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- The course examines architectural evolution from Roman times through the Renaissance to early Baroque, focusing on key concepts, figures, and their works.
- Roman Architecture: Characterized by precise proportions, geometric construction, and the functional growth of the arch and vault. Concepts like 'entasis' for column swelling and 'muraria' versus 'trilitica' forms are explored. The Colosseum exemplifies the arch's formal application, while structures like the Mercati Traianei showcase concatenated orders and exedras.
- Early Christian & Medieval Architecture: Ravenna's architecture (Galla Placidia, San Giovanni Evangelista, Sant'Apollinare) demonstrates a remarkable indifference to historical shifts, maintaining consistent techniques and forms. The Battistero di San Giovanni in Florence, with its orthogonal plan, arches, and the introduction of the lantern, illustrates early architectural innovations. Medieval churches, such as San Michele in Germania and Autun, highlight increasing verticality, the development of cross vaults, and the use of diaphragm arches.
- Florentine Renaissance (Brunelleschi): Marked by a return to classical language, precise linear schemes, and the codification of perspective. Brunelleschi's works, including the Ospedale degli Innocenti and Santo Spirito, exemplify linear design, bicromia (grey pietra serena and white plaster), and the use of the round arch and concatenated classical orders.
- Leon Battista Alberti: Known for his philological approach, studying ancient texts like Vitruvius. His work emphasizes pilasters, vaults, arches, and a "walled box" aesthetic regulated by proportion. Palazzo Rucellai showcases superimposed orders. Sant'Andrea a Mantova presents a massive, muraria architecture using arch and pilaster, differing from linearism.
- Donato Bramante: Trained in Urbino and active in Milan and Rome under Pope Julius II. His work at Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan) integrates exterior volume with interior space. In Rome, the Belvedere complex demonstrates a grand urban staircase and complex spatial sequencing. The Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio is a quintessential example of Renaissance classicism, featuring an invented abstract order and a filter-like balustrade. Bramante's Palazzo Caprini introduces a rusticated ground floor with superimposed orders above.
- Michelangelo: A sculptor who brought innovation, dynamic force, and a sense of "unfinish" to architecture. His designs, such as those at Porta Pia or the Capitol, often remove walls where possible, using order as a structural vehicle. His contribution to Santa Maria del Popolo includes a choir and apse with a barrel vault and coffers, influencing later Baroque designs.
- The course also discusses architectural elements like columns, pilasters (anta, lesena), walls (muro), semicolumns, and bays (campata), and their compositional roles in classical and Renaissance buildings. The evolution of architectural beauty, order, and continuity is a recurring theme, exploring how parts integrate and create harmonious, coherent spaces.