Appunti VERIFICATO
METABOLIC BIOCHEMISTRY
Università degli Studi di Torino cellular and molecular biology-biologia cellulare e molecolare Curriculum biomolecular 2025
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- Catabolic pathways: degrade complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy, producing ATP, NADH, NADPH and FADH2; redox state is oxidative with NAD+ reduced to NADH; examples include glycolysis, B-oxidation, citric acid cycle, proteolysis, and glycogenolysis
- Anabolic pathways: synthesize complex molecules from simpler precursors by consuming energy, requiring ATP and NADPH; redox state is reductive with NADPH oxidized to NADP+; examples include gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis
- Enzyme classes: Oxidoreductases for electron transfer, Transferases for functional group transfer, Hydrolases for bond cleavage using water, Lyases for additional/removal of groups to form double bonds or breaking bonds without hydrolysis or oxidation, Isomerases for intramolecular rearrangement, Ligases for formation of new covalent bonds with ATP hydrolysis
- NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH: structures, functions, and sites of action; NAD+ is reduced to NADH in catabolic reactions, while NADP+ is used in anabolic and detoxifying reactions
- Control mechanisms for metabolic pathways: enzyme levels through gene expression, enzyme activity by substrate concentration, allosteric regulation, covalent modification, feedback inhibition, compartmentation, hormonal regulation (insulin, glucagon, adrenaline), and second messengers (cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+)
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