concepts and physical implementations are developing day by day. Quantum engineers must be able to understand the operation principle of the main quantum devices as well as acquire the competences needed to keep the pace with the fast evolution in this field. The “Quantum devices� course is the introductory course of the Master Degree in Quantum engineering, first addressing the transition from the “classic devices� picture to the to “quantum devices� one. The course provides the theoretical background to understand and model the operation principles of the main quantum devices. It specifically aims at linking new electron device concepts to specific material properties of semiconductor and other nanotechnologies materials, allowing quantum operation. The course serves as the basis for the subsequent courses of the Master Degree, dedicated to qubit electronics, quantum communications and quantum computing.

Quantum Condensed Matter Physics/Quantum Devices (Quantum Condensed Matter Physics)- Condensed matter structure: crystalline and amorphous materials. Direct and reciprocal lattice. Point defects in crystals (F-centers). (6 hours) - Electrons in solids: the Sommerfeld model, Bloch theorem, bands and Fermi surfaces. Semiconductors and doping. (9 hours) - Phonons in condensed matter. Electron-phonon interaction. (6 hours) - 2-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). Quantum devices based on 2DEG. Quantum Transport in two dimensions. Quantum Hall Effects and Quantum Spin Hall Effect. (10.5 hours) - Quantum wells and multi-quantum wells, quantum wires and quantum dots, with application as qbits. Quantized conductance, tunnelling transport, the Aharonov-Bohm effect, and the Coulomb blockade effect. (12 hours) - Topological insulators. (3 hours) - Introduction single photon sources and quantum sensors. (3 hours) - Superconductivity: the macroscopic quantum state (MQM, macroscopic quantum model), flux quantization, Josephson effect and junctions, SQUID RF and DC (10.5 hours) Quantum Condensed Matter Physics/Quantum Devices (Quantum Devices)Introduction (group A) - Advanced concepts on ballistic and quantum transport (5h). - Modelling Techniques for nanoscale devices: variability, statistical analysis, noise (3h theory + 2h lab) Introduction (group B) - Basics of semiconductors, band theory, electron transport (1.5 h) - The pn junction (3 h) - MOSFET transistors (5.5 h) From classic devices to quantum devices (23h) - Limits of device scaling, quantum effects in classic devices (3h) - Advanced MOSFETs, FINFETs (6h + 3h lab) - Nano transistors: JNTs, nanowires (2h) - Tunnel transistors (TFET) (6h + 3h lab) Quantum devices (19.5h) - Heterostructure devices and quantum confinement: quantum wells, quantum dots (1.5h) - Tunnel junctions, resonant tunnel devices, tunnelling models (3h + 3h lab) - Coulomb blockade device and single electron transistors (3h + 3h lab) - Silicon based qubits: basic concepts, spin, polarization (3h + 3h lab) Introduction to superconducting quantum circuits (7.5h): - the quantum Hamiltonian of a network of devices (3h) - LC resonator, transmission line, nonlinear resonator (Qubit), loops with Josephson junctions (SQUIDs) (4.5h)

Quantum Condensed Matter Physics/Quantum Devices (Quantum Condensed Matter Physics)Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Quantum Condensed Matter Physics/Quantum Devices (Quantum Devices)Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria;
Quantum Condensed Matter Physics/Quantum Devices (Quantum Condensed Matter Physics)Exam: Written test; Quantum Condensed Matter Physics/Quantum Devices (Quantum Devices)Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam;
... Quantum Condensed Matter Physics/Quantum Devices (Quantum Condensed Matter Physics)The Quantum Condensed Matter Physics exam consists of a written test aiming at addressing the degree of understanding achieved by the students on the subjects explained during the lectures (see expected learning outcome above). No supporting material is allowed during the exam. The exam aims at assessing the comprehension of the quantum condensed matter and nanophysics phenomema and to discuss the application of these concepts to quantum devices. When writing the exam sheet the student has to show that he/she is able to rigorously discuss and present the physical models introduced during the lectures, highlighting the approximations behind each model. The written test includes multiple-answer questions, statements (to be assessed as true or false) and two open questions covering all the course’s subjects. The maximum mark of questions/statements is 12/30, that of open questions is 18/30. The total allotted time is 90 min. The written test is passed with a score of at least 18/30. The final score will be obtained by averaging with the score obtained for the Electrons Devices part of the course.Quantum Condensed Matter Physics/Quantum Devices (Quantum Devices)Criteria, rules and procedures for the examination The exams aims at assessing the ability of the student to 1) describe each quantum device analysed during the course in terms of operation principles, modelling and fabrication techniques 2) compare quantum devices with classic counterparts, highlighting the advantages and the challenges for their exploitation 3) compare the various quantum devices and their exploitation in the current electronics scenario 4) present and discuss the codes developed during the software lab 5) describe the basic ideas of superconducting quantum circuits Points 1) and 4) are essential to pass the exam. Points 2)-3)-5) are evaluated with growing marks in terms of depth of understanding and synthesis capability. The exam is oral with both open questions and short exercises. The total allotted time is 30-40 minutes for each student. No books, notes or any other didactic material is allowed. The exam results are communicated directly to the students at the end of the exam session.

Quantum Condensed Matter Physics/Quantum Devices (Quantum Condensed Matter Physics)H. Ibach and Hans Lüth, Solid-State Physics: An Introduction to Principles of Materials Science, Springer 2009. T. Ihn, Semiconductor Nanostructures: Quantum States and Electronic Transport, Oxford Unix. Press, 2012. J. Davies, The physics of low-dimensional semiconductors, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2012. M. Tinkham, Introduction to superconductivity, McGraw-Hill, 2° edition, 1996. T. P. Orlando and K. A. Delin, Foundations of applied superconductivity, Addison-Wesley, 1991. Lectures notes produced by the teacher will be available on-line at the course web page. Quantum Condensed Matter Physics/Quantum Devices (Quantum Devices)The teaching material includes the on slides for the lectures and the course notes. It will be distributed in pdf format by the teachers, and uploaded on the POLITO website before the course start. Some optional additive readings (i.e. fundamental historical papers, whitepapers, review papers, manuals, …) will be proposed by the teachers on the same above mentioned repository. Guidelines for the software Lab activity include notes and software templates.

The students are expected to learn the principles of quantum mechanics and apply them to simple model systems and to condensed matter structures. Main anticipated achievements are: - Knowledge of the postulate of quantum mechanics and their application to simple model systems - Knowledge of quantum statistical distributions and their applications - Knowledge of electronic and optical properties of solids - Ability to solve the Schrodinger equation for simple model systems - Ability to interpret the band structures, density of states and phonon dispersion curves of crystalline solids - Ability to use quantum physics-based models for the prediction of materials properties.

The first part of the course aim at providing the basic concepts of quantum mechanics, exemplified through simple applications, such as the particle in a box model, the quantum harmonic oscillator and the hydrogen atom. In the second part of the course, the laws of quantum mechanics will be applied to describing the properties of crystalline solids. In particular, the student will learn how the band structure and the density of states influence the electronic and optical properties of solids.

• From classical physics to quantum mechanics. (2 hours) - The postulate of quantum mechanics. Physical observables and Hermitian operators in quantum mechanics. Commutators and the Heisenberg indetermination principle. (8 hours) - Solution of the Schrödinger’s equation for simple one-dimensional quantum problems. (6 hours) - The quantum harmonic oscillator (raising and lowering operators). (3 hours) - Spectrum and eigenstates of the angular momentum. The hydrogen atom. (6 hours) - The spin operator and spin states. (1,5 hours) - Introduction to the Bose-Einstein's and the Fermi-Dirac's distribution. (4 hours) - Crystalline and amorphous materials. Direct and reciprocal lattice. (4,5 hours) - Electrons in solids: the Sommerfeld model, Bloch theorem, bands, and Fermi surfaces. (9 hours) - Electronic properties of metals and semiconductors. Doping of semiconductors. (6 hours) - Phonons in condensed matter. (5 hours) - Photon-matter interaction. (5 hours)

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale facoltativa;
Exam: Written test; Optional oral exam;
... The exam consists of a written test aiming at addressing the degree of understanding achieved by the students on the subjects explained during the lectures (see expected learning outcome above). The exam aims at assessing the comprehension of quantum physics and condensed matter phenomena. No supporting material is allowed during the exam. When writing the exam sheet the student has to show that he/she is able to rigorously discuss and present the physical models introduced during the lectures. The written test includes multiple-answer questions, statements (to be assessed as true or false) and two open questions covering all the course’s subjects. The maximum mark for questions/statements is 12/30, that of the open questions is 18/30. The total allotted time is 90 min. An oral exam, for students who passed the written test is possible although not compulsory.

D. J. Griffiths, “Introduction to Quantum Mechanics� (Addison-Wesley). H. Ibach and H. Luth, "Solid-State Physics: An Introduction to Theory and Experiment" (Springer). N. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, "Solid state physics" (Brooks Cole). C. Kittel, "Introduction to Solid State Physics" (Wiley). Lectures notes produced by the teacher will be available on-line at the course web page.

The student will understand and quantify: (i) the information about a quantum state and the error affecting that state; (ii) the transmission of quantum information over quantum channels, considering the case of a noiseless channel and the case of noisy channel; (iii) the complementary approaches and technologies related to quantum error correcting codes and quantum error mitigation strategies for noiseless and noisy intermediate quantum devices. The student will also tackle key quantum engineering issues such as: noise effects with and without quantum error correction; noise performance of quantum devices for practical applications.

The course “Quantum Information� bridges the knowledge of quantum mechanics to information theory thus accompanying the student beyond classical information Shannon theory. Indeterminism and uncertainty are founding concepts of quantum mechanics which do not arise due to loss of information or imprecise measurement capability as in the classical information theory, but rather are intrinsically related to the quantum phenomena. Classical Information Theory aims at quantifying the ultimate compressibility of information and the ultimate ability for a sender to transmit information reliably to a receiver. The uncertainty in classical information theory relies upon probability theory. The “classical� uncertainty, arising from our lack of total information about any given scenario, is ubiquitous throughout all information-processing tasks. “Quantum� uncertainty is inherent in the nature itself of quantum phenomena and thus require new physical knowledge and tools that will be the focus of the course.

