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colonial history
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- Initial Diplomatic Encounter: Thomas Roe, the first British ambassador to India, was not received by the emperor; his diaries offer complex insights but limited understanding of Indian society.
- Misconceptions About Indian Society: The British perceived the caste system as a rigid hierarchy with distinct levels, whereas in reality it is more dynamic and consists of Jati (occupational groups) and Varna (social classes).
- Orientalism's Role in Colonialism: Knowledge about India was created to control it, aligning with colonial goals; assumptions included static society, village focus, caste system as essence, influence of Hinduism, and despotism.
- The Catalan Atlas (1375): Early European map reflecting knowledge of the Orient through trade, missionary efforts, and cultural exchanges.
- Pax Mongolica: The Mongol Empire facilitated trade with Europeans, fostering significant cultural, religious, and political exchanges between East and West.
- Reconquista: A centuries-long effort by Iberian Christians to reclaim Spain from Muslim rule, marking the beginning of Spanish colonization in the Americas; techniques developed during this period were later applied in American colonization.
- Eastern Atlantic Archipelagos: European explorers encountered new populations and strategic points for navigation and trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
- The African Branch: Initial interactions involved trade with goods like textiles, spices, and gold; Guanches were enslaved to extract resources, leading to a shift to African slave labor in plantations.
- The Atlantic Branch: European powers sought lands and populations to exploit, focusing on gold, establishing trading posts, and recognizing the economic potential of other resources; by 1650, slave trade became significant alongside gold, sugar, and spices.