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Lezione 2 - clinical virology and antiviral resistance

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Virus cross-species transmission: Examples include rabies, Ebola, Dengue, and HIV, showing how viruses can evolve to infect new hosts.
Bats as virus reservoirs: Many viruses like Ebola, SARS, MERS originate from bats, highlighting their role in emerging viral diseases.
Human-to-human transmission: Cases of H5N1 influenza and SARS illustrate the potential for viruses to spread among humans.
Virus variability and immune escape: Mutations can lead to epitope changes, allowing viruses to evade immune recognition.
Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus: Demonstrates how individual immune systems influence viral mutation patterns.
Emergent drug resistance: Antiviral drugs can select for resistant viral variants due to variability.
Vaccine escape: Large vaccination campaigns can exert pressure on viruses, leading to the emergence of vaccine-resistant strains.
Innate and adaptive immunity: Innate immunity is a first-line defense with limited specificity but triggers adaptive immunity. Adaptive immunity provides specific responses and immunological memory.

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