ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FOR ENERGY TRANSITION

The main aim of the module is to provide students with the basic notions on the modern theory of automatic controls, and its application in the real world, with the help of the means offered by current electronic and information technology, with particular reference to the study and development of advanced control systems for power electronic converters.

The course offers the needed knowledge for the study and development of advanced control systems for electrical dynamic systems, with particular reference to electronic power converters, to guarantee the efficient transformation of electrical energy in the various forms required.

The exam consists of an oral discussion concerning the whole teaching programme.

Details on how to prepare for the exam and on the degree of depth of each topic will be given during the lectures. The exam will focus on all the topics covered both during the lectures and during the exercises and will allow the teacher to verify the knowledge of the theory taught and the ability to correctly formulate even complex problems and set their solution.

All the audiovisual material used during the lessons and other educational material will be available on aulaweb. In general, the notes taken during the lessons and the material on aulaweb are sufficient for the preparation of the exam.
The texts indicated below, normally available at the University Library, are suggested as support for some parts or for further information:
F. Saccomanno: “Complementi di Teoria dei Controlli Automatici”, CUSL Genova.
Hansruedi Bühler: “Réglage par Mode de glissement”, Presses Polytechniques Romandes, 1986.
M. Carpita, M. Marchesoni: “Experimental study of a power conditioning system using sliding mode control”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 5, September, 1996, pp.731-742.
Farid Golnaraghi, Benjamin C. Kuo, “Automatic control systems”, 9. ed., Hoboken NJ: Wiley, 2010

The module aims to present the types of static converters used to support power grids such as static compensation devices and HVDC systems. The study in both steady-state and fault conditions will be proposed.

The course aims to present the applications of static converters in electrical networks, both from the perspective of conversion topologies and from the perspective of their control and the consequent interaction with the electrical network.

Oral and practical laboratory exam where the student must solve a problem proposed by the teacher.

The students are required to explain to the teacher the results of computer and hardware laboratory activities and to respond to specific requests in relation to what has been presented, as well as to demonstrate the operation of models.

This teaching unit aims to provide elements on the morphology of rotating electrical equipment for low and high voltage. It is also proposed to supply the elements for the preliminary design of rotating electrical machines and the elements for the diagnosis of electromechanical components

Review of insulation systems and insulating materials. Review of the stresses affecting insulation systems and of their degradation mechanisms. Review of the operating principles of rotating electrical machines. Dimensional relationships for rotating electrical machines. Main aspects of machine design. Machine constants for rotating electrical machines.
Rotating electrical machines: types and constructional forms according to their operating principle. Stators and rotors of salient-pole synchronous machines. Morphology of turbo-generators. Air-, hydrogen-, and demineralized-water cooling systems. Hydrogen sealing systems. Basic classification of windings. Concentrated windings, concentrated windings distributed in slots, cage windings, open distributed windings, and short-pitch windings. Introduction to fractional-slot windings. Insulation systems for wire windings, strip conductors, and preformed bars. DIP, VI, VPI, GVPI, and Resin Rich impregnation systems.
Preliminary design of a high-voltage rotating machine: theory and calculations.
Proactive, preventive, and predictive maintenance. Failure modes of transformers and rotating machines. Failure analysis and Ishikawa diagrams. Detailed examples of Ishikawa diagrams for different failure types in rotating machines. Conventional offline diagnostic techniques for insulation systems. Online and offline diagnostic techniques for the stator and rotor windings of synchronous and induction machines. Partial discharge phenomena. Partial discharge measurement as a diagnostic tool for predictive maintenance. Low- and high-frequency partial discharge measurement systems for conducted and radiated signals. Integration in the time and frequency domains. Sizing of measuring impedance for quasi-integration. Analog and digital measurement systems. Analysis of analog signals for defect identification. Data analysis in digital measurement systems. Fundamentals of statistics. Data processing for defect recognition using digital measurement systems. Defect classification and assessment of severity. Measurement systems for inverter-fed applications.
Laboratory activities on partial discharges measurement.

Oral exam with possible pratical activity on PD measurements

The assessment consists of an oral examination based on three questions, one of which focuses either on calculations related to the preliminary design of rotating electrical machines or on the laboratory activities concerning partial discharge measurements. The candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the subject by correctly answering the questions asked by reasoning on the covered topics

Lecture notes
DESIGN OF ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES, Juha Pyrhonen, Tapani Jokinen, Valeria Hrabovcova editore Willey
IEC Standards

The main aim of the teaching is to provide students with the basic notions on the theory of digital control systems, and to train them to apply it to the real world, with the help of the means offered by current electronic and information technology, with particular reference to the study and development of advanced control systems for electric drives.

In the context of the global energy transition, an increasing share of electrical energy is processed by power electronics and, to a large extent, used in electric drives. According to estimates by the International Energy Agency, electric motors account for nearly half of the world’s electricity consumption, and a growing fraction is managed through static converters. In this scenario, the digital control of electric drives becomes a strategic element: it not only improves energy efficiency, but also enables operational flexibility, integration with renewable energy sources, and optimization of dynamic performance. The course Digital Electric Drives Control aims to provide the theoretical and practical tools required to design advanced control algorithms, which are essential for making electrical systems more sustainable, intelligent, and resilient.

