Tropical And Subtropical Agriculture

Knowledge: climate variables and their dynamics; relationships between climate and agricultural crops; monitoring and analysis techniques; main implications of climate change. Tools and methodologies for monitoring and studying climate and its relationship with crop development and growth.

The module develops an integrated, systems-oriented understanding of agronomy in tropical and subtropical farming contexts. It focuses on diagnosis, interpretation of evidence, context-specific management and the redesign of farming systems under resource, environmental and institutional constraints.
Knowledge and understanding: Students will understand how soil, crops, climate, management and farm resources interact to determine productivity, stability and sustainability. They will recognize soil-health functions, field and farm heterogeneity, crop-livestock interactions, legume functions, conservation-agriculture principles and alternative innovation pathways.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Students will diagnose agronomic problems, interpret articles, figures and simplified datasets, compare feasible management options and formulate conditional recommendations for real farming systems.
Making judgements: Students will distinguish observations, mechanisms, evidence, assumptions and uncertainty. They will assess trade-offs involving yield, food security, soil functions, labour, livestock, risk and access to resources, and identify conditions that may require a recommendation to be revised.
Communication skills: Students will communicate agronomic reasoning concisely through group discussion, peer review and short presentations, using appropriate disciplinary language.
Learning skills: Students will develop the ability to read scientific literature critically, transfer concepts cautiously between contexts, monitor outcomes and update decisions when new evidence or changing conditions emerge.

The module provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the most up-to-date and innovative knowledge and skills related to Land Suitability Analysis, i.e., the study and tools for determining the suitability of land for agriculture by considering crop, soil, and climate factors. Specifically, upon completion of the course, students will achieve the following learning objectives:
Knowledge and understanding: students will acquire advanced knowledge of the fundamentals, principles, tools, and procedures (based on GIS, remote and proximal sensing, and data retrievement) for Land Suitability Analysis, according to the Land Evaluation FAO framework.
Applying Knowledge and Understanding: students will apply their knowledge to retrieve and process the information for the Land Suitability Analysis, by using different tools, methods, and procedures (e.g., soil, climate, crop characteristics, etc.; FAO, COPERNICUS platforms; GIS software, Sentinel products and UAVs).
Making judgments: Students will develop independent critical thinking skills, enabling them to evaluate scientific sources, interpret collected information, and evaluate the results to assess their agronomic and environmental implications.
Communication skills: Students will learn to effectively communicate key concepts for Land Suitability Analysis techniques, correlating and connecting the knowledge acquired.
Learning skills: Students will be able to connect the knowledge and skills acquired to their professional practice.

Lessons: Basics of meteorology and climatology: Atmospheric composition, Weather and climate, Climatology, Agro-climatology. Agro-climatic parameters: radiation, air/soil temperature and humidity, precipitation, evapotranspiration. Climate and agricultural crops. Climate change trends. Crop modeling. Exercises: Seminars by industry experts, visits to agroclimatology laboratories (e.g., Lamma).

Agronomy for tropical and subtropical agriculture: agronomic diagnosis; soil health and indicator selection; integrated soil fertility management; farm and field heterogeneity; allocation of scarce resources; interpretation of on-farm variability; legumes and intercropping; conservation agriculture; trade-offs and best-fit recommendations; innovation pathways; farming-system redesign, monitoring and adaptive management.

The module provides students with an integrated understanding of the FAO framework, the principles for the treatment of geographic data, remote sensing, the main methodologies, tools for the management of systems, Introduction to agro-ecological zoning and the FAO Global Agroecological Zoning (GAEZ) tool, and other frameworks.

Assessment method:
written test with multiple-choice questions.
Assessment: Ability to reason on the topics covered in class.
Tabella docimologica di valutazione
Insufficiente
Valutazione negativa dovuta a gravi errori concettuali, comprensione frammentaria o nulla degli argomenti trattati, incapacità di applicare le conoscenze, gravi lacune e mancanza di autonomia.
18–22
Valutazione sufficiente o più che sufficiente dovuta a conoscenza elementare degli argomenti, presenza di alcuni errori, capacità di affrontare solo compiti semplici o guidati, livello base di autonomia.
23–25
Valutazione discreta dovuta a comprensione soddisfacente degli argomenti, capacità di applicare correttamente le conoscenze a contesti noti e di affrontare gli esercizi in modo autonomo con qualche imprecisione, con un soddisfacente livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
26–28
Valutazione buona o molto buona, dovuta a solida comprensione teorica della disciplina, capacità di collegare concetti, risolvere problemi e proporre analisi critiche, di svolgere compiti complessi in modo autonomo, preciso ed efficace, con un buon livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
29–30 e Lode
Valutazione eccellente o ottima, dovuta a conoscenze complete, approfondite e ben strutturate, capacità di operare in modo autonomo e flessibile, anche in contesti complessi o nuovi, di utilizzare il linguaggio disciplinare in modo appropriato, preciso e articolato, di evidenziare capacità critiche, originalità e rigore nell’esposizione e nell’applicazione.
La Lode è attribuita a elaborati o prestazioni che si distinguono per brillantezza e originalità, anche al di là delle aspettative curricolari.

The final assessment is individual and is the same for attending and non-attending students.
The assessment consists of: (1) presentation of a farming-system case using four slides: context, agronomic diagnosis, alternative options and a conditional recommendation; (2) discussion on agronomic mechanisms, evidence, feasibility, trade-offs, monitoring and uncertainty; and (3) interpretation of a new agronomic case, figure or dataset.
Attending students may start from the case developed with their group, but each student must be able to explain and defend the complete argument independently. Non-attending students prepare an individual case using the same four-slide structure.
Assessment criteria: agronomic diagnosis, 30%; use of evidence and concepts, 25%; feasibility and analysis of trade-offs, 25%; conditional reasoning and communication, 20%.
Assessment Criteria and Grading Rubric
Fail (Insufficient)
Negative evaluation due to serious conceptual errors, fragmentary or non-existent understanding of the subject matter, inability to apply knowledge, major gaps, and a lack of independence.
18–22
Sufficient or more than sufficient evaluation due to elementary knowledge of the topics, the presence of some errors, the ability to handle only simple or guided tasks, and a basic level of independence.
23–25
Satisfactory evaluation due to a satisfactory understanding of the topics, the ability to correctly apply knowledge to familiar contexts, and the ability to complete exercises independently with some inaccuracies; demonstrates a satisfactory level of independence and operational competence.
26–28
Good or very good evaluation due to a solid theoretical understanding of the discipline, the ability to connect concepts, solve problems, and provide critical analysis; ability to perform complex tasks independently, precisely, and effectively, with a good level of independence and operational competence.
29–30 and Honors (Lode)Excellent or outstanding evaluation due to complete, in-depth, and well-structured knowledge; the ability to operate independently and flexibly even in complex or new contexts; appropriate, precise, and articulate use of specialized terminology; demonstrates critical thinking, originality, and rigor in both presentation and application.
Honors (Laude) is awarded for work or performance distinguished by brilliance and originality, exceeding standard curricular expectations.

To assess the knowledge and skills acquired, two examination methods are foreseen and only one shall be chosen by the student:
1. A MULTI-CHOICE QUESTIONNAIRE on the topics covered. This test will consist of 16 questions, each with three alternative choices, only one choice is correct. The written exam score will be determined by awarding two points for each correct answer and zero points for any incorrect or unanswered questions. A distinction (or "lode") will be awarded for answering all questions correctly.
OR
2. AN ORAL PRESENTATION of an exercise on Crop suitability analysis by using either with Qgis or GAEZ platform. The evaluation criteria for this type of exam will be the student's autonomy in completing the exercise and their ability to structure the exercise effectively.
The grade obtained in the Land Suitability Analysis module will be counted towards the final grade for the Climate Smart Agronomy and Land Management course as a weighted average.
Tabella docimologica di valutazione
Insufficiente
Valutazione negativa dovuta a gravi errori concettuali, comprensione frammentaria o nulla degli argomenti trattati, incapacità di applicare le conoscenze, gravi lacune e mancanza di autonomia.
18–22
Valutazione sufficiente o più che sufficiente dovuta a conoscenza elementare degli argomenti, presenza di alcuni errori, capacità di affrontare solo compiti semplici o guidati, livello base di autonomia.
23–25
Valutazione discreta dovuta a comprensione soddisfacente degli argomenti, capacità di applicare correttamente le conoscenze a contesti noti e di affrontare gli esercizi in modo autonomo con qualche imprecisione, con un soddisfacente livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
26–28
Valutazione buona o molto buona, dovuta a solida comprensione teorica della disciplina, capacità di collegare concetti, risolvere problemi e proporre analisi critiche, di svolgere compiti complessi in modo autonomo, preciso ed efficace, con un buon livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
29–30 e Lode
Valutazione eccellente o ottima, dovuta a conoscenze complete, approfondite e ben strutturate, capacità di operare in modo autonomo e flessibile, anche in contesti complessi o nuovi, di utilizzare il linguaggio disciplinare in modo appropriato, preciso e articolato, di evidenziare capacità critiche, originalità e rigore nell’esposizione e nell’applicazione.
La Lode è attribuita a elaborati o prestazioni che si distinguono per brillantezza e originalità, anche al di là delle aspettative curricolari.

