Compiti ed esercitazioni VERIFICATO
stechiometria
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- Fundamentals:
- Valency indicates the number of electrons donated, acquired, or shared.
- Oxidation Number (n.o.) is the formal charge an element assumes, with specific rules for oxygen (generally -2), hydrogen (generally +1), alkali (+1), and alkaline earth metals (+2). The sum of n.o. in a neutral compound is 0, or equal to the ion's charge in polyatomic ions.
- Nomenclature Systems:
- Traditional: Based on element classification (metal/non-metal) and oxidation states (suffixes -oso for lower, -ico for higher; prefixes ipo- for lowest, per- for highest).
- Stock: Utilizes Roman numerals in parentheses to indicate the oxidation state of the central element (e.g., Iron(II) oxide).
- IUPAC: Focuses on stoichiometric prefixes (mono-, di-, tri-) to denote the number of atoms, providing a clear link between name and formula.
- Compound Classification & Naming:
- Binary Compounds:
- Hydrides (Idruri): Metal + H (metallic hydrides, H n.o. -1) or Non-metal/Semimetal + H (covalent hydrides, H n.o. +1).
- Binary Acids (Idracidi): H + Non-metal (e.g., HCl, H2S), named "Acido + non-metal root + -idrico".
- Oxides (Ossidi): Metal + O (basic oxides) or Non-metal + O (acidic oxides/anhydrides).
- Binary Salts: Metal + Non-metal, named "Non-metal root + -uro di + metal name".
- Ternary Compounds:
- Hydroxides (Idrossidi): Metal + OH group. Named "Idrossido di + metal name".
- Oxyacids (Ossiacidi): H + Non-metal + O. Naming uses -oso/-ico suffixes and ipo-/per- prefixes based on oxidation state.
- Ternary Salts: Formed from a metal cation and an oxoanion (from an oxyacid). Naming involves changing oxyacid suffixes (-ico to -ato, -oso to -ito).
- Quaternary Compounds:
- Acid Salts: Metal + H + Non-metal + O. Formed from partial dissociation of an oxyacid. Named with "acido" or "idrogeno" prefixes.
- Basic Salts: Metal + OH + Non-metal + O. Formed from partial dissociation of a hydroxide and full dissociation of an oxyacid. Named with "basico" or "idrosso" prefixes.
- Particularities of Elements:
- Detailed conventions for specific elements like Nitrogen (various oxides), Phosphorus (meta-, pyro-, ortho-acids), Arsenic (similar to P), Silicon (meta-, ortho-acids), Cyanides (HCN, HCNO, HSCN), Iodine (meta-, meso-, ortho-periodic acids), amphoteric elements (Tin, Lead, Aluminum, Chromium, Manganese), Mercury (Hg₂²⁺, Hg²⁺), Thio-compounds (oxygen replaced by sulfur), and Peroxo-compounds (containing O₂²⁻ group).
- Binary Compounds: