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Ethics in science
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- Types of ethical responsibility in research: control over participants (no right to harm), communication accuracy, and ensuring public trust.
- Research misconduct/fraud: fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, including self-plagiarism, fake peer reviews, and retracted papers due to false reviewers.
- Safeguards against fraud: replication, pre- and post-publication peer review, registered reports, and changes in evaluation criteria by institutions/governments.
- Questionable research practices: data exclusion/manipulation, p-hacking, HARKing, and the need for transparency and open science frameworks like FAIR principles.
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