Agricultural Meteorology and Climatology (Lalic et al., 2018, Florence University Press)
Handouts distributed during class.
Teaching materials produced by the instructor.

Core scientific readings
Mponela, P. et al. (2026). Soil-health frameworks in agri-food systems: A review.
Vanlauwe, B. et al. (2010). Integrated soil fertility management: Operational definition and consequences for implementation and dissemination.
Giller, K. E. et al. (2011). Communicating complexity: Integrated assessment of trade-offs concerning soil fertility management within African farming systems.
Falconnier, G. N. et al. (2016). Unravelling the causes of variability in crop yields and treatment responses for better tailoring of options in southern Mali.
Giller, K. E. et al. (2015). Beyond conservation agriculture.
Martinez-Ramon, V. et al. (2026). Systems-oriented innovation towards sustainable smallholder mixed farming.
Supplementary references
Ceccon, P., Fagnano, M., Grignani, C., Monti, M. and Orlandini, S. (2017). Agronomia. EDISES, Napoli.
Sheaffer, C. C. et al. (2012). Introduction to Agronomy. Cengage Learning.
Selected sections, figures and reading guides are provided through Moodle. Additional teaching material is prepared by the instructor. Students should consult the bibliography through OneSearch and contact the library for assistance when needed.

Slides provided by the lecture, FAO 2007. Land evaluation - towards a revised framework. FAO Land and water discussion papers. Available in PDF format at http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1080e.pdf IIASA/FAO, 2012. Global Agro-ecological Zones (GAEZ v3.0). IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria and FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gaez/docs/GAEZ_Model_Documentation.pdf https://www.qgis.org/en/docs/index.html Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin for QGIS at https://fromgistors.blogspot.com/p/semi-automatic-classification-plugin.html Slides presented in the class

L’insegnamento si propone di: 1) fornire le conoscenze di base per gestire la protezione delle colture tropicali dagli attacchi di malattie e fitofagi, anche per soddisfare i requisiti delle organizzazioni internazionali per la protezione delle piante; 2) fornire le conoscenze sul ciclo biologico e sui danni causati da patogeni e fitofagi rappresentativi alle principali colture tropicali e subtropicali; 3) sviluppare le competenze professionali nella scelta di strategie di difesa delle principali colture tropicali da patogeni e fitofagi. Risultati di apprendimento attesi, basati sui descrittori di Dublino e riferiti agli obiettivi di apprendimento sopra elencati. Conoscenza e comprensione: al termine del corso lo studente sarà in grado di: descrivere le caratteristiche dei metodi di controllo disponibili contro patogeni e fitofagi (CC1); distinguere i fattori favorevoli e sfavorevoli che influenzano lo sviluppo dei fitofagi e delle malattie (CC2); affrontare la protezione delle principali colture tropicali da patogeni e fitofagi chiave (CC2, CC3). Applicare conoscenza e comprensione: al termine del corso lo studente/la studentessa: valuta i danni causati da malattie e fitofagi alle colture tropicali (CA1); applica i principi della lotta integrata per la protezione delle colture tropicali (CA2); valuta le strategie e i metodi di controllo disponibili per gestire specifici fitofagi e malattie, sceglie quelli più adatti a proteggere le colture tropicali promuovendo il controllo sostenibile nei contesti tropicali (CA2, CA3). Capacità di apprendimento. Al termine del corso lo studente/la studentessa è in grado di rapportare le conoscenze e le competenze acquisite al proprio contesto professionale (AP1); possiede le competenze necessarie per aggiornare autonomamente le proprie conoscenze nell'ambito della difesa delle piante tropicali (AP2).

L’insegnamento si propone di: 1) fornire le conoscenze di base per gestire la protezione delle colture tropicali dagli attacchi degli insetti, anche per soddisfare i requisiti delle organizzazioni internazionali per la protezione delle piante; 2) fornire le conoscenze sul ciclo biologico e sui danni causati da insetti fitofagi rappresentativi alle principali colture tropicali e subtropicali, insieme a informazioni sulle principali categorie dei loro nemici naturali; 3) sviluppare le competenze professionali nella scelta di strategie di difesa delle principali colture tropicali dagli attacchi di insetti fitofagi. Risultati di apprendimento attesi, basati sui descrittori di Dublino e riferiti agli obiettivi di apprendimento sopra elencati. Conoscenza e comprensione: al termine del corso lo studente sarà in grado di 1) affrontare la protezione delle principali colture tropicali dai fitofagi chiave (CC1, CC2); 2) descrivere le caratteristiche dei metodi di controllo disponibili contro gli insetti fitofagi (CC2, CC3); 3) distinguere gli insetti dannosi da quelli utili (CC1). Applicare conoscenza e comprensione: al termine del corso lo studente/la studentessa: valuta i danni causati dai fitofagi alle colture (CA1); applica i principi fondamentali della lotta integrata per la protezione delle colture tropicali dagli insetti fitofagi (CA2); valuta le strategie e i metodi di controllo disponibili per gestire specifici fitofagi, sceglie quelli più adatti a proteggere le colture tropicali e promuove il controllo sostenibile nei contesti tropicali (CA1, CA2, CA3). Capacità di apprendimento. Al termine del corso lo studente/la studentessa è in grado di rapportare le conoscenze e le competenze acquisite al proprio contesto professionale (AP1, AP2).

Principi di entomologia applicata e patologia vegetale. Principali fitofagi dannosi e malattie di colture tropicali e subtropicali rappresentative. Fondamenti e metodi di gestione integrata dei fitofagi e delle malattie. Metodi di controllo sostenibile nei tropici.

Principi di entomologia applicata. Principali insetti nocivi di colture tropicali e subtropicali rappresentative. Fondamenti e metodi di gestione integrata dei fitofagi dannosi. Metodi di controllo sostenibile nei tropici.

L'esame consiste in un quiz scritto svolto tramite PC forniti dall'Università. L'esame è finalizzato a verificare il raggiungimento degli obiettivi didattici e dei risultati di apprendimento descritti sopra. Lo studente deve rispondere a prove oggettive, tra cui 10 domande a risposta aperta e 7 test (test a risposta multipla, domande vero/falso, abbinamenti, completamenti). Le domande riguardano gli argomenti trattati a lezione e durante i seminari di Patologia vegetale e Entomologia. Non sono consentite prove separate per i due moduli. L'esame dura 90 minuti. Il voto finale è espresso in trentesimi. L'esame viene valutato applicando i seguenti criteri: padronanza della materia (dalle conoscenze di base agli aspetti specifici), chiarezza espositiva, completezza delle risposte, capacità di riassumere e collegare diversi argomenti.
Tabella docimologica di valutazione
Insufficiente
Valutazione negativa dovuta a gravi errori concettuali, comprensione frammentaria o nulla degli argomenti trattati, incapacità di applicare le conoscenze, gravi lacune e mancanza di autonomia.
18–22
Valutazione sufficiente o più che sufficiente dovuta a conoscenza elementare degli argomenti, presenza di alcuni errori, capacità di affrontare solo compiti semplici o guidati, livello base di autonomia.
23–25
Valutazione discreta dovuta a comprensione soddisfacente degli argomenti, capacità di applicare correttamente le conoscenze a contesti noti e di affrontare gli esercizi in modo autonomo con qualche imprecisione, con un soddisfacente livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
26–28
Valutazione buona o molto buona, dovuta a solida comprensione teorica della disciplina, capacità di collegare concetti, risolvere problemi e proporre analisi critiche, di svolgere compiti complessi in modo autonomo, preciso ed efficace, con un buon livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
29–30 e Lode
Valutazione eccellente o ottima, dovuta a conoscenze complete, approfondite e ben strutturate, capacità di operare in modo autonomo e flessibile, anche in contesti complessi o nuovi, di utilizzare il linguaggio disciplinare in modo appropriato, preciso e articolato, di evidenziare capacità critiche, originalità e rigore nell’esposizione e nell’applicazione.
La Lode è attribuita a elaborati o prestazioni che si distinguono per brillantezza e originalità, anche al di là delle aspettative curricolari.