The exam consists of two oral tests, each graded out of thirty: the first covers the topics taught by Prof. Mario Marchesoni, and the second covers the topics taught by Prof. Andrea Formentini. The final grade is determined by the average of the two marks. Let A and B be the grades obtained in the first and second tests, respectively. The final grade is calculated as: 0.5A+0.5B. The result is then rounded to the nearest integer. If the first decimal digit is equal to 5, the grade is rounded up to the next integer.

Details on how to prepare for the exam and on the degree of depth of each topic will be given during the lectures. The exam will focus on all the topics covered both during the lectures and during the exercises and will allow us to verify the knowledge of the theory taught and the ability to correctly formulate even complex problems and set their solution.

All the audiovisual material used during the lessons and other educational material will be available on aulaweb. In general, the notes taken during the lessons and the material on aulaweb are sufficient for the preparation of the exam.
The texts indicated below, normally available at the University Library, are suggested as support for some parts or for further information:
N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, W.P. Robbins – “Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design”, John Wiley & Sons Limited, 1995.
P.C. Krause, O. Wasynczuk, S.D. Sudhoff, “Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems”, IEEE Press, 2002
B. K. Bose - “Power Electronics and Variable Frequency Drives: Technology and Applications”, IEEE Press, 1996.
N. Mohan - “Electric Drives: an Integrative Approach”, MNPERE, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA, 2001.
Franklin, G. F., Powell, J. D., & Workman, M. L. (1998). Digital control of dynamic systems.

The module aims at analysing the main principles of vehicle propulsion, with particular focus on internal combustion engine vehicles, hybrid and electric vehicles. In particular, the different components used in the various vehicle architectures will be analysed. The teaching will include software activities with the aim of modelling the topics analysed in the theoretical lessons.

The course introduces students to the fundamental issues and operating principles of propulsion systems for internal combustion engine vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and electric vehicles. In particular, different propulsion architectures will be analyzed, along with the main components that make up the powertrain.

Oral exam.
One question/task on Matlab/Simulink: 10 points maximum.
Two theoretical questions: 10 points maximum (each).

The exam aims to verify the student's ability to deal with complex problems as a synthesis of multidisciplinary skills acquired in analogy to what might be required in the workplace. The ability to create a simulation model in MATLAB/Simulink environment will be evaluated using the software directly during the exam. During the group laboratory exercises, the ability to manage social interactions with a collaborative attitude and the ability to develop critical reflection and strategic thinking will be evaluated.

Lecture slides made available on AulaWeb, together with bibliographic material provided throughout the course.

The module provides knowledge on the morphology of low and high voltage rotating machines, their preliminary design and the diagnosis of electromechanical components. In addition, it explores the basic and advanced elements of automation systems, their integration into factory information processes, and discusses design criteria for instrumentation, actuators, communication networks, control and supervision systems, with a focus on security and cybersecurity.

This teaching unit is intended to provide an overview of the morphology of low- and high-voltage rotating electrical machines. It also aims to equip students with the fundamentals of preliminary design methods for rotating electrical machines and with the basic principles for the diagnostic of electromechanical components.

The module aims to illustrate the methodological and technological aspects related to electrical systems used in terrestrial electric mobility and on board ships. Management strategies for electric vehicle charging are proposed, considering the integration with renewable sources and multi-vector energy systems, smart charging, and vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-building technologies. Typical architectures and control techniques for shipboard power systems are analysed, considering the availability of storage systems, as well as the shore-connection infrastructures for connecting ships during docking.

The course covers topics that provide the foundations of infrastructures related to electric mobility and shipboard electrical power systems, from both a modelling and methodological perspective. The focus is on two main areas: i) the planning and management of electric vehicle charging infrastructures; ii) network architectures and control techniques for shipboard electrical power systems.

Each student is required to prepare a written report on the analysis of a case study, carried out individually or in a group with other students.
A positive evaluation of the written report grants access to the oral examination, which consists of theoretical, methodological, and practical questions, as well as the solution of numerical exercises.
Students who have valid certification of physical or learning disabilities on file with the University and who wish to discuss possible accommodations or other circumstances regarding the exams, should speak both with the teachers and with the School's contact person for disability.

Evaluation of the acquisition of practical and theoretical competencies in developing analyses and calculations on electric mobility infrastructures and shipboard power systems.

Lecture slides.
Books, reports and papers suggested by the lecturers.

The module aims at providing students with the tools and procedures for the design of electrical systems for the production and use of electrical energy. The main design documents necessary for proper preliminary and executive design and the application and interpretation of the relevant technical regulations will be analyzed. Teaching will also include learning and using commercial calculation tools to aid power systems design, including Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Electrical systems (MEP).

This course provides a comprehensive overview of electrical power systems design, with particular focus on high-voltage (HV), medium-voltage (MV), and low-voltage (LV) installations in power generation plants.
The course is structured in two parts. The first part introduces the structure and documentation of an electrical engineering project. The second part focuses on the practical development of a design case study involving an HV/MV substation of a conventional power plant and its associated auxiliary systems, using professional power system analysis software.

