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Lezione 2 - clinical virology and antiviral resistance

Università degli studi di Siena medical biotechnologies - biotecnologie mediche 2021
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Virus cross-species transmission can occur through various hosts like bats and migratory birds, leading to new diseases in humans such as Ebola, SARS, MERS, and HIV. Viral variability allows immune escape, while antiviral drugs can induce drug resistance. Vaccines may lose effectiveness due to viral evolution. Innate immunity provides immediate defense with low specificity but triggers adaptive immunity. Adaptive immunity is highly specific, offers long-term protection through memory cells, but takes time to activate. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interferons play crucial roles in recognizing pathogens and initiating immune responses.
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  • Virus cross-species transmission: Examples include rabies, Ebola, Dengue, and HIV, showing how viruses can evolve to infect new hosts.
  • Bats as virus reservoirs: Many viruses like Ebola, SARS, MERS originate from bats, highlighting their role in emerging viral diseases.
  • Human-to-human transmission: Cases of H5N1 influenza and SARS illustrate the potential for viruses to spread among humans.
  • Virus variability and immune escape: Mutations can lead to epitope changes, allowing viruses to evade immune recognition.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus: Demonstrates how individual immune systems influence viral mutation patterns.
  • Emergent drug resistance: Antiviral drugs can select for resistant viral variants due to variability.
  • Vaccine escape: Large vaccination campaigns can exert pressure on viruses, leading to the emergence of vaccine-resistant strains.
  • Innate and adaptive immunity: Innate immunity is a first-line defense with limited specificity but triggers adaptive immunity. Adaptive immunity provides specific responses and immunological memory.

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