Fundamentals of Quantum Information (1.0 CFU Brief Recalls): Multiqubit Hilbert space and operators. Tensor product spaces and combinatorial complexity. Reversible and irreversible evolution. Quantum channels. Entanglement. Bell states. Nonlocality. No signaling. No cloning theorem. Teleportation. Quantum Information Measures (2.0 CFU): Thermodynamics entropy vs information entropy. Statistical Ensembles. Shannon entropy. Data compression. Mutual information. Kullback-Leibler (relative) entropy. Fisher entropy. The noisy channel coding theorem. Von Neumann Entropy. Quantum Renyi entropy. Quantum Data Compression. Holevo information. Holevo Bound. Information measures for pure states and for mixed states. Relative quantum entropy. Accessible information. Quantum errors (1.5 CFU): Quantum states distinguishability, the PeresWootters method. Helstrom’s minimum error decoder. Fidelity. Quantum channel distinguishability. Quantum error correction. Quantum error correctability. Knill-Laflamme method. Quantum noise sources (1.5 CFU): Classical noise and quantum noise. Physical noise sources in qubits (superconductor, quantum dots, ion traps)

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria; Prova scritta in aula tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;
Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam; Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;
... The exam consists of a written part and an oral part. The written part contains 10 multiple-choice questions (both literal and numerical) related to the theoretical parts and exercises of the course. The total time allotted for the written test is one hour. The written test is considered passed if a total grade of at least 18/30 is obtained. Passing the written test is followed by the oral test, which consists of a few questions on the theoretical parts of the course.

"Quantum Computation and Quantum Information" by Michael A. Nielsen, Isaac L. Chuang ‎Cambridge University Press; Anniversary edition (2011) "Quantum Information Theory" by Mark M. Wilde Cambridge University Press (2013) "Quantum Information Processing, Quantum Computing, and Quantum Error Correction. An Engineering Approach� by Ivan Djordjevic Academic Press (2021)

The students will learn the basics of photonic devices and systems aimed at the generation and detection and manipulation of coherent light. Moreover, trough an introduction to the electromagnetic field quantization theory, they will acquire the necessary knowledge to understand the peculiar properties of quantum states of light, that do not have a classical counterpart, the working principles and the technological issues related to the realization of a new generation devices aimed at their generation, manipulation, and detection as single-photon semiconductor sources and detectors. This will 1) enable students to understand the main technological, experimental, and theoretical state of the art achievements and challenges in the photonic domain of the quantum information systems that promise to revolutionise the modern world; 2) to gather the ability to solve new practical problems in the field of quantum photonics.

This course aims to introduce the physics, technology and performance of photonic devices that are employed for generation, manipulation, and detection of the quantum states of light for applications in the cutting-edge field of quantum information (quantum communication, quantum cryptography, quantum computing). Photonics is a key enabling technology for ICT and nowadays many “classical� and commercial photonic devices are based on nanostructure semiconductor materials exploiting quantum effects (for example quantum well, quantum dot and quantum cascade lasers, inter band photodetectors). Moreover, in recent years quantum technologies in the field of photonics have moved a step further by demonstrating the possibility to generate, manipulate and detect quantum states of light. After review of the classical theory of electromagnetic waves propagation in vacuum and in structured dielectric materials (e.g. optical waveguides and fibers), described by the Maxwell Equations, in the first part of the course, its second part will present the working principles of the main photonic devices (semiconductor lasers, modulators, photodetectors, and front-end circuits) employed in a classical optical communication, in information processing and transmission and their current implementation in different technological platforms. This will provide a necessary background to understand the peculiar features of a new generation of quantum optoelectronic devices required for applications in quantum information. In the third part of the course examples of purely quantum or “non-classical� radiation states (e.g., squeezed states, entangled states, photon antibunching) that are the cornerstone of quantum communication, quantum cryptography and quantum computing protocols will be presented both in the framework of the electromagnetic field quantization theory and following a more phenomenological approach. Then in the fourth part, the attention will be moved on the description of the working principles and recent implementations of photonic devices and optical systems able to generate, manipulate and detect quantum states of light such as single photon sources and detectors. This part of the course will also concern commercially available optical components that find applications in e.g. quantum optical communication. Students will analyze the main technologies and their general performance with the aim of being able to read data sheets and compare different available solutions. A selection of devices at research level, but with high Technology Readiness Levels, will also be presented and compared with the current commercial solutions. Emphasis will be also posed on photonic integrated circuits as they might represent the suitable platform for on-chip quantum states manipulation for applications in quantum technologies. Exercises on numerical (through MATLAB routines) and analytical solutions of typical problems in quantum photonics will be presented to provide a student’s hands-on learning.