Preparation of a technical part of the project and oral discussion with the examination committee on the topics treated during the course and analysis of projects provided by the examination committee.

Verification of the acquisition of the knowledge to understand and produce the documents of a technical project of an electric power system. The project prepared by students in groups will be used also to assess the capabilities and soft skill of students to cooperate in the realization of a project while the individual discussion shall evaluate the acquisition of the competences to understand the project documentation and calculations included in the project.

In this teaching unit, the steady-state and dynamic issues related to the operation, design, and planning of electrical energy systems are introduced. Students will learn the methodologies for analyzing electrical systems in steady-state and in electromagnetic transients. At the end of the course, they will be able to identify and apply the most appropriate tools to study the various phenomena that occur in a power electrical system.

The teaching unit deals with topics that constitute in-depth knowledge of electric power systems with modeling and application implications. The first module refers to steady-state analysis at fundamental and non-fundamental frequency, including comprehensive modelling of the synchronous machine. The second module deals with electromagnetic phenomena and short-term dynamics of electric power systems, ranging from simulation methods to perturbation containment measures and dedicated protective devices.

The learning assessment includes a written test (lasting 2 hours) for each semester module, consisting of the resolution of numerical exercises on the topics specified in the specific learning objectives. The written test can be tackled jointly or separately. The admission assessment allows students to take the oral exam, which lasts about 1 hour for each module.
Students having disabilities or Specific Learning Disorders can request suitable aids for the examinations. Such aids will be defined according to specific needs, together with the Referent for the Polytechnic School of the Committe for the inclusion of Students with Disabilites and with SLD. Students in such conditions are invited to get in touch (via e-mail) with the Teacher a sufficient time before the examination, inserting in copy the Referent for the Polytechninc School (https://unige.it/en/commissioni/comitatoperlinclusionedeglistudenticondisabilita.html), without sending any document about their disabilites.

Verification of the acquisition of theoretical and practical knowledge of the calculation methodologies typically used for the operational management of electric power systems. The written exam will assess the student's ability to solve numerical exercises. The oral exam will verify the student's ability to re-propose and argue on theoretical and applicative methods concerning the sizing, verification and protection of electrical systems. The quality of the exposition and the correct use of specialized vocabulary, the ability and autonomy of reasoning, the correct use of units of measurement and the recall of previously defined cultural prerequisites will also be evaluated.

The purpose of the module is to teach the fundamental methods of rapidly variable electromagnetic field analysis using a differential approach, and then to move on to the acquisition of issues related to industrial electromagnetic compatibility with reference to design and measurement method issues.

First part:
Maxwell's equations in differential form.
Rapidly changing fields: plane waves, wave equation, propagation in a lossless medium, lossless media, lossy media, sine wave plane waves, Poynting vector in the sinusoidal regime, conductors and dielectrics, plane wave polarization, normal incidence of a sine wave plane on flat walls, standing wave ratio.
Transmission lines: transmission line equations, distributed parameter circuits, parameters per unit length, time domain solution (transients), infinite line with constant supply voltage, finite line with closed constant supply voltage on a resistive load, shorted line, open circuit line, charged transmission line discharged on a resistor R, Transmission line with impulse voltage generator, transmission line with capacitive load, transmission line with sinusoidal voltage generator.
Antennas: delayed potentials and Lorentz gauge, dipole antennas, near field and far field, electric dipole, magnetic dipole, antenna gain, directivity, effective aperture, antenna factor, wideband antennas for measurements: biconical and log-periodic
Second part:
The electromagnetic environment: generation and suppression of transients, presence of nonlinear elements;
Shielding: Shielding efficiency for near field and far field, multilayer shields, magnetic shields, shields with apertures.
Electrostatic Discharge: Origin of Electrostatic Discharge, Effects of Electrostatic Discharge, Design Techniques to Mitigate the Effects of Electrostatic Discharge.
Design of electromagnetically compatible systems: Ground connections: signal earths and grounds, common point and multi-point ground connection, parasitic ground paths - System configuration: system enclosures, placement of power filters, internal arrangement of cables and placement of connectors, decoupling of subsystems;
Test and measurement techniques: Low and high frequency emission measurements Conducted disturbances - Radiated disturbances - Immunity tests;

Oral exam lasting a maximum of about 45 minutes.

Students will be assessed on their understanding of the key concepts of electromagnetic compatibility, including electromagnetic emissions, immunity, and interference mitigation techniques. They will also be examined on their ability to design devices that work properly in complex environments and comply with international regulations.

“Course handouts”;
M. A. Plonus: “Applied Electromagnetics”, McGraw-Hill international Editions, 1988;
S. Ramo, J. R. Whinnery, T. Van Duzen: “Campi e onde nell'elettronica per le comunicazioni”, Franco Angeli editore, 1984;
C. R. Paul: “Electromagnetic compatibility”, Hoepli editore;
Audone Bruno: “Compatibilità Elettromagnetica”, McGraw-Hill, 1993.

Provide the students with the main methods of analysis of electromagnetic transients in power systems. Study the modelling electromagnetic phenomena that may affect the operation of transmission and distribution power systems.