L'esame consiste in un quiz scritto comune a entrambi i moduli di Entomologia e patologia vegetale. Le modalità di svolgimento sono dettagliate nel Syllabus del corso integrato "Pests and diseases of tropical crops"
Tabella docimologica di valutazione
Insufficiente
Valutazione negativa dovuta a gravi errori concettuali, comprensione frammentaria o nulla degli argomenti trattati, incapacità di applicare le conoscenze, gravi lacune e mancanza di autonomia.
18–22
Valutazione sufficiente o più che sufficiente dovuta a conoscenza elementare degli argomenti, presenza di alcuni errori, capacità di affrontare solo compiti semplici o guidati, livello base di autonomia.
23–25
Valutazione discreta dovuta a comprensione soddisfacente degli argomenti, capacità di applicare correttamente le conoscenze a contesti noti e di affrontare gli esercizi in modo autonomo con qualche imprecisione, con un soddisfacente livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
26–28
Valutazione buona o molto buona, dovuta a solida comprensione teorica della disciplina, capacità di collegare concetti, risolvere problemi e proporre analisi critiche, di svolgere compiti complessi in modo autonomo, preciso ed efficace, con un buon livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
29–30 e Lode
Valutazione eccellente o ottima, dovuta a conoscenze complete, approfondite e ben strutturate, capacità di operare in modo autonomo e flessibile, anche in contesti complessi o nuovi, di utilizzare il linguaggio disciplinare in modo appropriato, preciso e articolato, di evidenziare capacità critiche, originalità e rigore nell’esposizione e nell’applicazione.
La Lode è attribuita a elaborati o prestazioni che si distinguono per brillantezza e originalità, anche al di là delle aspettative curricolari.

Non ci sono testi aggiornati che coprano tutti gli argomenti trattati nel corso, tuttavia alcuni testi di riferimento vengono consigliati nei Syllabi dei due moduli. Sulla piattaforma Moodle dei due moduli, Patologia vegetale e Entomologia, sono presenti le diapositive utilizzate a lezione e materiale didattico specifico.

Non ci sono testi aggiornati che coprano tutti gli argomenti trattati nel corso, tuttavia i seguenti libri sono utili per studiare tematiche specifiche. 1) Taylor, 2015. Plantwise Diagnostic Field Guide. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. Downloadable from https://www.cabi.org/cabi-publications/plantwise-diagnostic-field-guide 2) Rapisarda and Cocuzza eds., 2017.Integrated Pest Management in Tropical Regions. CABI (ISBN: 978-1-78064-800-2, available online through the library). Le diapositive utilizzate a lezione vengono caricate come file .pdf sulla piattaforma Moodle del corso. Su Moodle sono presenti anche articoli scientifici per studiare e/o approfondire argomenti specifici.

Knowledge: inheritance of qualitative and quantitative traits; fundamentals of population genetics; classical and biotechnological techniques for genetic improvement; nucleic acids analysis technologies.
Skills acquired during the course: use of a specific vocabulary for the covered topics; ability to establish which breeding methods are most suitable for different species and contexts; comprehension and evaluation of scientific and technological progresses for genetic improvement of plants.
These skills can be used in professional activity and in the fields related to the genetic improvement of crops.

Inheritance of qualitative and quantitative traits; fundamentals of population genetics; classical and biotechnological methods of crops genetic improvement; nucleic acids analysis technologies.

Oral examination at the end of the course. The purpose of the examination is to verify that the student has mastered the topics covered during the course and has acquired the ability to relate them in a coherent and integrated manner. The final grade will be based on: depth of understanding (40%), completeness of the answers (30%), clarity of presentation (30%). Honors (cum laude) will be awarded to students who, in addition to achieving excellent results in the criteria listed above, demonstrate a high-level scientific and technological approach.
Assessment Criteria and Grading Rubric
Fail (Insufficient)
Negative evaluation due to serious conceptual errors, fragmentary or non-existent understanding of the subject matter, inability to apply knowledge, major gaps, and a lack of independence.
18–22
Sufficient or more than sufficient evaluation due to elementary knowledge of the topics, the presence of some errors, the ability to handle only simple or guided tasks, and a basic level of independence.
23–25
Satisfactory evaluation due to a satisfactory understanding of the topics, the ability to correctly apply knowledge to familiar contexts, and the ability to complete exercises independently with some inaccuracies; demonstrates a satisfactory level of independence and operational competence.
26–28
Good or very good evaluation due to a solid theoretical understanding of the discipline, the ability to connect concepts, solve problems, and provide critical analysis; ability to perform complex tasks independently, precisely, and effectively, with a good level of independence and operational competence.
29–30 and Honors (Lode)Excellent or outstanding evaluation due to complete, in-depth, and well-structured knowledge; the ability to operate independently and flexibly even in complex or new contexts; appropriate, precise, and articulate use of specialized terminology; demonstrates critical thinking, originality, and rigor in both presentation and application.
Honors (Laude) is awarded for work or performance distinguished by brilliance and originality, exceeding standard curricular expectations.

Acquaah, George - Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding (Wiley-Blackwell) Teaching material provided by the lecturer. Check the books listed in exams bibliographies on Onesearch. For help contact your Library

By the end of the course, students will be able to: - Understand the principles of systems analysis applied to rural and agricultural contexts. - Apply participatory planning tools to rural development cases. - Use the Logical Framework to structure project objectives, activities, and indicators in a coherent and strategic way. - Assess the social desirability of projects through Cost-Benefit Analysis and apply basic multi-criteria evaluation methods. - Communicate effectively with diverse stakeholders and facilitate participatory processes. Integrate theoretical and practical knowledge to propose sustainable solutions to complex problems in tropical rural contexts.

The course provides theoretical and operational tools for the design of sustainable interventions in rural development, with particular reference to tropical contexts. Topics include systems thinking, analysis of farming systems, participatory methods, economic evaluation tools (Cost-Benefit Analysis and multi-criteria analysis), and project planning techniques (Logical Framework and Project Cycle Management).

Student learning will be assessed through a written examination composed of two sections. The first section consists of a guided open-ended essay assessing students’ understanding of the theoretical approaches discussed in the course, their use of the assigned readings and their ability to develop a clear and critical argument.
The second section assesses students’ ability to apply project design and evaluation tools. It includes open-ended questions on the main concepts and methods presented in the second part of the course and a practical exercise based on a case study requiring students to apply the tools of the Logical Framework approach.
An optional mid-term written test is offered. Students who pass it will be examined in the final exam only on the second part of the syllabus.
Assessment criteria include conceptual accuracy, relevance of responses, use of course materials, clarity of argumentation, synthesis skills and practical application.

Chambers R. 1992, Rural appraisal: rapid, relaxed and participatory, IDS Discussion Paper, 311 [online: http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/774/Dp311.pdf?sequence=1 ] Darnhofer I., Gibbon D. and Dedieu B. (Eds) 2012. The farming systems approach into the 21st century: The new dynamic, Springer, Berlin Doppler, W., & Calatrava, J. (Eds.). 2000. Technical and social systems approaches for sustainable rural development. In Proceedings of the 2nd European IFSA Symposium, Granada,Spain [online: www.ifsa-europe.org] European Commission, 2004. Project cycle management guideline [online: http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/multimedia/publications/publications/manualstools/t101_en.htm] European Commission, 2014. Guide to COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS of investment projects. [online: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/cba_guide.pdf]

Knowledge and understanding: understanding the sustainable use of water resources, particularly focusing on water scarce areas. Applying knowledge and understanding: knowledge required to quantify and manage the water resources. Making judgments: decision making skills for water resources management. Communication skills: appropriate use of technical terms related with water resources management. Learning skills: capacity of reading, understanding and reporting on technical documents; capacity of understanding the hydrological processes.