I. PART I (10 hours) Classical optics and electromagnetics. Elements of nonlinear optics Class 1 (with no background in Electromagnetism and Optics) - Classical theory of Maxwell Equations (ME) for Electromagnetic Waves (EMW) propagation - Solutions of ME in vacuum and homogeneous, linear, isotropic non dispersive media (harmonic plane waves, and spherical waves) - Polarization of the electromagnetic field (linear polarization, elliptical polarization) - Pointing vector (and EMW mean intensity) - Reflection, Diffraction, and Interference - Coherence and correlation functions in the classical domain - Basic principles of optical waveguides and optical modes - Principles non-linear optical phenomena and nonlinear optics in semiconductors (e.g. parametric down conversion and four-wave mixing) Class 2 (with some background in Electromagnetism and Optics) - Review of the theory of Maxwell Equations for Electromagnetic Waves (EMW) propagation: plane waves, polarization, power and intensity, reflection, diffraction, and interference - Principles of optical waveguides and calculation of the optical modes of simple optical waveguides. Optical waveguides in photonic integrated circuits (for examples in a silicon photonic platform) - Non-linear optical phenomena and nonlinear optics in semiconductors (e.g. parametric down conversion and four-wave mixing) II. PART II (20 hours) Classical optical information: fundamentals and technologies - Radiation-matter interaction - Spontaneous emission, stimulated emission and absorption - Light emitting diode and laser diodes (including quantum well, quantum dot and quantum cascade lasers). State of the art technologies - Coherent emission (laser phase and intensity noise) - Principles of optical modulators - Technologies for the modulation of the light for transmission of the information: (OOK; PAM-4; BPSK, QPSK modulations) - Photodetectors, noise in photodetectors and optical receivers - Homodyne and Heterodyne detection - Photonic integrated circuits and integrated passive optical components (waveguides, ring resonators, switches, MZI, polarization splitters etc…). Silicon photonics III. PART III (15 hours) Fundamentals of quantum photonics - Review of the quantum harmonic oscillator - Number state operator - Quantization of electromagnetic field - Coherent states - Squeezed quantum states - Phenomenological approach to photon statistics: Poissonian, Super-Poissonian and Sub-Poissonian - Sub-Poissonian quantum states: states without non-classical counterpart Sub-Poissonian light generation by LEDs and laser diodes - Second order correlation function: Photon bunching and antibunching - Photon’s entanglement - Encoding quantum information in a single photon: polarization encoding, path encoding, orbital angular momentum encoding, time-bin and time-frequency encoding IV. PART IV (15 hours) Optical technologies for quantum information: applications in quantum optical communications and quantum computing - Optical technologies and experimental set-up for generating quantum states of light as single photons, entangled photons, squeezed states: Heralded single photon source, FWM in waveguides and micro-resonators, semiconductor quantum dots in micro-cavities, degenerate down conversion processes - Photonic integrated circuits for manipulation of single – or multi-photons (Silicon on insulator platforms or LiNbO3 platforms) - Optical technologies for detection of quantum states of light: photon number resolving detectors (PNR) and non-PNR detectors; single photon counting modules - Examples of applications to quantum optical communications and quantum computing

Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale facoltativa;
Exam: Written test; Optional oral exam;
... The exam is divided in: 1) a mandatory written test composed by closed and open answers under teacher supervision (or on the available e-learning platform); 2) an optional oral exam. 1) The mandatory test lasts two hours and consists of 13 multiple-choice questions, on theoretical topics and 2 open questions where the students are asked to solve exercises. All the 15 questions are aimed to evaluate the student’s degree of knowledge of the courses’ topics and their ability to use the theoretical tools provided by the course to solve practical problems of quantum photonics. During the written test it is not possible to consult any type of material (e.g. textbooks, personal notes, lecture slides); the use of personal calculators is permitted only if it is a not programmable. For each closed question there are four answers: one right, three wrong. The right answer is worth +1.6 points, each wrong answer is worth -1/3 points; a not given answer is worth 0. For each open question the given answer is worth up to +3 points, each answer not given is worth 0 points. The result of the written test PTEST, is considered positive with PTEST (rounded to the nearest integer) ≥ 15. A bonus of +3 points is the added to PTEST to obtain the final mark for the part 1) of the exam as M1=((PTEST rounded to the nearest integer)+3 )/30. 2) To increase the final mark up to 30 e lode/30 the students may choose to present a research article chosen by the teacher and/or his/her collaborators on the most relevant course topics. The mark for the oral article presentation M2 ranges from 1/30 to 4/30. If the optional oral part is not chosen by the student M2=0. The final mark of the exam M is M1+M2 rounded to the nearest integer. Mark M1+M2 bigger than 30.5/30 are converted in a final mark M=30 e lode/30.