1) Analysis of the main electromagnetic transients phenomena involving:
1a) transformers: in-rush current, short circuit at the machine terminals, overvoltages
1b) synchronous machines: constant speed transient, Laplace domain solution, short circuit at the machine terminals
2) Main switching transients
3) Lightning phenomena:
3a) lightning physics
3b) lightning current and fields evaluations
3c) direct and indirect lightning events on transmission and distribution lines
3d) Lightning performance and main protective actions

There will be a written exam, followed by an oral part.
Group exercises proposed during the semester will give the students the option to increase their mark, according to the rules that will be explained at the beginning of the teaching unit

In the oral exam, the clarity of the presentation, the precision of the language, and the logical flow of the response are evaluated. In the written exam, instead, the ability to identify the appropriate methodology for the case in question and to use it to achieve the result is assessed

Specific indications on reference bibliography will beprovided by the professor at the beginning of the lectures

The teaching has the aim of analysing the main features of the guided transport systems, with particular with particular reference to propulsion systems, power systems, signalling systems and to reference standard.

The course provides advanced knowledge of electric traction systems, with emphasis on electric drives and power electronics. It develops skills in modeling and control of electromechanical systems, considering adhesion constraints, energy efficiency, and integration with railway power supply systems. The course also introduces the role of electrified mobility in sustainable development, addressing performance, energy consumption, and environmental impact. Specific features of railway systems and basic aspects of transport planning for local public mobility are also covered.

Oral exam.

Details on how to prepare for the exam and on the degree of depth of each topic will be given during the lectures. The exam will focus on all the topics covered both during the lectures and during the exercises and will allow us to verify the knowledge of the theory taught and the ability to correctly formulate even complex problems and set their solution.

All the audiovisual material used during the lessons and other educational material will be available on aulaweb. In general, the notes taken during the lessons and the material on aulaweb are sufficient for the preparation of the exam.
The texts indicated below are suggested as support for some parts or for further information:
B. K. Bose - “Power Electronics and Variable Frequency Drives: Technology and Applications”, IEEE Press, 1996.
Andreas Steimel, “Electric Traction – Motive Power and Energy Supply – Basics and Practical Experience” Oldenbourg Industrieverlag München, 2008.
Fabrizio Marignetti, “La Trazione Ferroviaria – I sistemi a guida vincolata”, Esculapio Editore, 2018.

In this module, several Machine learning methods applied to Pattern recognition are presented and - in particular - the case of classification of images from real domains is discussed. Students will learn how to estimate a probability density function using a set of training samples. They will be able to classify samples on the basis of the decision theory and linear and nonlinear classifiers (MDM, k-nn, SVMs, Random forest). They will learn how to design a MLP neural network. They will learn how to assess the accuracy of a supervised classifier. They will also be able to utilize some clustering algorithms (including a fuzzy algorithm) and validate the obtained results.

Machine learning is establishing as a very interesting scientific area thanks to the availability of more and more powerful computers and of algorithms allowing its application to the most diverse sectors, including key sectors for economic and societal development. This course presents the main machine learning methodologies aimed to “pattern recognition”, in particular for the classification of structurally represented data.

Mandatory written examination about the topics in the syllabus of the teaching unit, with maximum admissible mark equal to 24/30. If a student obtains a sufficient mark in this written exam, then they can also optionally take an additional oral examination with maximum admissible mark equal to 30/30 with honors.

The assessment is based on questions aimed at verifying the understanding of the concepts taught, the ability to choose the most suitable methodology in the presence of specific cases and to justify the choice, the ability to correctly apply the algorithms presented in class and during the exercises to simple problems.

Slides presented at lesson will be available in Aulaweb.
Recommended books:
Duda, R. O., Hart, P. E., Stork, D. G.: 2001, Pattern classification, 2nd ed., Wiley.
Fukunaga, K.: 1990, Introduction to statistical pattern recognition, 2a ed., Academic Press.
Bishop C. M.: 2006, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer.
More specific references are included in each of the chapters in which the slides are grouped.

The module aims to present the methodological and technological aspects for the management and control of electrical energy systems. Starting from the conditions posed by the liberalized electricity market, students will be able to face and solve problems related to the definition of the working point, continuity of operation (prevention of blackouts) and aspects concerning the modelling and the control of frequency and active powers in normal, alert and emergency conditions.

(1) Generalities on Electrical Systems for Energy: General considerations on process control. The electrical system as a" process "to be controlled. Choice of the operating point. (2) Power and frequency control: Dynamics and control of frequency and active power: primary regulation of an isolated group and network. (3) Modeling of groups for generation: hydroelectric, thermoelectric, turbogas plants. Primary regulators: construction diagrams and setting up of parameters. Plant regulation thermoelectric: turbine follows, boiler follows, coordinated regulation; (4) Distributed Generation: Models of the most common groups for generation with renewable and / or similar sources and their integration into the network; (5) Regulation and control of interconnected systems: secondary regulation : schemes: centralized regulation; schemes of the AGC - Automatic Generation Control type. (6) Primary voltage regulation for production groups: cont excitation roll of alternators, simple schemes for a "brushless" regulator; primary static regulators. (7) The EMS - “Energy Management Systems”. Typical functions of an EMS. The dispatching of active powers. (8) Preventive safety assessment. Direct methods for the evaluation of transient stability, energy functions and hybrid methods. Practical examples made at control centers. Operator training simulators. (9) Control in emergency conditions: The shedding of the load. Control of the load in relation to the market. (10) Economics of Electric Systems: the liberalization of the energy market and implications for the management of energy producers (primary service and auxiliary services). Methodologies and architectures for the electricity market: types of market; the markets for the Italian system (day-ahead market, adjustment markets, dispatching services).