Water resources availability and management as an integrated process. Surface and groundwater as a water resource. Hydrological modeling. Water quality issues; irrigation with saline waters effects; water harvesting; non conventional water use in agriculture for food security.

Written test. The written test consists of verifying the acquired knowledge through 31 closed multiple-answer questions. Correct answers count one point. Wrong answers count zero points.
Tabella docimologica di valutazione
Insufficiente
Valutazione negativa dovuta a gravi errori concettuali, comprensione frammentaria o nulla degli argomenti trattati, incapacità di applicare le conoscenze, gravi lacune e mancanza di autonomia.
18–22
Valutazione sufficiente o più che sufficiente dovuta a conoscenza elementare degli argomenti, presenza di alcuni errori, capacità di affrontare solo compiti semplici o guidati, livello base di autonomia.
23–25
Valutazione discreta dovuta a comprensione soddisfacente degli argomenti, capacità di applicare correttamente le conoscenze a contesti noti e di affrontare gli esercizi in modo autonomo con qualche imprecisione, con un soddisfacente livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
26–28
Valutazione buona o molto buona, dovuta a solida comprensione teorica della disciplina, capacità di collegare concetti, risolvere problemi e proporre analisi critiche, di svolgere compiti complessi in modo autonomo, preciso ed efficace, con un buon livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
29–30 e Lode
Valutazione eccellente o ottima, dovuta a conoscenze complete, approfondite e ben strutturate, capacità di operare in modo autonomo e flessibile, anche in contesti complessi o nuovi, di utilizzare il linguaggio disciplinare in modo appropriato, preciso e articolato, di evidenziare capacità critiche, originalità e rigore nell’esposizione e nell’applicazione.
La Lode è attribuita a elaborati o prestazioni che si distinguono per brillantezza e originalità, anche al di là delle aspettative curricolari.

Materials presented in class is available on the Moodle platform. Further readings are suggested. Water Harvesting - Guidelines to Good Practices - https://www.wocat.net/library/media/25/

The integrated course aims to provide students with a basic understanding of tropical and subtropical ecosystems through the combined study of soils, vegetation, and plant ecological processes. The course focuses on the relationships among climate, landscape position, soil properties, plant functional traits, biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, land use, and sustainable management.
Knowledge and understanding: By the end of the course, students will understand the main properties, formation processes, classification criteria, and management issues of tropical and subtropical soils. They will also understand the main types of tropical ecosystems, their abiotic characteristics, ecological patterns, plant functional traits, and processes that regulate plant-environment interactions.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Students will be able to describe basic soil features, relate soil properties to plant growth and ecosystem functioning, and identify suitable soil management practices according to environmental conditions and land-use objectives. They will also be able to interpret the distribution and functioning of tropical vegetation in relation to climate, seasonality, altitude, disturbance, and soil conditions.
Making judgements: Students will develop the ability to recognize opportunities and constraints associated with different tropical soils and ecosystems, evaluating their relevance for biodiversity conservation, livelihoods, sustainable agriculture, and environmental management.
Communication skills: Students will be able to use appropriate terminology to describe tropical soils, ecosystems, vegetation types, and plant ecological processes, and to discuss management and conservation issues in a clear and coherent way.
Learning skills: Students will acquire the foundations needed to independently deepen their knowledge of tropical soil and plant ecology, using scientific literature, technical sources, and case studies related to tropical and subtropical environments.

Comprensione dei diversi tipi di ecosistemi tropicali, dei modelli ecologici, dei processi e delle caratteristiche che permettono alle piante di funzionare nelle aree tropicali.

The course aims to provide students with a basic but operational understanding of the properties, formation, classification, and sustainable management of tropical and subtropical soils, with particular attention to their role in agroecosystems, biodiversity conservation, livelihoods, and land-use planning.
Knowledge and understanding: By the end of the course, students will be able to describe the main physical, chemical, and morphological properties of tropical and subtropical soils; explain the factors and processes of soil formation; recognize the main soil types and classification criteria; and understand the relationships between soil properties, vegetation, land use, and ecosystem functioning.
Applying knowledge and understanding: Students will be able to interpret basic soil information, describe a soil profile, relate soil properties to plant growth and land suitability, and identify appropriate soil management practices according to environmental conditions, agricultural objectives, and sustainability constraints.
Making judgements: Students will be able to critically evaluate opportunities and limitations associated with different tropical and subtropical soils, recognizing risks such as degradation, erosion, nutrient depletion, and loss of soil functions, and assessing possible management or restoration strategies.
Communication skills: Students will be able to use appropriate soil science terminology and communicate soil-related information clearly, both orally and through the description and interpretation of soil profiles, properties, and management options.
Learning skills: Students will develop the ability to consult scientific and technical sources on tropical soils and to independently deepen their understanding of soil management issues in different tropical and subtropical contexts.

The course addresses the environmental, ecological, and biological features of tropical and subtropical ecosystems, focusing on soils and plant organisms. It introduces tropical soil properties, formation, classification, and sustainable management, together with plant ecological processes, functional traits, biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and conservation across major tropical ecosystems.

Il corso pone l'accento sugli aspetti ecologici e biologici degli ambienti tropicali, con un focus sugli organismi vegetali. Lo studente sarà introdotto a tutti i principali ecosistemi tropicali, al concetto di diversità e funzione, e alla conservazione

The course introduces the environmental role of soils in tropical and subtropical ecosystems, with particular focus on soil properties, soil formation, classification, and sustainable management. Students will examine the main tropical and subtropical landscapes and agroecosystems, the relationships between soil characteristics and plant growth, and examples of traditional and sustainable land-use practices. The course also addresses soil degradation processes and possible strategies to preserve or restore soil functions.

The final assessment consists of an oral examination covering the topics addressed in both modules of the integrated course. The examination is designed to verify the student’s achievement of the expected learning outcomes in tropical and subtropical soil ecology and plant ecology.
The oral examination assesses: knowledge of tropical and subtropical soil properties, formation, classification, and management; understanding of the main tropical ecosystems and plant ecological processes; ability to connect soil properties, vegetation patterns, plant functional traits, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning; ability to reason on real or simulated cases related to sustainable management and conservation; and appropriate use of technical and scientific terminology.
As an optional additional activity, students may deliver a presentation on a selected topic related to the course contents. The presentation may contribute to the overall assessment by demonstrating the student’s ability to independently explore a topic, organize scientific information, and communicate it clearly.
The final grade is expressed on a scale of 30. Assessment will be based on the following criteria:
Fail: negative evaluation due to serious conceptual errors, fragmentary or non-existent understanding of the subject matter, inability to apply knowledge, major gaps, and lack of independence.
18–22: sufficient or more than sufficient evaluation due to elementary knowledge of the topics, the presence of some errors, ability to address only simple or guided questions, and a basic level of independence.
23–25: satisfactory evaluation due to a satisfactory understanding of the topics, ability to correctly apply knowledge to familiar contexts, and ability to connect soil and plant ecology concepts with some inaccuracies.
26–28: good or very good evaluation due to solid theoretical understanding, ability to connect concepts, interpret ecological and soil-related processes, and discuss management or conservation issues autonomously and effectively.
29–30 and Honors: excellent or outstanding evaluation due to complete, in-depth, and well-structured knowledge; ability to reason independently and critically even in complex or new contexts; appropriate and articulate use of specialized terminology; originality and rigor in presentation and discussion. Honors are awarded for performances distinguished by particular clarity, depth, critical insight, and originality.