Lectures and Exercises Main references book: Quantum Optics. An introduction, M. Fox (OUP Oxford) Nonlinear optical systems, L. Lugiato, F. Prati, M. Brambilla (Cambridge University Press) Diode lasers and photonic integrated circuits, L. A. Coldren (Wiley), S. W. Corzine, L.M. Masanovic For further readings [1] Classical electrodynamics, J.D. Jackson (John Wiley & Sons) [2] Fundamentals of Photonics, B. E. A. Saleh, M. C. Teich (Wiley) [3] Semiconductor devices for high speed optoelectronics, G. Ghione (Cambridge University) [4] Nonlinear optics, R. Boyd (Elsevier) [5] The quantum theory of light, R. Loudon (Oxford Science Pubblications) [6] Quantum Optics, M. O. Scully, M. S. Zubairy (Cambridge University) [7] Semiconductor Laser Physics, W. W. Chow , S. W. Koch , M. Sargent (Springer) [8] Lasers, A. E. Seigman (University Science Books) [9] Quantum electronics, A. Yariv (Wiley) [10] A collection of recent review papers on the most advanced topics in the field of quantum photonics Numerical Calculus Numerical calculus using Matlab, J. H. Mathews, K. D. Fink (Prentice Hall) NOTE: Other useful material and meta-material will be uploaded on the course material webpage during the course.

The students are expected to learn how to characterize and realize materials, technological processes and devices for quantum engineering. Main anticipated achievements are: - Knowledge of apparatuses for materials synthesis - Knowledge of characterization techniques - In-depth knowledge of use of devices realization and characterization techniques

The course aims at providing the experimental basis necessary to understand the physics and the technology of quantum devices. The student will learn how to apply experimental technological and characterization tools to materials and devices exploiting quantum effects at the basis of the development of quantum sensing, communications, and computing. The realization and characterization of physical structures where quantum states can be prepared and manipulated is nowadays an active research field. Quantum engineers must be able to manage the technologies and the materials of the main quantum devices. The course provides the experimental background to realize and characterize the main quantum devices. It is specifically focused on atoms, photons, and material properties of semiconductors and other nanotechnologies materials, allowing quantum operation. The course is fundamental for the subsequent courses of the Master Degree, dedicated to qubit manipulation, quantum communications and quantum computing. The first part of the course is focused on fundamental experiences in Quantum Technologies. The second part is focused on Fabrication of Quantum Devices.

Part 1. Fundamental Experiences in Quantum Technologies (3 credits) Articulated on laboratory measurement experiences, it includes: - Measurement of Quantum Communication: Quantum Key Exchange with specific protocols; Characterization of key transmission parameters on optical fiber coils (attenuation, key rate, Quantum Bit Error Rate, length/key rate and length /QBER trade-off) - Measurement of Quantum Metrology: coefficients of atomic sensitivity to magnetic and electric fields; characterization of integrated photonics components for atomic clocks (microresonators, MEMS microcells) - Measurement of Quantum Computing: qubit addressing and characterization of coherence in photonic and atomic quantum systems Part 2. Fabrication of Quantum Devices (3 credits) - Analysis of the main process machines in the production of photonic devices - Analysis of the main process machines for atomic quantum devices

Modalita di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Elaborato scritto individuale;
Exam: Compulsory oral exam; Individual essay;
... Expected learning outcomes: Understanding of the covered topics and ability to grasp the experimental aspects of the technologies and related materials. Ability to build a logical path by assembling the various technological processes, for the construction of a quantum device. Criteria, rules and procedures for the examination: The exam is aimed at ascertaining the knowledge of the topics listed in the official program of the course and the ability to apply the theoretical contents for the solution of simple exercises for the assembly of technological processes and the characterization of quantum-based systems. The exam is based on reports of experimental activity and on an oral. Each student will be asked to report on experimental activity and one questions for each of the two parts of the program. The total allotted time is 30-40 mins for each student. No books, notes or any other didactic material is allowed. The assessments are expressed in thirtieths and the exam is passed if the mark is at least 18/30. The maximum achievable mark is 30 cum laude. The exam results are communicated directly to the students at the end of the exam session.

Lectures notes produced by the teacher will be available on-line at the course web page.

Quantum Communications and Networks and Quantum Cryptography (Quantum Communications and Networks)After successful completion of the course, the students should have a good understanding of the physics and engineering behind the high-fidelity transmission of individual and entangled photonic quantum states over an optical communication network. The student should be able to describe, design and simulate a quantum communication system and network for quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum entanglement distribution and teleportation. Upon successful completion of the course, each student is expected to be able to: â—� Define key concepts and architectures in optical communication systems and networks (modulation formats, spectral efficiency, channel capacity and impairments, link budget and receiver sensitivity, switching architectures, routing and spectrum assignment, and software-defined open optical networks) â—� Design an error-free classical optical communication system with pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) â—� Explain how information encoding is done at the single-photon level and the different degrees of-freedom employed (polarization, time-bin, frequency-bin, path entanglement, etc.) â—� Define key concepts and implementations of quantum communication and network devices, such as quantum sources, switches, transmission mediums, detectors ), memories, and stationary qubit-to-photon interfaces â—� Define key concepts and implementations of quantum communication networks such as entanglement distribution and swapping for long-distance teleportation â—� Design, simulate and analyze the performance of a quantum communication link with different source of impairments (loss, memory decoherence, crosstalk caused by copropagating classical signals over the same fiber) for entanglement distribution, swapping, and QKD applications