Oral examination.

The test consists of an oral interview aimed at highlighting the acquisition of the fundamental contents presented during the course and the ability to solve operational problems.

1) Saccomanno F .:" Electrical Systems for Energy - Analysis and Control ", UTET 1992 or the English version IEEE-Wiley, 2005 (ISBN: 9780471234395) the texts are available at II Polo del CSBA);
2) P. Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control” Mc Graw –Hill, New York, 1994
3) Slides of Seminars on the Electric Energy markets distributed to students,
4) other material provided by the teacher

L'insegnamento si propone di fornire all'allievo le conoscenze teoriche e le procedure operative necessarie per effettuare l'analisi predittiva delle caratteristiche di Dependability di un sistema o processo.

L'insegnamento propone agli allievi le conoscenze necessarie per effettuare l'analisi RAMS (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, Safety) di sistema, sia dal punto di vista della teoria che degli strumenti operativi. Alla conclusione dell'insegnamento, grazie a lezioni frontali in aula e a esercitazioni numeriche, lo studente saprà modellare in ottica RAMS un sistema multicomponente o un processo complesso, al fine di predirne le prestazioni nel tempo in forma probabilistica.

L’esame prevede una prova orale con due domande su tematiche del programma dell’insegnamento, a cui il Candidato deve rispondere in autonomia, effettuando una chiara e completa dissertazione della durata complessiva di 45 minuti circa.

La prova di esame interesserà gli argomenti trattati durante le lezioni frontali e avrà lo scopo di valutare non soltanto se lo studente ha raggiunto un livello adeguato di conoscenze, ma anche se ha acquisito la capacità di eseguire semplici valutazioni quantitative sulla Dependability dei sistemi industriali. Lo studente dovrà anche dimostrare di avere acquisito la capacità di descrivere gli argomenti in modo chiaro e con una terminologia tecnica adeguata.

S. Savio: Metodi e modelli per la predizione di Dependability dei sistemi industriali - Dispense delle lezioni
Il menzionato documento, così come altro materiale didattico, è disponibile nel repository AulaWeb. In generale, gli appunti presi durante le lezioni dagli allievi e il set completo del materiale fornito sono sufficienti per la preparazione dell'esame.
I libri sottoindicati sono suggeriti come testi di eventuale approfondimento, ma gli studenti possono comunque utilizzare anche altri testi di livello universitario.
P. O’Connor: Practical Reliability Engineering, John Wiley & Sons
A. Villemeur: Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety Assessment, John Wiley & Sons
I. Bazovsky: Principi e metodi dell’affidabilità, Etas Kompass

The teaching describes the main algorithms used for the numerical modeling of industrial devices (interpolation, root search, derivation, integration, solution of linear equation systems), the methods used for the numerical solution of static/quasi-static electromagnetic field problems (described by PDE), and provides an introduction to the techniques for the automatic design and operational optimization of industrial devices.

Teaching of basic numerical methods, numerical techniques for the solution of low frequency electromagnetic field problems, and optimization techniques for the design of electromagnetic devices and systems.

The examination of Numerical Methods Techniques for Electromagnetic Analysis is based on an oral discussion, lasting about 30 minutes, normally about the solution of practical problems, and questions about the related theory.

In the oral exam are assessed both the correct understanding of theory, and the ability to apply the theory to the solution of applicative problems.

M. Nervi: “Lecture notes”
For further theoretical study:
F. Scheid: “Analisi numerica” – collana SCHAUM, ETAS libri, 1975
K. Atkinson: “An Introduction to Numerical Analysis”, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1989
K. Atkinson: http://www.math.uiowa.edu/~atkinson/ina_sem1.html
K. Atkinson: http://www.math.uiowa.edu/~atkinson/ina_sem2.html
W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling and B. P. Flannery: “Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing”, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2007, http://numerical.recipes/
O. C. Zienkiewicz, R. Taylor, J. Z. Zhu: “The Finite Element Method: Its Basis and Fundamentals”, Elsevier Science, 2005.
P. P. Silvester, R. L. Ferrari: “Finite Elements for Electrical Engineers”, 3^ edn., Cambridge University Press, 1996.
J. Jin: “The finite Element Method in Electromagnetics”, 3^ edn., John Wiley & Sons, 2014.
G. Carey, J. T. Oden: “Finite Elements”, Vol. I-V, Prentice Hall, 1981.
K. J. Binns, P. J. Lawrenson, C. W. Trowbridge: “The Analytical and Numerical Solution of Electric and Magnetic Fields”, John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
Software repositories:
FEMM: http://www.femm.info/wiki/HomePage
gmsh: http://onelab.info/
GetDP: http://getdp.info/
VisIt: https://sd.llnl.gov/simulation/computer-codes/visit
ParaView: https://www.paraview.org/
Pyleecan: https://www.pyleecan.org/

The module presents the theoretical, methodological, and implementation aspects of basic optimization techniques for the planning, management, and control of electrical systems. The main objectives of the module are to recognize, formulate, and implement (in software environment) optimization techniques in the context of electrical systems (unit commitment/dispatch, optimal power flow, energy management systems, etc.); to identify the main properties of solution algorithms; and to implement forecasting techniques for load and renewable generation.