Colloquio orale costituito da domande sugli argomenti trattati durante il corso. In aggiunta, gli studenti potranno preparare una presentazione facoltativa su un argomento a scelta.
Tabella docimologica di valutazione
Insufficiente
Valutazione negativa dovuta a gravi errori concettuali, comprensione frammentaria o nulla degli argomenti trattati, incapacità di applicare le conoscenze, gravi lacune e mancanza di autonomia.
18–22
Valutazione sufficiente o più che sufficiente dovuta a conoscenza elementare degli argomenti, presenza di alcuni errori, capacità di affrontare solo compiti semplici o guidati, livello base di autonomia.
23–25
Valutazione discreta dovuta a comprensione soddisfacente degli argomenti, capacità di applicare Modalità di verifica dell'apprendimento MOD_VER_APPR 15000 Sì Colloquio orale costituito da domande sugli argomenti trattati durante il corso. In aggiunta, gli studenti potranno preparare una presentazione facoltativa su un argomento a scelta.
Tabella docimologica di valutazione
Insufficiente
Valutazione negativa dovuta a gravi errori concettuali, comprensione frammentaria o nulla degli argomenti trattati, incapacità di applicare le conoscenze, gravi lacune e mancanza di autonomia.
18–22
Valutazione sufficiente o più che sufficiente dovuta a conoscenza elementare degli argomenti, presenza di alcuni errori, capacità di affrontare solo compiti semplici o guidati, livello base di autonomia.
23–25
Valutazione discreta dovuta a comprensione soddisfacente degli argomenti, capacità di applicare correttamente le conoscenze a contesti noti e di affrontare gli esercizi in modo autonomo con qualche imprecisione, con un soddisfacente livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
26–28
Valutazione buona o molto buona, dovuta a solida comprensione teorica della disciplina, capacità di collegare concetti, risolvere problemi e proporre analisi critiche, di svolgere compiti complessi in modo autonomo, preciso ed efficace, con un buon livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
29–30 e Lode
Valutazione eccellente o ottima, dovuta a conoscenze complete, approfondite e ben strutturate, capacità di operare in modo autonomo e flessibile, anche in contesti complessi o nuovi, di utilizzare il linguaggio disciplinare in modo appropriato, preciso e articolato, di evidenziare capacità critiche, originalità e rigore nell’esposizione e nell’applicazione.
La Lode è attribuita a elaborati o prestazioni che si distinguono per brillantezza e originalità, anche al di là delle aspettative curricolari.

The final assessment consists of an oral examination. The examination is designed to verify the student’s achievement of the expected learning outcomes.
During the oral examination, students will be asked to discuss the topics covered in the course, using appropriate soil science terminology. The assessment will evaluate: knowledge and understanding of soil properties, formation, classification, and management; ability to connect soil properties with plant growth, land use, and ecosystem functioning; ability to interpret basic soil information and propose suitable management practices; clarity of oral communication; and capacity for critical reasoning on soil degradation, conservation, and restoration issues.
The final grade is expressed on a scale of 30. The assessment will be based on the following criteria:
Fail: serious conceptual errors, fragmentary or absent understanding of the subject, inability to apply knowledge, major gaps, and lack of autonomy.
18–22: basic knowledge of the main topics, with some errors or inaccuracies; ability to address only simple or guided questions; limited but sufficient use of terminology.
23–25: satisfactory understanding of the topics; ability to apply knowledge to familiar contexts; generally correct use of terminology; some autonomy in connecting concepts, with minor inaccuracies.
26–28: good or very good understanding of the discipline; ability to connect concepts, interpret soil-related problems, and discuss management options with good autonomy, precision, and appropriate terminology.
29–30 and honors: excellent, complete, and well-structured knowledge; ability to reason critically and independently on complex or new cases; precise and articulate use of specialized terminology; originality and rigor in the discussion. Honors are awarded for outstanding performance showing particular clarity, depth, and critical insight.

Sanchez, P. A. (2019). Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics. Cambridge University Press.
Lambers, H., Oliveira, R. S. Plant Physiological Ecology.
Additional teaching materials, slides, scientific papers, case studies, and practical resources will be made available through the course e-learning platform.
Check the books listed in exams bibliographies on Onesearch (https://onesearch.unifi.it/). For help contact your Library (https://unifi.libanswers.com/).

Plant Physiological Ecology di Hans Lambers (Autore) , Rafael S. Oliveira (Autore)

Sanchez, P. A. (2019). Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics. Cambridge University Press.
Additional teaching materials, slides, scientific papers, soil description materials, and case studies will be made available through the course e-learning platform.
Check the books listed in exams bibliographies on Onesearch (https://onesearch.unifi.it/). For help contact your Library (https://unifi.libanswers.com/).

Develop management capabilities of fruit genetic resources from tropical and subtropical areas and their use in order to build high added value supply chains. In particular, the student will have: 1) knowledge and understanding of the scientific, technological and management aspects of tropical fruit production; 2) the ability to apply knowledge, understanding and independent judgment to solve critical aspects relating to tropical fruit growing. The student will be able to communicate and disseminate the main aspects relating to fruit growing in tropical areas.

Analysis of fruit supply chains in tropical and subtropical climates (environmental, agronomic, technologic, logistic and market factors). Traditional fruit supply chains and advanced value chains. Study case: mango and avocado. Development of new value chains based on tropical tree species.

The written test consists of verifying the knowledge acquired through 13 closed multiple choice questions. Once the written test has been passed (at least 10 summer answers) the oral test will consist of general and specific questions to: i) ascertain the level of knowledge achieved; ii) verify the ability to apply knowledge and skills to simulated problem situations (e.g. which strategies to adopt for certain objectives) and iii) verify the student's communication skills. The final grade will result from the clarity of presentation (weighted 30%), level of depth (weighted 40%) and completeness of the answers (weighted 30%). Honors may be awarded to students who, in addition to demonstrating an excellent level of depth, clarity of presentation and completeness, demonstrate a particular aptitude for discussion from which high-profile scientific and technological theoretical approaches can be deduced.
Tabella docimologica di valutazione
Insufficiente
Valutazione negativa dovuta a gravi errori concettuali, comprensione frammentaria o nulla degli argomenti trattati, incapacità di applicare le conoscenze, gravi lacune e mancanza di autonomia.
18–22
Valutazione sufficiente o più che sufficiente dovuta a conoscenza elementare degli argomenti, presenza di alcuni errori, capacità di affrontare solo compiti semplici o guidati, livello base di autonomia.
23–25
Valutazione discreta dovuta a comprensione soddisfacente degli argomenti, capacità di applicare correttamente le conoscenze a contesti noti e di affrontare gli esercizi in modo autonomo con qualche imprecisione, con un soddisfacente livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
26–28
Valutazione buona o molto buona, dovuta a solida comprensione teorica della disciplina, capacità di collegare concetti, risolvere problemi e proporre analisi critiche, di svolgere compiti complessi in modo autonomo, preciso ed efficace, con un buon livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
29–30 e Lode
Valutazione eccellente o ottima, dovuta a conoscenze complete, approfondite e ben strutturate, capacità di operare in modo autonomo e flessibile, anche in contesti complessi o nuovi, di utilizzare il linguaggio disciplinare in modo appropriato, preciso e articolato, di evidenziare capacità critiche, originalità e rigore nell’esposizione e nell’applicazione.
La Lode è attribuita a elaborati o prestazioni che si distinguono per brillantezza e originalità, anche al di là delle aspettative curricolari.

H Y Nakasone, Robert E. Paull, 1995. Tropical Fruits. CABI Publishing. 464 pp. Selected scientific papers will be shared along the lessons and avalable on Moddole. Check the books listed in exams bibliographies on Onesearch. For help contact your Library.

The course addresses aspects related to animal genetic resources and aquaculture in tropical and subtropical regions. The first module examines the global significance of livestock genetic resources, with a focus on their sustainable use, development, and conservation. Students will examine genetic diversity, threats to livestock biodiversity, breeding strategies, and national and international conservation policies. Emphasis will be placed on both in situ and ex-situ conservation, the role of indigenous breeds, and the intersection of genetics with climate resilience and food security.
The second module introduces aquaculture in tropical and subtropical regions. It covers key farming systems, species, and the primary challenges, particularly those related to climate change.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
1.Explain the importance of livestock genetic diversity for sustainable agriculture and food systems.
2.Identify and evaluate threats to livestock biodiversity.
3.Discuss global and regional strategies for the conservation of livestock genetic resources.
4. Describe the role of aquaculture in tropical and subtropical regions
5.Recognize the main farmed species
6.Address key challenges related to farming systems.
7.Describe a production system
8.Identify the main issues associated with each system regarding its interaction with the surrounding environment.

The course addresses aspects related to animal genetic resources in tropical and subtropical regions. The module examines the global significance of livestock genetic resources, with a focus on their sustainable use, development, and conservation. Students will examine genetic diversity, threats to livestock biodiversity, breeding strategies, and national and international conservation policies. Emphasis will be placed on both in situ and ex-situ conservation, the role of indigenous breeds, and the intersection of genetics with climate resilience and food security.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
1.Explain the importance of livestock genetic diversity for sustainable agriculture and food systems.
2.Identify and evaluate threats to livestock biodiversity.
3.Discuss global and regional strategies for the conservation of livestock genetic resources.

The course addresses aspects related to aquaculture in tropical and subtropical regions. The module introduces aquaculture in tropical and subtropical regions. It covers key farming systems, species, and the primary challenges, particularly those related to climate change.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
1. Describe the role of aquaculture in tropical and subtropical regions
2. Recognize the main farmed species
3. Address key challenges related to farming systems.
4. Describe a production system
5. Identify the main issues associated with each system regarding its interaction with the surrounding environment.

Introduction to Livestock Genetic Resources. Breed diversity and distribution. Roles, uses and values of AnGR. Threats to livestock genetic diversity. Characterization, Inventory and Monitoring. Breeding programmes. Conservation programmes. Reproduction and molecular biotechnologies.
Overview of tropical aquaculture, global production, consumption, and use data. Aquatic environments. Fish species of tropical interest. Crustacean and/or mollusc species. Reproduction techniques. Main nutritional challenges. Sustainability and climate change.

Introduction to Livestock Genetic Resources. Breed diversity and distribution. Roles, uses and values of AnGR. Threats to livestock genetic diversity. Characterization, Inventory and Monitoring. Breeding programmes. Conservation programmes. Reproduction and molecular biotechnologies.

Overview of tropical aquaculture, global production, consumption, and use data. Aquatic environments. Fish species of tropical interest. Crustacean and/or mollusc species. Reproduction techniques. Main nutritional challenges. Sustainability and climate change.

Written exam with closed and open answers. The questions will be formulated in a way that verifies the acquisition of specific knowledge by the students and their ability to elaborate on the topics addressed during the course.
Assessment Criteria and Grading Rubric
Fail (Insufficient)
Negative evaluation due to serious conceptual errors, fragmentary or non-existent understanding of the subject matter, inability to apply knowledge, major gaps, and a lack of independence.
18–22
Sufficient or more than sufficient evaluation due to elementary knowledge of the topics, the presence of some errors, the ability to handle only simple or guided tasks, and a basic level of independence.
23–25
Satisfactory evaluation due to a satisfactory understanding of the topics, the ability to correctly apply knowledge to familiar contexts, and the ability to complete exercises independently with some inaccuracies; demonstrates a satisfactory level of independence and operational competence.
26–28
Good or very good evaluation due to a solid theoretical understanding of the discipline, the ability to connect concepts, solve problems, and provide critical analysis; ability to perform complex tasks independently, precisely, and effectively, with a good level of independence and operational competence.
29–30 and Honors (Lode)Excellent or outstanding evaluation due to complete, in-depth, and well-structured knowledge; the ability to operate independently and flexibly even in complex or new contexts; appropriate, precise, and articulate use of specialized terminology; demonstrates critical thinking, originality, and rigor in both presentation and application.
Honors (Laude) is awarded for work or performance distinguished by brilliance and originality, exceeding standard curricular expectations.

Written exam with closed answers. The questions will be formulated in a way that verifies the acquisition of specific knowledge by the students and their ability to elaborate on the topics addressed during the course.

Written exam with closed and open answers. The questions will be formulated in a way that verifies the acquisition of specific knowledge by the students and their ability to elaborate on the topics addressed during the course.

FAO. 2015. The Second Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, edited by B.D. Scherf & D. Pilling. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments. Rome (available at http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4787e/index.html).
Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants, John S. Lucas, Paul Southgate & Craig Tucker (3rd ed.)
Nutrition in Tropical Aquaculture: Essentials of Fish Nutrition, Feeds, and Feeding of Tropical Aquatic Species, Millamena, Coloso & Piedad-Pascual (2002)
Tropical Mariculture, S. De Silva (a cura di) (1998)
You can check the books listed in exams' bibliographies on Onesearch (https://onesearch.unifi.it/primo-explore/search?vid=39UFI_V1&lang=en_US).
For help, contact your Library (https://unifi.libanswers.com/EnglishFAQ/)

FAO. 2015. The Second Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, edited by B.D. Scherf & D. Pilling. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments. Rome (available at http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4787e/index.html).
You can check the books listed in exams' bibliographies on Onesearch (https://onesearch.unifi.it/primo-explore/search?vid=39UFI_V1&lang=en_US).
For help, contact your Library (https://unifi.libanswers.com/EnglishFAQ/)

Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants, John S. Lucas, Paul Southgate & Craig Tucker (3rd ed.)
Nutrition in Tropical Aquaculture: Essentials of Fish Nutrition, Feeds, and Feeding of Tropical Aquatic Species, Millamena, Coloso & Piedad-Pascual (2002)
Tropical Mariculture, S. De Silva (a cura di) (1998)
You can check the books listed in exams' bibliographies on Onesearch (https://onesearch.unifi.it/primo-explore/search?vid=39UFI_V1&lang=en_US).
For help, contact your Library (https://unifi.libanswers.com/EnglishFAQ/)

1) Conoscenza e capacità di comprensione: Comprensione dei principi idraulici e agronomici fondamentali per la stima dei fabbisogni idrici e irrigui delle colture, capacità di valutare le caratteristiche del suolo in relazione al progetto e alla gestione, modellistica per la stima dei fabbisogni irrigui;
2) Applicazione di conoscenza e comprensione: Capacità pratica di progettare, gestire e valutare le prestazioni degli impianti irrigui aziendali (microirrigazione, pioggia, scorrimento) e calcolare i volumi e i turni di adacquamento, uso di modelli;
3) Autonomia di giudizio: Abilità nel valutare e risolvere le problematiche relative alla gestione sostenibile dell’irrigazione, analizzando anche le potenzialità di strategie di irrigazione deficitaria;
4) Abilità comunicative: Capacità di trasmettere e discutere le soluzioni tecniche e gestionali adottate, utilizzando la terminologia tecnica appropriata;
5) Capacità di apprendimento: Sviluppo di autonome capacità di aggiornamento professionale e di consultazione della bibliografia e delle specifiche di settore.

Il corso fornirà elementi per la progettazione e la manutenzione dei sistemi di irrigazione e per la gestione della pratica irrigua, sia secondo l’approccio tradizionale della restituzione piena, sia attraverso le tecniche di irrigazione deficitaria, con l’obiettivo di utilizzare l’acqua di irrigazione in maniera efficiente, riducendo gli sprechi e incrementandone la produttività.

Esame scritto e colloquio, verifica sull’utilizzo di modellistica irrigua e database. La combinazione delle modalità di esame permette di verificare se lo studente abbia acquisito le conoscenze necessarie sugli argomenti del corso, la capacità di sintetizzare e analizzare gli argomenti teorici per integrarli e utilizzarli in maniera appropriata nei diversi ambiti applicativi e nella modellistica irrigua.
La parte scritta consiste in trenta domande a risposta multipla e una-due domande aperte. Il colloquio prenderà spunto dalle risposte fornite. Il voto finale integrerà il risultato della prova scritta, del colloquio e delle verifiche sull’utilizzo di modelli e database.

