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Università degli Studi di Torino diritto per le imprese e le istituzioni Curriculum operatore giuridico nelle imprese 2020
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- Discipline of Legal Sources: The Constitution is the primary source, regulating inferior ones. `Preleggi` (preliminary dispositions to the civil code, 1942) list laws, regulations, and customs as sources, with the latter having faced constitutional scrutiny for gender parity in surname succession.
- Interpretation and Antinomy Resolution: Laws are interpreted literally, according to legislative intent, or analogically. Conflicts between norms are resolved by chronological (`lex posterior`, Art. 15 Preleggi), hierarchical (superior source prevails, Kelsen's theory), and competence criteria (resolved by the Constitutional Court). Abrogation is generally prospective (`ex nunc`), but retroactivity is possible if explicitly stated, with exceptions for penal law (`favor rei`).
- Reserves of Law: Mandate specific matters to be regulated by law, not by secondary sources. They can be absolute, relative, or reinforced (by content or procedure), as exemplified in various Constitutional articles (e.g., Arts. 13, 97, 8).
- Italian Constitution: Is rigid, unlike the flexible Albertine Statute, guaranteed by an aggravated revision procedure (Art. 138 Cost.) and a system of constitutional justice. The Italian form of government is parliamentary, with inherent risks of instability. Constitutional sentences have `erga omnes` and often retroactive effect, with specific rules for penal cases, and can be manipulative (additive, substitutive).
- Referendums and Direct Democracy: Originating in Greece and Rome, referendums play a significant role. In Italy, these include regional, abrogative (Art. 75 Cost.), and constitutional (Art. 138 Cost.). Notable examples include those on divorce, public financing of parties, and parliamentary reduction. The Constitutional Court has defined limits to their admissibility (Sentenza 16/1978, 68/1978).
- Electoral Systems: Covered are majority (e.g., UK) and proportional systems (e.g., Spain, Belgium), along with mixed models (e.g., Germany). Italy's history shows a shift from limited suffrage to proportional, then efforts to manage instability. The evolution of gender parity in electoral law (Art. 51 Cost. modified 2003) is also detailed, with regional variations and court interventions.
- EU and International Law: Art. 11 Cost. allows the application of EU law. The `Sentenza Granital` (1984) established that directly effective EU norms prevail over conflicting internal laws. The `controlimiti` doctrine ensures that fundamental constitutional principles are not overridden by EU law. Art. 117 Cost. defines the relationship with both EU and international obligations, including the CEDU, which provides binding human rights protections.
- Right to Asylum and Citizenship: Art. 10(3) Cost. protects asylum seekers, shaped by international conventions (Geneva, Dublin) and national legislation (e.g., Salvini Decrees). Citizenship laws follow `ius sanguinis` in Italy, with provisions for acquisition and revocation.
- Legislative Procedure and Acts with Force of Law: Legislative initiative (Arts. 70-71 Cost.) comes from various bodies, including popular initiative, though its effectiveness is limited. The legislative process (Art. 72 Cost.) involves commissions and parliamentary approval, followed by promulgation by the President (Arts. 73-74 Cost.). Acts with force of law, such as legislative decrees and decree-laws, are provisional measures with specific constitutional requirements (Arts. 76-77 Cost.) and are subject to judicial review to ensure compliance with delegation limits.
- Regional Autonomy: Special statutes were initially approved by the Constituent Assembly. Reforms in 1999 and 2001 (Title V reform) significantly strengthened regional autonomy, introducing direct election of regional presidents and redefining competences (exclusive, concurrent, residual).