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Appunti Primo compitino Linguistica Italiana
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- Apprendimento e Bilinguismo:
- Distinguishes between L1 (madrelingua), L2 (lingua seconda, e.g., immigrant in Italy), and foreign language (lingua straniera, e.g., studying Italian abroad), emphasizing 'input' as the key difference.
- Explores various types of individual bilingualism: 'precoce o infantile,' 'bilanciato' (rare), 'dominante' (common), 'simultaneo,' 'successivo,' 'additivo,' and 'sottrattivo' (e.g., decline of dialects in post-unification Italy).
- Plurilinguismo e Acquisizione:
- Identifies 'Plurilinguismo Endogeno' (dialects, minority languages) and 'Esogeno' (migration since the 1980s).
- Discusses 'Linguistica Contrattiva' (transfer and interference from L1 to L2) and 'Linguistica Acquisizionale' (spontaneous vs. guided learning, Krashen).
- Analyzes 'Forme Devianti' (systematic errors) and 'Interlanguage' (provisional mental grammar).
- 'Fossilizzazione' describes the arrest of language acquisition before native-like proficiency.
- Storia della Lingua Italiana:
- Traces the evolution from 'Latino Classico' to 'Latino Volgare' and 'Lingue Romanze,' influenced by substrata and superstrata.
- Highlights 'I Primi Documenti in Volgare' as non-literary texts (Concilio di Tours, Giuramenti di Strasburgo, Placito Capuano) and the later emergence of 'Letteratura in Volgare' (e.g., San Francesco d'Assisi, Jacopone da Todi).
- Morfosintassi e Grammatica Storica:
- Examines the shift from Latin morphology (case system) to Italian morphosyntax (syntactic role expressed by position and prepositions).
- Details changes in 'Vocalismo' (loss of length, reduction to 5 atonic vowels) and 'Consonantismo' (loss of final consonants, palatalization).
- Explains historical developments in 'Morfologia' (loss of neuter gender, introduction of articles) and 'Sintassi' (from SOV to SVO).
- Fonetica e Fonologia:
- Defines 'Foni' (concrete sounds) and 'Fonemi' (distinctive sounds).
- Explores 'Coppie Minime' and 'Allofoni' in Italian.
- Discusses 'Dittongamento' and 'Monottongamento' processes.
- Explains 'Sillaba Aperta' vs. 'Sillaba Chiusa' and their impact on vowel length.
- Caratteristiche del Testo:
- Coerenza: Requires 'aderenza' (to topic), 'non contraddittorietà,' 'ordine' (chronological, logical, spatial), 'connessione' (no jumps), 'non dispersività' (no digressions), and 'uniformità' (style/register).
- Coesione: Achieved through 'accordi morfosintattici,' 'connettivi' (textual links, e.g., conjunctions, adverbs, pronouns), 'sostituenti lessicali' (synonyms, hyperonyms, periphrasis, ellipsis), and 'ripetizione voluta.'
- Accento e Intonazione:
- 'L'Accento' is intensive, free, and distinctive, with specific orthographic rules (grave/acute).
- 'L'Intonazione' reflects regional provenance and conveys meaning (e.g., question, affirmation) through pitch variations.
- Punteggiatura:
- Signals syntactic, informative, and enunciative boundaries.
- Distinguishes levels of boundaries: strong (full stop), intermediate (semicolon), and weak (comma), each with specific functions.
- Altri Concetti: Includes 'Anafora Valutativa,' 'Incapsulatori Anaforici,' 'Deissi,' 'Campo Indicale,' 'Sintagma,' 'Frase Complessa,' 'Incisi,' 'Costruzioni Assolute,' and 'Nominalizzazioni.'