Elements of unconstrained, linear, quadratic, mixed‑integer, and nonlinear optimization
Matlab Optimization Toolbox
GAMS software (General Algebraic Modeling Language)
Power plant dispatching
Dynamic economic dispatch
Unit commitment
Microgrid energy management
AC/DC optimal power flow, security‑constrained optimal power flow
Load and generation forecasting
Model predictive control techniques

Oral Exam

Verification of the acquisition of theoretical and practical knowledge of the calculation methodologies in a software environment related to the optimization problems addressed in the lessons. The oral exam will verify the student's ability to reproduce and discuss the theoretical and applied methods covered during the course. The quality of the presentation and the correct use of specialized terminology will also be evaluated, as well as the student's reasoning ability, autonomy, and recall of the previously defined cultural prerequisites.

Course handouts available on Aulaweb
J. Nocedal, S. J. Wright, “Numerical Optimization”, Springer, 1999
Matlab Manual: https://it.mathworks.com/help/
GAMS Manual: User's Guide (gams.com)
A. Soroudi, “Power System Optimization Modeling in GAMS”, Springer, 2018
Matpower Manual: https://matpower.org/docs/MATPOWER-manual.pdf

The module aims to present laboratory applications by applying the knowledge of static energy conversion and control theory.

The course aims to present the applications of static converters in electrical networks, both from the perspective of conversion topologies and from the perspective of their control and the consequent interaction with the electrical network.

Oral and practical laboratory exam where the student must implement a conversion system in the laboratory using a converter and a DSP board utilized during the course.

The students are required to explain to the teacher the results of computer and hardware laboratory activities and to respond to specific requests in relation to what has been presented, as well as to demonstrate the operation of models and prototypes.

The module addresses the theoretical, methodological, and technological aspects concerning the protection and the stability defense of the electrical power system, considering the impact of the energy transition. The criteria and modern techniques for protecting the electrical system are investigated, as well as the interface requirements and inherent characteristics of Inverter-Based Resources. The proper modeling and simulation of the systems under analysis support the theoretical study.

The course covers the following topics:
Fundamental definitions and concepts related to the protection and defense of power systems.
Key functional characteristics of protection and measurement devices.
Fault behavior and modeling of power systems dominated by synchronous machines.
Introduction to modeling and simulation techniques for electrical energy systems.
Overcurrent protection: fundamental theory, operating characteristics, and limitations.
Distance protection: fundamental theory, operating characteristics, and analysis in the impedance and admittance domains.
Differential protection: fundamental theory, operating characteristics, typical applications.
Time-domain protection: fundamental theory, operating characteristics, and fault location techniques.
Protection coordination techniques, application areas, and operational limitations.
Modeling and fault behavior of electrical systems with renewables and Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs).
Interface protection requirements for IBRs, fault ride-through (FRT) capabilities and compliance aspects.
Fault behavior and protection strategies for High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems.
Monitoring strategies for large-scale, geographically distributed power systems.
Protection criteria and strategies for active distribution networks.

The examination consists of a practical exercise followed by an oral interview.
The practical exercise consists of developing, within the MATLAB/Simulink simulation environment, a computer model selected from topics proposed by the professor among those outlined in the specific learning objectives. This must be accompanied by a technical report critically describing the methodology employed and the results obtained. The submission is due at least one week prior to the oral interview.
The oral interview, lasting approximately 45 minutes, is conditional upon a positive evaluation of the practical exercise.
The exam date is arranged by appointment upon request.

The examination aims to assess the acquisition of theoretical and methodological knowledge.
The practical exercise evaluates the student’s ability to use design support tools based on modelling and simulation, as well as to accurately model electrical systems and their associated protection systems.
The oral examination assesses the student’s ability to present and discuss the theoretical and methodological aspects. During the oral exam, clarity of exposition, appropriate use of technical terminology, autonomy and critical reasoning skills, and proficiency in referencing interdisciplinary aspects will be evaluated.

Introduction to static problems related to the operation, design and planning of electric power systems represented by mathematical or circuit models. Preliminary analysis of dynamic models and transients of power systems that include the technologies for the energy transition.

Theory of oriented graphs in terms of energy sorting
Nodal incidence matrix
Characteristic matrices of electrical systems (nodal admittance and impedance)
Methods of knots and meshes
Time and complex frequency (cisoidal) domain analyses
Star-polygon
Relative values
Symmetrical components
Normal, Alert, Emergency, Restored
Transitions, controls, plans
Synchronous and converter-based generators
Transformers and autotransformers
Electric pipelines (lines, cables)
Compensation and control systems (introductory notes only)
Non-rotating / rotating / under drives loads
AC and DC systems with possible interactions
Load flow equations
Node classifications
Assignments and constraints (input and validation of results)
Evaluation of connection and system flows and losses
Numerical methods (Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, de-coupled, fast de-coupled)
DC load flow
Kron's theory for topological modifications
Steady-state security analysis (sensitivity coefficients)
Harmonic models of components, such as sources and/or receptors of specific pollution
Harmonic load flow
Definition of distortion factors and harmonic charts
Containment measures, passive and active filters
Axis variables (Clarke, Park)
short-, mid- and long-term dynamics modelling

The learning assessment includes a written test (lasting 2 hours), consisting of the resolution of numerical exercises on the topics specified in the specific learning objectives. The admission assessment allows students to take the oral exam, which lasts about 1 hour.
Students who have valid certification of physical or learning disabilities on file with the University and who wish to discuss possible accommodations or other circumstances regarding lectures, coursework and exams, should speak both with the instructor and with Professor Federico Scarpa ([email protected] ), the School's disability liaison.

Verification of the acquisition of theoretical and practical knowledge of the calculation methodologies typically used for the operational management of electric power systems. The written exam will assess the student's ability to solve numerical exercises. The oral exam will verify the student's ability to re-propose and argue on theoretical and applicative methods concerning the steady-state and harmonic analysis of electrical power systems. The quality of the exposition and the correct use of specialized vocabulary, the ability and autonomy of reasoning, the correct use of units of measurement and the recall of previously defined cultural prerequisites will also be evaluated.

• R. Marconato, "Electrical Power Systems" (and equivalent version in Italian)
• F. Saccomanno, "Electrical Systems for Energy – Analysis and Control" (and equivalent version in Italian)
• P.S. Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control”

The purpose of the module is to define the basic and advanced elements of an automation system and its components, as well as their integration into the informational processes of a factory. In particular, it will cover the operational elements and design criteria for instrumentation, actuators, communication networks, control systems, and supervision elements, with a focus on the compliance with safety and cyber security requirements

MODULE 1 – Measurement basics for Industrial Automation
Special attention is devoted to the distinction between:
Measurements for automatic control systems
Typical chains sensor-transmitter-actuator
Accuracy and uncertainty in industrial conditions
Measurement for control: Used by PLC/DCS systems to regulate a process (e.g., PID control)
Standard signals (e.g. 4-20 mA; digital I/O)
MODULE 2 – Measurements in Electrical and Process Systems
2.1 Measurements in Electrical Systems
current and voltage transducers, instrument transformers
measurements for protection, control and monitoring
2.2 Process Measurements
Overview of:
temperature
pressure
flow
level
correct installation and reliability
MODULE 3 – Automation and Supervision Architectures
Analysis of real industrial architectures:
automation levels
PLC and DCS systems
scan cycle
SCADA systems
RTUs and remote data acquisition
redundant architectures
Clarification of the difference between:
IT networks (data-centric, non-deterministic)
OT networks (deterministic, control-oriented)
Introduction to determinism and industrial real-time concepts.
MODULE 4 – Industrial Communication and Telecontrol
4.1 Fundamentals
Brief overview of the ISO/OSI model and Ethernet.
Key concepts: latency, determinism & real time, synchronization, polling vs event-driven communication
4.2 Fieldbus
Profibus (DP e PA)
HART
Details on characteristics: topology, scheduling, determinism, device profiles
4.3 Industrial Ethernet
Profinet (RT and IRT)
EtherNet/IP
Modbus TCP
4.4 Telecontrol protocols for electrical systems
IEC 60870-5-104
DNP3
4.5 Interoperability
OPC-UA
MODULE 5 – IEC 61850 – Distributed Substation Automation
5.1 Substations evolution
Wired and digital architectures. Separation of process and station bus.
5.2 IEC 61850 information model
Objects
Logical nodes
Data objects and attrobutes
File SCL
5.3 Communication services
real-time services (GOOSE, Sampled Values), MMS
5.4 Distributed automation among IEDs
Integrated functions: protection, measurement, control, event logging
MODULE 6 – Functional Safety, EMC, and Safety of Machinery
6.1 Functional Safety
Safety critical and mission critical systems
Risk analysis (including qualitative and quantitative approaches, influence of environmental factors, etc.)
Redundancy, Fail-safe architectures
SIL (Safety Integrity Level)
Normative: IEC 61508, IEC 61511, EN 50126, IEC 61000-1-2, IEEE Std. 1848
Safety-related systems
6.2 Safety of Machinery
Machinery Regulation (EU) 2023/1230
safety-related software
digital systems
cybersecurity
artificial intelligence
MODULE 7 – Industrial Digitalization and OT Cybersecurity
Cyber-Physical Systems
Digital Twin
Edge computing
Predictive maintenance
OT cybersecurity
IEC 62443

The exam is in written form, as a structured quiz. Each question has a weight that is indicated next to it; the total score is 30.

