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Meccanica statistica

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Statistical mechanics studies macroscopic systems considering their microscopic constituents (atoms and molecules) obeying laws like classical and quantum mechanics, encompassing thermodynamics in the thermodynamic limit.
The zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium between two systems if they are in equilibrium with a third system; temperature is defined using a thermometer that changes state when brought into contact with another system.
The first law of thermodynamics states energy conservation: dU = ±Q - ±W, where ±Q and ±W are infinitesimal amounts of heat and work, respectively. The efficiency of a reversible engine is given by T1 - T2 / T1.
The second law imposes that no process can transfer heat spontaneously from a low-temperature to a high-temperature system without external work; it introduces the concept of entropy, which increases in irreversible processes and defines time's arrow.

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