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Computer science first year subject
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- Special purpose computers are designed to perform specific functions, while general-purpose computers include personal computers, servers, workstations, and mainframes.
- Computer architecture involves the relationship between software and hardware, represented as an hourglass with high-level languages at the top and solid-state physics, mathematics, and logic at the bottom. Key elements include ISA (Instruction Set Architecture), Von Neumann architecture, and CPU components like registers, decoders, and buses.
- Hardware includes the central processing unit (CPU), memory devices (RAM, secondary memory), and input/output devices such as keyboards, mice, screens, printers, and loudspeakers.
- Software consists of programs that instruct hardware to perform tasks, data upon which programs operate, and algorithms represented informally or formally through flowcharts. The CPU executes instructions via the instruction fetch, decode, and execute units.
- Memory types include internal (RAM, ROM) and external memory with different features like volatility, access time, and capacity. Examples of memory types are RAM, ROM, and secondary storage devices like hard disks and floppy disks.
- The Intel 80286 and 8086 processors have specific address and data buses, determining their maximum internal memory capacities.
- The computer instruction cycle involves fetching, decoding, and executing instructions. Pipelining allows multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously.
- Positional numeral systems include binary (0b), octal (0o), and hexadecimal (0x) representations, with sign and magnitude and two's complement for signed numbers. ASCII and Unicode represent characters in computers, with UTF-8 being the most used encoding technique for Unicode.
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