Written examination: structured quiz (multiple-choice and short-answer questions) covering the main modules of the course. The test is intended to assess understanding of the key concepts and the ability to interpret industrial architectures and configurations. Optional technical report: students may supplement the written exam with a written report on a topic agreed with the instructor. Reports may be developed individually or in small groups and may involve collaboration with industrial partners. This option is intended to encourage deeper engagement with real applications and, where appropriate, to support the development of the thesis.

The following bibliographic resources are suggested as reference.
1) Dunn, William C., Fundamentals of Industrial Instrumentation and Process Control, 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill, 2018. ISBN-13: 978-1260122251
2) Manoj, K. S., Industrial Automation with SCADA: Concepts, Communications and Security. Notion Press, 2019. ISBN-13: 978-1684668281
3) Sharma, K. L. S., Overview of Industrial Process Automation, 2nd Edition. Elsevier Science, 2016. ISBN-13: 978-0128053546
4) Knapp, Eric D., Langill, Joel, Industrial Network Security: Securing Critical Infrastructure Networks for Smart Grid, SCADA, and Other Industrial Control Systems, 3rd Edition. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2024. ISBN-13: 978-0443137389
5) Tacchini, A., Functional Safety of Machinery: How to Apply ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061, Wiley-Blackwell, 2023. ISBN-13: 978-1119789048

The module deals with aspects of proper design of electrical systems in the presence of renewable sources and storage. Distributed generation models such as wind and photovoltaic systems and the various storage system technologies will be developed. The aspects related to the sizing, modeling and control of traditional and renewable distributed generation are studied in relation to the transition of the distribution and industrial electrical systems.

The teaching unit provides advanced tools for the design, modelling, and control of electrical systems based on renewable energy sources and energy storage systems. It covers the operating principles, mathematical models, and simulation techniques for the design of photovoltaic plants, onshore and offshore wind farms, and electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal storage systems.
Attention is devoted to their integration into modern power systems, HVDC networks and active distribution networks, microgrids, and optimized energy management.

The exam consists of:
Assessment of a project or simulation report
Oral examination for further discussion and in-depth analysis

The final assessment is based on:
Critical analysis skills and mastery of the theoretical concepts
Quality of the project/simulation work
Clarity of presentation and ability to establish connections among the topics covered in the teaching unit

Distributed Energy Resources in Active Distribution Networks, C. Schwaegerl, K. Dedekind, R. Brown, CIGRE Green books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91367-0, Springer Cham, ISBN978-3-030-91366-3, 2026

The module provides a unified view of the main topics of the telecommunications sector: representation and analysis of signals, transmission of signals on telecommunication channels, transmission of information through telecommunications networks. The theoretical principles underlying these issues will be briefly recalled along with the main techniques on which modern devices and telecommunications equipment are based.

The acquisition and trasmission of information through telecommunications systems and networks are essential to control and monitor industrial processes in particular in the electrical sector. Remote control and monitoring is based on fundamental parameters such as sensing, communication, computing, and control. In this perspective, the knowledge of telecommunication signals and networks is of great importance for the comprehension and design of future systems.

The exam consists of a written test consisting of 4 questions (2 for the signal processing part, 2 for the telecommunications network part) of identical value followed by a brief oral comment on the writing test.
Students with learning disorders ("disturbi specifici di apprendimento", DSA) will be allowed to use specific modalities and supports that will be determined on a case-by-case basis in agreement with the delegate of the Engineering courses in the Committee for the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities.

The written test is aimed at checking the skills of the students
to evaluate the properties of a signal (band occupation, power, periodicity,…),
to design an analogical-digital transformation, a filter;
to characterize a random process in spectral and statistical terms including the operation of analog modulation equipment;
to describe the features of main elements constituting a modern telecommunications network both concerning the infrastructure and the protocols;
to understand technical specifications concerning telecommunication infrastructures for remote control and monitoring;
to design basic elements of protocols acting at data link, network, transport, and application layer
concerning:
technical knowledge,
methodology,
clarity of the description.

• A.B. Carlson, P. B. Crilly, J. C. Rutledge, Communication Systems, McGraw-Hill, 2001 (4th edition).
• Slides used during the lectures.
• Behrouz A. Forouzan, TCP / IP protocols, Mc-Graw-Hill, 2006.
• Notes issued by the lecturer on specific topics.
• Extracts of international regulations and scientific documentation provided by the lecturer.

This teaching unit aims to learn the fundamental methods of the analysis of rapidly changing electromagnetic fields with a differential approach, and then move on to the acquisition of issues related to industrial electromagnetic compatibility with reference to the design and problems related to measurement methods.

The course is aimed at providing the advanced competence of Telecommunications and Electromagnetic Compatibility. The course is subdivided into two modules:
1 – Telecommunications – 118118
2 – Electromagnetic Compatibility - 118119
The overview is given in full detail within the page of the two composing modules.

Telcommunications (118118): The exam consists of a written test consisting of 4 questions (2 for the signal processing part, 2 for the telecommunications network part) of identical value followed by an oral exam (for the signal processing part) or by a brief oral comment on the writing test (for the telecommunications networks part).
Electromagnetic compatibility (118119) : Oral exam lasting a total of about 45 minutes.
For further details, see the page of the two modules.

Assessment methods are explained in full detail within the pages of the two composing modules.