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storia economica della cultura
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- Pre-Industrial Market Economy & Malthusian Model:
- Early modern economies faced Malthusian limits, where population growth often outpaced resources.
- Agricultural reforms, shifting from fallow to intensive cultivation, were crucial for increased productivity.
- Market economy development was linked to demographic shifts, agricultural changes, nascent state structures, and manufacturing growth.
- Early Modern Manufactures & Capitalism:
- Manufacturing involved various forms, including self-regulated artisan guilds and the merchant-entrepreneur system, which innovated by outsourcing production to rural areas for profit.
- The 17th-century saw commercial capitalism flourish, with the Dutch Republic and its VOC pioneering financial innovations like public stock companies and reducing transaction costs.
- Industrial Revolutions & Economic Policies:
- The First Industrial Revolution (mid-1700s, UK) brought factory systems, technological breakthroughs (steam, machinery), and new social strata, influenced by mercantilist policies and legal reforms (Common Law, Enclosures).
- The Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1900) expanded industrial sectors (steel, chemicals, electricity), introduced mass production, and internationalized trade, leading to a period of both economic growth and protectionist policies.
- Interwar Crises & Global Reconstruction:
- WWI resulted in widespread destruction, economic disarray, and a shift in global power, contributing to the Great Depression (1929) caused by speculation, inequality, and monetary errors.
- The New Deal (USA) implemented state intervention, economic recovery programs, and social reforms.
- Post-WWII, the Bretton Woods system created a cooperative international economic framework (fixed exchange rates, IMF, World Bank, GATT/WTO) alongside the Marshall Plan for European rebuilding.
- Culture and Economy in Historical Context:
- Luxury: Evolved from a symbol of noble status, often regulated by sumptuary laws for social and economic control, to a recognized economic driver.
- Art Market: Transitioned from exclusive patronage to public institutions (academies, museums) and commercial channels (salons, auctions), influencing artist careers and cultural consumption.
- Written Culture: Monasteries were early knowledge hubs. The printing press revolutionized information dissemination, drastically reducing book costs and increasing literacy despite censorship.
- Theater: Developed from courtly entertainment to public, commercial spectacles, with the emergence of the "star system" reflecting changing social values.
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