Quantum Communications and Networks and Quantum Cryptography (Quantum Communications and Networks)This course is for graduate engineers wishing to understand the role and design principles of quantum communication systems and networks, which are anticipated to be key technologies of the 21st century to address post-quantum security and support the development of the Quantum Internet. Upon successful completion of the course, the students will understand the key concepts and technologies underlying the design and performance of quantum communication links and networks by leveraging currently available simulation tools. The course will first introduce the key concepts of classical optical communication networks and review the key principles of quantum physics that form the foundations for quantum optical networks. It will then present the key concepts and related implementation schemes and challenges for emerging quantum realm applications and technologies such as quantum entanglement distribution, teleportation, entanglement swapping and routing, and quantum key distribution (QKD) networks.

Quantum Communications and Networks and Quantum Cryptography (Quantum Communications and Networks)Classroom lessons will cover the following topics (CFUs are indicative, and variations are possible): � Introduction to quantum communication and networks (0.2 CFU) � Classical optical communication for quantum networks (1.6 CFU) - modulation formats, spectral efficiency, and channel capacity; linear and non-linear impairments in optical fiber systems; link budget and receiver sensitivity for IM-DD signals; switching architectures, wavelength routing and spectrum assignment; software-defined open optical systems � Technologies and protocols for entanglement distribution networks (0.8 CFU) - Stationary qubit-to-photon interfaces; Quantum memories and repeaters; Entanglement generation, distribution and teleportation; Entanglement swapping and purification; Synchronization in quantum networks; � Technologies and protocols for Quantum Key Distribution (0.5 CFU) - Discrete variable (DV)-QKD (Polarization, Phase, Twin Field QKD, …); Continuous variable (CV)-QKD; Trusted nodes; � Coexistence of quantum and classical signals over the same fiber (0.3 CFU) � Quantum packet switching (0.2 CFU) � A series of Netsquid labs to implement and simulate the different communication and network concepts described above (1.7 CFU) � Group projects (0.7 CFU)

Quantum Communications and Networks and Quantum Cryptography (Quantum Communications and Networks)Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale facoltativa; Elaborato grafico prodotto in gruppo; Elaborato progettuale individuale; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Quantum Communications and Networks and Quantum Cryptography (Quantum Communications and Networks)Exam: Written test; Optional oral exam; Group graphic design project; Individual project; Group project;
... Quantum Communications and Networks and Quantum Cryptography (Quantum Communications and Networks)Written test; Group research and presentation; Group project; Optional oral exam. The final evaluation is based on four parts. The first part is based on a group presentation. During the course, the teacher will briefly introduce a few advanced topics currently under investigation in the research community. The students will form groups of three to four people and will be assigned to prepare a 30-min presentation on one of the selected topics. The overall quality of the presentation will be evaluated on a scale from 1 to 5 points. The second part of the exam is based on a simulation project that builds upon the labs performed during the course. This part will be scored on a scale from 1 to 10 points. The project will be assigned in the second-last week of the course and must be completed within a week of the end of the course. The third part of the exam is based on a written test with exercises as well as open and multiple-choice questions. The written test will last up to 1.5 hours, and it will be scored on a scale up to 15 points. The evaluation of this part is based on the completeness of the answers, but also on the ability of the students to convey the necessary concepts in a concise way. This written exam is a “closed-book exam�. Students that wish to improve their overall grade can ask for an optional oral exam (which can give +- 5 points). The final exam grade will be the sum of the written test, presentation, and optional oral exam scores.

Quantum Communications and Networks and Quantum Cryptography (Quantum Communications and Networks)The slides and the handouts used during the classes will be available on the POLITO Didattica web portal. The following books provide a useful reference for the topics discussed during the course. Classical optical communication systems, networks, and protocols: - Springer Handbook of Optical Networks, Springer, 2020 - J.F. Kurose, K.W. Ross: Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet Quantum optical communication networks: - “Quantum Communication, Quantum Networks, and Quantum Sensing� by Ivan B. Djordjevic - "Quantum Networking" by Rodney Van Meter

Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization and Quantum Computing (Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization)The student wil know how to implement on a hardware basis the quantum gates and circuits; this ability will be deployed on realistic qubits and multi-qubit array both in ideal and non-ideal conditions. The student will develop the ability to simulate functionally simple quantum circuits using simulators available at teaching level. The student will develop the ability to compile quantum algorithms of simple and medium complexity, holding first a solid methodology independently on the type of algorithm. The student will develop the ability to implement a general algorithm on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and to deploy quantum algorithms emulator using FPGAs The student will hold the basic skills to integrate classical and quantum electronic architectures in an embedded or coherently interfaced hardware support. Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization and Quantum Computing (Quantum computing)- basic knowledge of software platforms for quantum computers - detailed knowledge of IBM platform - detailed knowledge of D-Wave platform - knowledge of other platforms (to be defined) - knowledge of main applications of quantum computing in finance, optimization, and telecommunications

Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization and Quantum Computing (Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization)The Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization course focuses on the knowledge of a physical qubit and examines the design parameters to be tackled to implement a real Quantum Computer dealing with decoherence and noise when the number of qubits increases. The course covers qubits and their representation on the Bloch sphere, the use of quantum gates, and implementation with Open QASM 2.0 and Qiskit. It explores the design of quantum circuits and introduces quantum algorithms and optimization techniques like QUBO and Ising. The course addresses hardware for quantum gates, including NMR, trapped ions, Josephson junctions, and quantum dots, as well as mapping and optimization specific to hardware. It includes practical exercises on CAD for quantum circuits, digital emulation with FPGA and GPU, VHDL projects, simulations with Modelsim, and testing on platforms.Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization and Quantum Computing (Quantum computing)The Quantum Computing (QC) course is a course belonging to the Master Degree in Quantum Engineering; it is taught in the first semester of the second year, and it is taught in English. The main goal of the course is to provide the students with a knowledge of the software applications of quantum computing, by means of integrated business hw/sw platforms. The purpose is to show what it is actually possible to do with a quantum computer. During the course, will be provided contributions from companies with whom Politecnico di Torino is involved for research and development projects, such as IBM, Intesa Sanpaolo, TIM, Pasqal, Fondazione Links.

Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization and Quantum Computing (Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization)Universal set of gates for QC, Di Vincenzo's Criteria and hardware implementation of quantum gates and circuits on realistic qubits and multi-qubit array: ideal, non-ideal conditions, noise impact, temperature and defects. [1CFU] Design of quantum circuits [1CFU]: • Basic quantum algorithms implementation based on quantum gates • Compilation of quantum circuits tailored for actual hardware specifications and comparison with classical compilation processes • Technology-dependent gate optimizations and two-qubit gate templates • Basics on CAD design for quantum circuits Functional comparison through models and simulations of NMR qubits, Josephson Junction qubits, Trapped ions qubits and Quantum Dots qubits [1CFU] Quantum computing emulation and integration with classical digital architectures [2CFU]: • Fundamentals of classical digital circuits for FPGA • Design of digital circuits to be synthesized on FPGAs for quantum computing emulation • Simulation and characterization of emulated quantum circuits Deployment of quantum-based algorithms and methodologies on quantum HW through Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) for real-life problems. [1CFU] Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization and Quantum Computing (Quantum computing)- Introduction to software platforms for quantum computing (0,5 credits) - IBM platform (1,5 credits) - D-Wave platform (1,5 credits) - other platforms (1,5 credits) - Applications (finance, optimization, telecommunications) (1 credit) - Laboratory exercises will be done, most of the course will be hands-on. Please note that topics are subject to partial change, due to the fast changes in this subject

Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization and Quantum Computing (Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization)Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization and Quantum Computing (Quantum computing)Modalita di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale facoltativa; Elaborato progettuale in gruppo;
Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization and Quantum Computing (Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization)Exam: Written test; Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization and Quantum Computing (Quantum computing)Exam: Written test; Optional oral exam; Group project;
... Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization and Quantum Computing (Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization)The exam will consist of a written test lasting two hours. The written exam will include questions and exercises, from which the understanding of the concepts and the maturity managed to elaborate on them are assessed. The part linked to the laboratories weighs 20% of the final evaluation, while the exam weighs 80%. The lab assessment methods are detailed in the 'Course Structure' section. Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization and Quantum Computing (Quantum computing)The examination is composed of two parts, a written part and an assignment. Written examination: The written exam is composed of questions and exercises on the course content. It lasts for 1h. The maximum score for this part is 30/30. A sufficient mark is >= 18. Assignment: Students will be asked to deliver a group assignment (usually 2 persons per group) to be developed at the end of the semester. The maximum score for this part is 30/30. A sufficient mark is >= 18. The final grade is the arithmetic mean of the two parts, provided that both of them are sufficient (>=18) An optional oral examination can be asked to the teacher, in order to improve a mark of 30 and reach the 30 cum laude. The teacher will also be able to ask for an oral exam independently of marks obtained in the written part and assignment or even in substitution of them in particular conditions.

Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization and Quantum Computing (Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization)Suggested books: • Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, M. Nielsen and I. Chuang, Cambridge University Press • Quantum Computing for Computer Scientist, Yanofky, Mannucci, Cambridge University press • Introduction to Classical and Quantum Computing, T. Wong • Advanced Digital System Design using SoC FPGAs: An Integrated Hardware/Software Approach, R.K. Snider, Springer Copies of the slides used for the lectures and the manuals for the laboratory exercises are available. All the course material can be downloaded through the teaching portal. Quantum Hardware Design and Optimization and Quantum Computing (Quantum computing)• Learn Quantum Computing with Python and IBM Quantum Experience: A hands-on introduction to quantum computing and writing your own quantum programs with Python - Robert Loredo - Packt Publishing (28 settembre 2020) - ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1838981004 - ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1838981006 • Quantum Machine Learning: An Applied Approach: The Theory and Application of Quantum Machine Learning in Science and Industry – Santanu Ganguly - Apress (29 luglio 2021) - ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1484270975 - ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1484270974 • Quantum Machine Learning and Optimisation in Finance: On the Road to Quantum Advantage - Antoine Jacquier (Autore), Oleksiy Kondratyev (Autore), Alexander Lipton (Avanti), Marcos Lopez de Prado (Avanti) - Packt Publishing (31 ottobre 2022) - ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1801813574 - ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-180181357 The three books are freely available for Politecnico di Torino students in the university library in digital format.

La tesi di Laurea Magistrale rappresenta una verifica complessiva della padronanza di contenuti tecnici e delle capacità di organizzazione, di comunicazione, e di lavoro individuali, relativamente allo sviluppo di analisi o di progetti complessi.

Le attività ̀ previste nella prova finale richiedono normalmente l'applicazione di quanto appreso in più̀ insegnamenti, l'integrazione con elementi aggiuntivi e la capacità di proporre spunti innovativi. L'argomento e le attività relative alla prova finale sono concordati con un docente del Politecnico (relatore di tesi). Le attività possono essere condotte anche presso altri enti o aziende, in Italia o all'estero, sotto la supervisione di un docente relatore del Politecnico e di un tutore dell'ente esterno. La tesi di Laurea Magistrale e la presentazione devono essere in lingua inglese.

Modalita di esame: Accertamento (esame senza voto);
Exam: Check;
... The graduation grade for the Master's degree will be calculated starting from the average of the exams, to which a maximum of 8 additional points can be added. Points available to the Committee (maximum 6): - maximum 4 points for the Thesis; - maximum 2 points for the Thesis presentation. Points for the academic career (maximum 2): - max 1 point based on the number of honors (0.5 points for every 5 credits of exams with honors) - max 1 point based on the duration of the studies: * 1 point for graduating within the November/December session of the 2nd year of enrollment; * 0.5 points for graduating within the March/April session of the 3rd year of enrollment; * 0 points for graduating from the July session of the 3rd year. [Students with a path that requires an additional semester: 3rd year March/April and July - 1 point 3rd year October and November/December - 0.5 points Students with initial enrollment in March without advances ("anticipo crediti"): 3rd year March/April and July - 1 point 3rd year October and November/December - 0.5 points] If the final grade is equal to or greater than 112.51, the student will be awarded the maximum grade of 110 with honors (110 cum laude).

La tesi di Laurea Magistrale rappresenta una verifica complessiva della padronanza di contenuti tecnici e delle capacità di organizzazione, di comunicazione, e di lavoro individuali, relativamente allo sviluppo di analisi o di progetti complessi.

La prova finale ha un valore di 18 crediti. La prova finale rappresenta un importante momento formativo del corso di laurea magistrale e consiste in una tesi, che deve essere elaborata in modo originale dallo studente sotto la guida di un relatore, avente come oggetto un'analisi, un progetto o un'applicazione a carattere innovativo, relativi ad argomenti coerenti con gli obiettivi formativi del corso di studi, e lo sviluppo di un elaborato scritto conclusivo (Tesi di Laurea Magistrale). Le attività̀ previste nella prova finale richiedono normalmente l'applicazione di quanto appreso in più̀ insegnamenti, l'integrazione con elementi aggiuntivi e la capacità di proporre spunti innovativi. L'argomento e le attività relative alla prova finale sono concordati con un docente del Politecnico (relatore di tesi). Le attività possono essere condotte anche presso altri enti o aziende, in Italia o all'estero, sotto la supervisione di un docente relatore del Politecnico e di un tutore dell'ente esterno. La tesi di Laurea Magistrale e la presentazione devono essere in lingua inglese.

Modalita di esame: Accertamento (esame senza voto); Exam: Check; ... The graduation grade for the Master's degree will be calculated starting from the average of the exams, to which a maximum of 8 additional points can be added. Points available to the Committee (maximum 6): - maximum 4 points for the Thesis; - maximum 2 points for the Thesis presentation. Points for the academic career (maximum 2): - max 1 point based on the number of honors (0.5 points for every 5 credits of exams with honors) - max 1 point based on the duration of the studies: * 1 point for graduating within the November/December session of the 2nd year of enrollment; * 0.5 points for graduating within the March/April session of the 3rd year of enrollment; * 0 points for graduating from the July session of the 3rd year. [Students with a path that requires an additional semester: 3rd year March/April and July - 1 point 3rd year October and November/December - 0.5 points Students with initial enrollment in March without advances ("anticipo crediti"): 3rd year March/April and July - 1 point 3rd year October and November/December - 0.5 points] If the final grade is equal to or greater than 112.51, the student will be awarded the maximum grade of 110 with honors (110 cum laude).