Appunti VERIFICATO
Anatomia umana
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- PROENCEFALO: Divides into Telencefalo (cortex, white matter, basal ganglia) for sensory/motor processing, and Diencefalo (epitalamo, talamo, ipotalamo, subtalamo).
- TALAMO: Relays sensitive and motor information to the cerebral cortex.
- IPOTALAMO: Connects CNS and endocrine system, controls emotions, visceral processes, and autonomic functions.
- TRONCO DELL'ENCEFALO: Includes Midollo Allungato (spinal cord connection, motor fiber crossing), Ponte (cerebellum connection, cranial nerves, respiration), and Mesencefalo (visual/auditory processing, motor control).
- CERVELLETTO: Controls motor coordination, balance, and stores motor memory; posterior to brainstem with hemispheres and a central "verme".
- CUORE: Main circulatory organ, pumping blood to transport nutrients and oxygen, while removing carbon dioxide. It has four chambers (two atria, two ventricles) and its contractions are regulated by pacemakers.
- POLMONI: Paired organs in the thoracic cavity, responsible for gas exchange, divided into lobes, lobuli, and acini, with a complex bronchial tree.
- APPARATO DIGERENTE:
- ESOFAGO: Transports food from mouth to stomach.
- STOMACO: Accumulates, transforms, and chemically digests food.
- INTESTINO TENUE (Small Intestine): Primary site for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption, composed of Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum, featuring plicae circulares and villi for increased surface area.
- INTESTINO CRASSO (Large Intestine): Reabsorbs water and salts, compacts feces, and absorbs vitamins, comprising the Cecum, Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), and Rectum.
- GHIANDOLE ANNESE (Accessory Glands): Salivary glands (digestion initiation), Pancreas (digestive enzymes, bicarbonate), and Fegato (bile production for fat emulsification).
- APPARATO URINARIO:
- RENI (Kidneys): Filter blood to produce urine, regulating blood volume, pressure, and pH. They consist of a cortical and medullary zone, with millions of nephrons performing filtration and selective reabsorption.
- VIE URINARIE (Urinary Tract): Ureteri transport urine from kidneys to the Vescica (bladder), which stores urine. The Uretra then excretes urine from the body.
- NEFRONE: The functional unit of the kidney, includes the glomerulus for blood filtration and the renal tubule for reabsorption and secretion, under hormonal control (ADH, Aldosterone, ANH).