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history of international organization - appunti
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- International organisations: distinction between inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) made by countries, and non-governmental organisations (INGOs) made by citizens or associations.
- Characteristics of IGOs include a covenant, permanent secretariat, and international membership involving at least 3 different nation-states; informal organisations do not fit this definition.
- The Concert of Europe (1815-1914): established principles of balance of power, European issues treated collectively by major powers, and the role of great powers in maintaining stability. Key members were Austria, Prussia, Russia, UK, and France.
- Key congresses: Vienna (1814-1815), Aachen (1818), Troppau (1820), Laibach (1821), Verona (1822); each aimed at managing conflicts and maintaining stability through regular multilateral conferences.
- Legal instruments: neutralisation to declare territories or countries as neutral, internationalisation for areas under international administration; examples include Switzerland, Belgium, Turkish Straits, Suez Canal.
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