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- Fundamentals of Legal Order:
- A legal order ensures social coexistence through rules, established institutions, and effective observance. It distinguishes objective law (the system of rules) from subjective law (individual rights).
- Italy's legal framework integrates national laws with international and supranational norms, particularly EU law (regulations, directives), based on constitutional principles (Art. 10 & 11 Cost.).
- Legal norms are characterized by generality, abstractness, and coercibility, linking a specific "fattispecie" (fact pattern) to a legal consequence (sanzione).
- Positive law (existing rules) and natural law (universal principles) are core concepts, though natural law's content is historically variable.
- Law Efficacy and Interpretation:
- Laws become effective after promulgation, official publication, and a mandatory "vacatio legis" period.
- Laws can be "abrogated" (explicitly or tacitly) or "derogated" (specific exceptions). Constitutional Court rulings can annul laws ex tunc.
- The principle of "irretroattività" dictates that laws generally apply only to future events, with specific exceptions in civil law, while penal laws are strictly non-retroactive.
- Legal interpretation involves determining the precise meaning of norms, considering literal text, ratio legis, historical context, and systemic coherence.
- "Analogia" is used to fill legal gaps by applying rules from similar cases or general principles, but not for penal or exceptional laws. Judicial precedent is persuasive, but not binding in Italy, unlike EU Court of Justice rulings.
- Subjects, Rights, and Entities:
- Individuals and entities are "soggetti di diritto," possessing "capacità giuridica" (legal capacity from birth) and "capacità di agire" (capacity to act from majority).
- Measures like "interdizione," "inabilitazione," and "amministrazione di sostegno" protect incapacitated persons.
- "Diritti della personalità" are fundamental, innate, absolute, and non-patrimonial rights (e.g., life, health, name, image, moral integrity, privacy, personal data protection).
- "Enti" (associations, foundations, committees) possess legal subjectivity, acting as centers of legal attribution; some acquire full legal personality. The "Terzo Settore" identifies non-profit entities pursuing social utility.
- Family Law and Succession:
- Italian family law emphasizes the moral and legal equality of spouses (post-1975 reform).
- "Matrimonio" (marriage) is a legal act creating specific rights and duties, no longer indissoluble. "Unioni civili" (civil unions) and "convivenze di fatto" (de facto cohabitations) regulate other unions.
- "Filiazione" (filiation) unifies the legal status of all children, whether born within or outside marriage, and "Adozione" (adoption) provides families.
- "Obbligo alimentare" (alimony) ensures support for family members in need.
- "Successione per causa di morte" (inheritance) involves the transfer of patrimony. Heirs can "accettare" (accept) – purely or with "beneficio d'inventario" – or "rinunciare" (renounce) the inheritance.
- "Legittimari" (forced heirs) are entitled to a mandatory portion ("quota legittima") of the inheritance.
- The "testamento" (will) is a revocable, formal act for disposing of assets after death, subject to strict validity rules.
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