Allen R.G., Pereira L.S., Raes D., Smith M.: Crop evapotranspiration-guidelines for computing crop water requirements, FAO Irrigation and drainage paper n.56, Roma, 1998.
Pereira, L.S., Allen, R.G., Paredes, P., López-Urrea, R., Raes, D., Smith, M., Kilic, A. & Salman, M. 2025. Crop evapotranspiration – Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Second edition, revised 2025. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, No.56 Rev.1. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd6621en
ARC-Agricultural Research Council: Standards and Guidelines for improved efficiency of irrigation water use from dam wall release to root zone application: guidelines, Water Research Commission Report no. TT466/10, ISBN 978-1-4312-0023-8, 2010.
Cemagref, Irrigation-Guide pratique, ISBN 2-85362-592-3, Cemagref Editions, Paris, 2003.
Sne M.: Micro Irrigation in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions - Guidelines for Planning and Design, ICID publication, ISBN : 81-89610-09-0, New Delhi, 2006.
https://www.fao.org/aquacrop/knowledge-resources/training-materials/en

To acquire and develop skills relating to aspects complementary to the courses provided by addressing specific topics from year to year. In particular, the student will have the knowledge and ability to understand specific aspects of issues relating to the implementation of approaches and techniques on vegetable crops and aquaculture, as well as on the most appropriate choices in the sector of tropical tree production, including the production of reports and scientific publications. The student will be able to apply knowledge with independent judgment to solve critical aspects relating to the topics analyzed and will be able to communicate and disseminate the main aspects relating to the case studies analysed.

The course includes the following contents for the following topics: 1) Approach and classroom case studies applying Multi Criteria Decision Analysis in tropical fruit growing (2 CFU); 2) Analysis of aquaculture techniques for tropical countries (2 CFU); 3) Soilless cultivation systems and nutrient solutions for vegetable crops (2 CFU)

Students will have to produce oral presentations with a critical analysis of the activities carried on during the course. There is no scoring out of thirty, but an assessment of suitability based on the content of the presentation, its level of depth, as well as the candidate's presentation ability.
Tabella docimologica di valutazione
Insufficiente
Valutazione negativa dovuta a gravi errori concettuali, comprensione frammentaria o nulla degli argomenti trattati, incapacità di applicare le conoscenze, gravi lacune e mancanza di autonomia.
18–22
Valutazione sufficiente o più che sufficiente dovuta a conoscenza elementare degli argomenti, presenza di alcuni errori, capacità di affrontare solo compiti semplici o guidati, livello base di autonomia.
23–25
Valutazione discreta dovuta a comprensione soddisfacente degli argomenti, capacità di applicare correttamente le conoscenze a contesti noti e di affrontare gli esercizi in modo autonomo con qualche imprecisione, con un soddisfacente livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
26–28
Valutazione buona o molto buona, dovuta a solida comprensione teorica della disciplina, capacità di collegare concetti, risolvere problemi e proporre analisi critiche, di svolgere compiti complessi in modo autonomo, preciso ed efficace, con un buon livello di autonomia e competenza operativa.
29–30 e Lode
Valutazione eccellente o ottima, dovuta a conoscenze complete, approfondite e ben strutturate, capacità di operare in modo autonomo e flessibile, anche in contesti complessi o nuovi, di utilizzare il linguaggio disciplinare in modo appropriato, preciso e articolato, di evidenziare capacità critiche, originalità e rigore nell’esposizione e nell’applicazione.
La Lode è attribuita a elaborati o prestazioni che si distinguono per brillantezza e originalità, anche al di là delle aspettative curricolari.

Promethee software and scientific papers indicated and/or provided in class. SOFIA 2024: https://www.fao.org/publications/home/fao-flagship-publications/the-state-of-world-fisheries-and-aquaculture/2022/en; Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles: https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/facp/search UNIFI website on the development of a master’s thesis and some examples of scientific text writing provided in class.

Course Objectives and Learning Outcomes
The course provides students with an overview of tropical and subtropical crop production systems, including field crops (food and energy crops), vegetable crops, pastures, rangelands, and agroforestry systems. Particular attention is given to crop diversity and its role in food and nutrition security, biodiversity conservation, sustainable agriculture, and resilience.
By the end of the course, students will achieve the following learning outcomes:
Knowledge and Understanding (CC)
Students will:

• Understand the diversity, characteristics, and management of tropical and subtropical crops, pastures, rangelands, and agroforestry systems.
• Recognize the role of crop and pasture diversity in food and nutrition security, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable agriculture.
• Identify the main environmental and climatic constraints affecting production in tropical environments.
  Applying Knowledge and Understanding (CA)
  Students will be able to:
• Describe and compare crop, vegetable, and pasture production systems across tropical and subtropical environments.
• Analyze examples and case studies related to production, sustainability, and resource management.
• Apply acquired knowledge to different production contexts.
  Making Judgements (AG)
  Students will develop critical thinking skills to:
• Evaluate scientific and technical information related to tropical production systems.
• Assess agronomic, environmental, and socio-economic implications of management practices.
• Discuss opportunities and challenges associated with tropical crop and pasture production.
• Reflect on the contribution of agricultural biodiversity to sustainability, resilience, and food security.
  Communication Skills (AC)
  Students will learn to:
• Use appropriate scientific terminology related to tropical agriculture.
• Communicate and discuss production systems, sustainability issues, and case studies clearly and effectively.
• Integrate and connect knowledge acquired throughout the course.
  Learning Skills (AP)
  Students will be able to:
• Identify and use scientific and technical information relevant to tropical agriculture.
• Relate acquired knowledge to professional practice and diverse production systems.
• Develop awareness of current challenges and opportunities in tropical crop and pasture production.

The Module is designed to provide students with the most up-to-date and innovative knowledge of tropical herbaceous (food and energy plants), pastures and rangelands (including agroforestry).
Specifically, by the end of the course, students will achieve the following learning objectives:
Knowledge and understanding (CC): students will acquire:

• Knowledge of the diversity and main characteristics of tropical field crops and pastures, including different cropping systems and agroforestry.
• Understanding of the role of tropical field crops and pastures in food security, biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture.
• Recognize the main environmental and climatic constraints affecting field crop and pasture production in tropical environments.
  Applying knowledge and understanding (CA): students will apply their knowledge to:
• Describe and compare field crops and pasture production systems in different tropical and subtropical environments.
• Discuss examples and case studies related to tropical field crops and pasture production and sustainability
  Making judgments (AG): Students will develop independent critical thinking skills, enabling them to evaluate scientific sources, interpret collected information, and evaluate the results to assess their agronomic and environmental implications. Moreover, students will:
• Discuss opportunities and challenges related to tropical field crops and pasture production systems.
• Reflect on the role of field crops and pasture diversity in food security, sustainability and resilience.
  Communication skills (AC): Students will learn to effectively communicate key concepts for tropical field crops (food and energy plants), pastures and rangelands , correlating and connecting the knowledge acquired.
  Learning skills (AP): Students will be able to connect the knowledge and skills acquired to their professional practice.
  They will also will able to relate the knowledge acquired during the course to different production contexts.
  They will be able to develop awareness of current challenges and opportunities in tropical field crop and pasture production.

Il corso intende fornire agli studenti una panoramica delle colture orticole e dei sistemi produttivi nelle regioni tropicali e subtropicali. Particolare attenzione è dedicata alla diversità delle specie orticole e al loro ruolo nella sicurezza alimentare e nutrizionale, nella conservazione della biodiversità e nell'agricoltura sostenibile. Il corso affronta i principali aspetti biologici, agronomici e socioeconomici della produzione orticola negli ambienti tropicali.
Al termine del corso lo studente sarà in grado di:
Conoscenza e capacità di comprensione (CC)
Descrivere la diversità e le principali caratteristiche delle colture orticole tropicali e subtropicali e dei relativi sistemi produttivi.
Comprendere il ruolo delle colture orticole nella sicurezza alimentare e nutrizionale, nella conservazione della biodiversità e nell'agricoltura sostenibile.
Riconoscere i principali vincoli ambientali e climatici che influenzano la produzione orticola negli ambienti tropicali.
Capacità di applicare conoscenza e comprensione (CA)
Descrivere e confrontare i sistemi di produzione orticola in differenti ambienti tropicali e subtropicali.
Discutere esempi e casi studio relativi alla produzione orticola tropicale e alla sostenibilità.
Autonomia di giudizio (AG)
Discutere opportunità e criticità associate ai sistemi di produzione orticola tropicale.
Riflettere sul ruolo delle colture orticole e della diversità colturale nella sicurezza alimentare, nella sostenibilità e nella resilienza dei sistemi agricoli.
Abilità comunicative (AC)
Utilizzare una terminologia scientifica appropriata relativa alle colture orticole tropicali e ai sistemi produttivi.
Comunicare e discutere in modo chiaro ed efficace tematiche relative alla produzione orticola tropicale.
Presentare e discutere casi studio ed esempi provenienti da differenti regioni tropicali.
Capacità di apprendimento (AP)
Individuare e utilizzare informazioni scientifiche e tecniche relative alle colture orticole tropicali.
Collegare le conoscenze acquisite durante il corso a differenti contesti produttivi.
Sviluppare consapevolezza delle attuali sfide e opportunità della produzione orticola tropicale.

