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Advanced legal English
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- Canon law: governs the Catholic Church and its members through papal decrees.
- Civil law: emerged in continental Europe, based on codified Roman law and national legislation.
- Common law: developed in England, based on case law and precedent rather than codified laws.
- Code: a collection of laws or related to a specific subject.
- Codification: the process of compiling and systematizing laws into a code.
- Corpus iuris civilis: Justinian I's compilation of Roman law from 529 CE.
- Equity: legal principles in common law that supplement strict application of common law for just outcomes.
- Precedent: authoritative judicial decisions guiding future similar cases.
- Writ: formal order from a judicial or administrative authority directing legal action, originally royal orders.
- Yearbooks/reports: collections of common law court cases and opinions recorded by year, later officially printed as Reports.
- In civil law countries, judges are more active in proceedings; lawyers have less central role but still advise on points of law and prepare pleadings.
- In common law systems, lawyers present to judge/jury, examine witnesses, and maintain active roles; non-litigation tasks may be done by quasi-legal professionals.
- Civil law contrasts with common and criminal law: based on written codes derived from fundamental principles or dealing with non-criminal matters like contracts.
- Latin terms: ad hoc, et al., etc., exempli gratia, id est, per se, sic, versus, de facto, ipso facto, inter alia, per annum, pro forma, pro rata, quorum, sui juris, ultra vires, videlicet.
- Contract types: hire contract, divisible contract, employment contract, sale of land, bilateral and simple contracts, contract under seal, open contract, unilateral contract, service contract, entire contract, implied contract, deed.
- Lawsuits: letters of intent, heads of agreement, quasi-contracts.
- Contract elements: offer, counteroffer, consideration, acceptance, party, representation, repudiation, frustration, impracticability, dispute resolution (arbitration), damages.
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