Riassunti VERIFICATO
International economic law appunti
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- Customs obstacles include nondiscrimination, internal taxes, and WTO agreements aimed at reducing tariffs.
- Duties can be ad valorem, specific, or mixed; preferential duties apply to certain countries based on GATT Article 1.1, while neither MFN nor preferential duties are applied to non-WTO members with higher rates.
- WTO obligations involve reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangements, with negotiations focused on reducing tariffs, especially for agricultural products.
- Anti-dumping and countervailing duties protect domestic industries from foreign competition; the Appellate Body's current state affects dispute settlement.
- Quantitative restrictions are regulated by GATT Article 11, prohibiting them except in emergencies or to safeguard balance of payments.
- Nondiscrimination is a key principle under WTO agreements, with exceptions for national security and environmental concerns; regional trade agreements allow preferential treatment among member states.
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