The module provides an integrated overview of tropical and subtropical crop production systems, including field, food and energy crops, vegetable crops, pastures, agroforestry and silvopastoral systems. Topics include agrobiodiversity, production factors, cultivation practices, forage species, grazing systems, and the role of agriculture in food security and rural livelihoods. Seminars by international experts complement the course.

The module provides students with an integrated understanding of the main tropical field crops and cropping systems, food and energy crops, pastures, agroforestry, silvopastoral systems, main forage species and grazing systems in tropical countries.

Introduzione alla produzione orticola tropicale.
Colture orticole, sicurezza alimentare e mezzi di sussistenza rurali.
Ambienti tropicali e fattori della produzione.
Agrobiodiversità delle colture orticole tropicali.
Tecniche colturali delle colture orticole tropicali.
Principali colture orticole tropicali.
Seminari tenuti da agronomi ed esperti di cooperazione internazionale, dedicati alle esperienze sul campo e all'agricoltura tropicale e subtropicale.

The examination is designed to assess students’ knowledge and understanding of tropical and subtropical field crops, and pasture production systems, cultivation practices, biodiversity, and the environmental constraints affecting field crop and pasture production in tropical regions (CC). The test will also evaluate students’ ability to compare production systems and recognize key issues related to sustainability and field crops and pasture production in different tropical contexts (CA and AG).
The assessment of knowledge and skills acquired in the Module will be incorporated within a multi choice test for the entire integrated course "TROPICAL CROPS AND PASTURES" (12 CFU). The test will consist of 60 questions, each with three alternative choices, only one choice is correct.
The final mark will be expressed on a 30 point scale. The score will be determined by awarding 0.54 points for each correct answer and zero points for any incorrect questions. A distinction (or "lode") will be awarded for answering at least 57/60 questions correctly. In order to succeed the exam (score 18/30), the minimum number of correctly answers will be 33 out of 60.
The percentage of questions of the two modules will be awarded as follows:

• Module FIELD CROPS AND PASTURES (9 CFU) will be 75% of the questions
• Module VEGETABLE CROPS (3CFU) will be 25% of the questions

La verifica dell'apprendimento avverrà mediante una prova scritta costituita da domande a risposta multipla sugli argomenti trattati durante il corso. Ogni domanda presenterà tre possibili risposte, di cui una sola corretta.
La prova è finalizzata a verificare la conoscenza e la comprensione delle colture orticole tropicali e subtropicali, dei sistemi produttivi, delle tecniche colturali, dell'agrobiodiversità, della sicurezza alimentare e nutrizionale e dei principali vincoli ambientali che influenzano la produzione orticola nelle regioni tropicali (CC). La prova consentirà inoltre di valutare la capacità dello studente di confrontare differenti sistemi produttivi e di riconoscere le principali problematiche legate alla sostenibilità e alla produzione orticola nei diversi contesti tropicali (CA e AG).
La valutazione delle conoscenze e delle competenze acquisite nel modulo sarà integrata nella prova a risposta multipla dell'insegnamento integrato “TROPICAL CROPS AND PASTURES” (12 CFU). La prova sarà costituita da 60 domande, ciascuna con tre possibili risposte, di cui una sola corretta.
La valutazione finale sarà espressa in trentesimi. Il punteggio sarà determinato attribuendo 0,54 punti per ogni risposta corretta e 0 punti per ogni risposta errata. La Lode sarà attribuita agli studenti che risponderanno correttamente ad almeno 57 domande su 60. Per il superamento dell'esame, con una votazione pari ad almeno 18/30, sarà necessario rispondere correttamente ad almeno 33 domande su 60.
La distribuzione delle domande tra i due moduli dell'insegnamento integrato sarà la seguente:

• Modulo FIELD CROPS AND PASTURES (9 CFU): 75% delle domande.
• Modulo VEGETABLE CROPS (3 CFU): 25% delle domande.

There is no mandatory textbook for this part of the module.
The teaching material consists of:

• lecture slides;
• lecture notes prepared by the instructor;
• selected scientific articles from international journals;
• technical documents and reports from FAO, World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg ), CGIAR and other international organizations;
  all made available through the Moodle platform.
  The use of recent scientific literature is intended to familiarize students with current challenges and innovations in tropical vegetable production systems.
  Students wishing to further explore the topics covered during the course may consult the following textbook:
  TROPICAL FIELD CROPS
  MEMENTO DE L’AGRONOME. Cirad-Gret Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres- Ed. Quae (in French)
  PRODUZIONI ERBACEE IN AMBIENTI TROPICALI E SUBTROPICALI. Vecchio, Casini, Manzelli, Pardini. Patron Editore Bologna (in Italian)
  Are also recommend publications from:
• Food and Agriculture Organization
• International Rice Research Institute
• International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
• CGIAR
  These organizations provide freely accessible manuals, production guides, and technical reports that are often more up-to-date than textbooks for specific tropical crops.
  PASTURES:
  GRASSLANDS of the WORLD. FAO edition Plant Production and Protection Series No. 34 Edited by
  J.M. Suttie, S.G. Reynolds and C. Batello. ISNN: 0259-2525
  TROPICAL VEGATABLE PRODUCTION.
  R. A. T. George. Hardback:ISBN : 978-1-84593-753-9202 pages2011
  ePDF:eISBN : 978-1-84593-754-6. 202 pages
  Check the books listed in exams bibliographies on Onesearch. For help contact your Library.

TROPICAL FIELD CROPS & PASTURES: There is no mandatory textbook for this part of the module.
The teaching material consists of:

• lecture slides;
• lecture notes prepared by the instructor;
• selected scientific articles from international journals;
• technical documents and reports from FAO, CGIAR and other international organizations;
  all made available through the Moodle platform.
  The use of recent scientific literature is intended to familiarize students with current challenges and innovations in tropical vegetable production systems.
  Students wishing to further explore the topics covered during the course may consult the following textbook:
  TROPICAL FIELD CROPS
  MEMENTO DE L’AGRONOME. Cirad-Gret Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres- Ed. Quae (in French)
  PRODUZIONI ERBACEE IN AMBIENTI TROPICALI E SUBTROPICALI. Vecchio, Casini, Manzelli, Pardini. Patron Editore Bologna (in Italian)
  Are also recommend publications from:
• Food and Agriculture Organization
• International Rice Research Institute
• International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
• CGIAR
  These organizations provide freely accessible manuals, production guides, and technical reports that are often more up-to-date than textbooks for specific tropical crops.
  PASTURES:
  GRASSLANDS of the WORLD. FAO edition Plant Production and Protection Series No. 34 Edited by
  J.M. Suttie, S.G. Reynolds and C. Batello. ISNN: 0259-2525
  Check the books listed in exams bibliographies on Onesearch. For help contact your Library.

Non è previsto un testo obbligatorio per il corso.
Il materiale didattico è costituito da:

• slide delle lezioni;
• appunti predisposti dal docente;
• articoli scientifici selezionati tratti da riviste internazionali;
• documenti tecnici e rapporti pubblicati da FAO, World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg), CGIAR e altre organizzazioni internazionali.
  Tutto il materiale sarà reso disponibile attraverso la piattaforma Moodle dell'insegnamento.
  L'utilizzo di letteratura scientifica recente ha lo scopo di familiarizzare gli studenti con le principali sfide e innovazioni che caratterizzano i sistemi di produzione orticola tropicale.
  Gli studenti che desiderano approfondire gli argomenti trattati durante il corso possono consultare il seguente testo:
  George R.A.T.
  Tropical Vegetable Production.
  CABI Publishing, 2011.
  ISBN: 978-1-84593-753-9
  eISBN: 978-1-84593-754-6
  Si invitano inoltre gli studenti a verificare la disponibilità dei testi presenti nelle bibliografie degli insegnamenti attraverso il catalogo OneSearch. Per assistenza è possibile rivolgersi alla propria biblioteca di riferimento.