Appunti VERIFICATO
test chimica
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- Biochemistry:
- Photosynthesis transforms CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates and oxygen.
- Proteins are essential macromolecules; cholesterol is a lipid, while fibrinogen, lysozyme, myoglobin, and trypsin are proteins.
- Essential amino acids are those our cells cannot synthesize.
- Starch is a glucose polymer.
- ATP functions as a chemical energy reserve.
- Ribose is a constituent of RNA.
- Enzymes are proteins with catalytic activity.
- Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
- Protein primary structure is defined by covalent (peptide) bonds between amino acids.
- Myoglobin and hemoglobin contain iron for oxygen transport.
- Lipids provide more energy per gram than proteins or carbohydrates.
- Triglycerides are glycerol triesters and yield trivalent alcohol and soaps upon basic hydrolysis.
- Cellulose and glycogen are structural polysaccharides.
- Albumin is a protein.
- Glycerine is a tri-alcohol (propanetriol).
- Sucrose is a disaccharide (glucose + fructose).
- Glycine is an amino acid.
- Adenine is a nitrogenous base.
- General and Inorganic Chemistry:
- Glucose is a polar molecule, soluble in water but not benzene.
- Real gases behave ideally at low pressure and high temperature.
- Reaction rate constants depend on temperature.
- An oxidant is a substance that gains electrons (its oxidation number decreases).
- Entropy is related to the disorder of a system.
- Osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression are colligative properties.
- pH quantifies H+ concentration; pH 1 corresponds to 10^-1 M H3O+.
- The equilibrium constant is independent of initial concentrations but depends on temperature.
- Density is mass per unit volume.
- Catalysts increase reaction rates.
- Water can act as an acid (proton donor) or a base (proton acceptor).
- Atomic mass is determined by protons and neutrons.
- Ionic bonds form between elements with large electronegativity differences.
- Neutralization reactions involve an acid and a base forming a salt and water.
- The atomic mass unit is dimensionless (1/12 the mass of Carbon-12).
- Boiling points decrease with altitude due to lower atmospheric pressure.
- Gamma radiation consists of electromagnetic waves.
- Noble gases are chemically inert due to full valence shells.
- Isotopes have the same number of protons (atomic number) but different numbers of neutrons (mass number).
- Molarity is moles per liter of solution; molality is moles per kilogram of solvent.
- A buffer solution resists pH changes.
- The ideal gas equation is PV=nRT.
- Oxidation is the loss of electrons.
- Electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract bonding electrons.
- Organic Chemistry:
- Naphthalene is an aromatic hydrocarbon.
- Acetone is a simple ketone.
- Esters form from reactions between acids and alcohols.
- Amino acids contain both carboxyl and amino functional groups.
- An asymmetric carbon atom is bonded to four different groups.
- Hydrogenation of propene yields propane (an addition reaction).
- Teflon is a polymer formed from CF2CF2.
- Pyridine is a heterocyclic aromatic compound.
- Peptide bonds are amide linkages.
- Sp3 hybridization is common in alkanes (e.g., butane, ethane).
- Alkenes contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
- Primary amines have the R-NH2 structure.
- Optical isomerism occurs in molecules with a chiral carbon.
- The "hardening of oils" is a hydrogenation process.
- Dehydrogenation of a secondary alcohol produces a ketone.
- Organic acids typically exhibit weak acidity.