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EU politics and policies - Appunti e readings integrati
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This document overviews EU politics and policies, detailing the shift from permissive consensus to contestation post-2007/2008 crisis. It explores factors influencing EU decision-making, the rise of populism as an ideology and strategy, and conditions for its growth. Key areas include the economic and financial challenges, the role of institutions like the Commission and ECJ, and the evolution of EU social policy through various treaties and strategies such as the Lisbon Strategy. The text also covers EU budget dynamics and global development policies, offering comprehensive insights into the contemporary European Union.
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- Post-Crisis EU Integration: The 2007/2008 financial and economic crisis marked a significant shift in EU integration, moving from permissive consensus to widespread contestation. Key contributing factors included opaque EU decision-making processes, complex division of competences between EU and Member States, the end of permissive consensus, and the emergence of a clear division between Northern and Southern Europe due to austerity measures.
- Populism: The document defines populism in two complementary versions: as an ideology that divides society into "virtuous people" and "corrupted elites," and as a political strategy where a personalistic leader mobilizes unorganized followers for direct power. It emphasizes that populism thrives on tensions between the redemptive and pragmatic aspects of democracy.
- EU Decision-Making and Institutions: It explores the 'distinctive profile of EU decision-making,' highlighting the roles of supranational institutions, political and administrative élites, and the concept of 'output legitimacy.' The text also details the internal coordination processes within the Commission, including Inter-service Consultation (ISC) and Impact Assessment (IA), and the influential role of the Secretariat-General as a gatekeeper.
- EU Social Policy Evolution: The document traces the development of EU social policy from the Treaty of Rome (1957), focusing on worker mobility and social protection coordination, through the Single European Act (1986) which introduced Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) and common health and safety standards. It also covers the Community Charter (1989) and the Lisbon Strategy, which aimed to address social exclusion and promote employment.
- EU Budget and Financial Framework: It outlines the EU's financial resources, primarily GNI-based, VAT-based, and traditional own resources, and its expenditure priorities, including smart and inclusive growth, cohesion, and agriculture. The text also discusses the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) and the challenges of balancing economic and social objectives.
- Conditions for Populism's Rise: The analysis identifies tensions between the redemptive (idealistic view of people's power) and pragmatic (perceived lack of collective action) faces of democracy as a key condition for populism's growth, particularly in movement parties across the political spectrum.
- ECJ's Role and Regulatory Policies: The European Court of Justice (ECJ) is presented as a crucial actor, attentive to economic rights and ensuring their implementation. The document also describes the distinctive nature of EU regulatory policies, which are often non-binding (soft law) but aim to address market failures and ensure fair competition while impacting social and environmental outcomes.
- Global Development Policy: The EU's engagement in global development is highlighted, including its commitment to the Millennium Development Goals and specific initiatives in various regions, emphasizing policy coherence for development and a project-based approach.
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