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Appunti lezioni Environmental microbial biotechnology
Università degli Studi di Milano biotechnology for the bioeconomy - biotecnologia per la bioeconomia 2021
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- Microbial communities in different environments can be managed to modify microbiota structure or engineered by breeding, transplantation, or inoculum.
- The relative abundance of taxa varies; Darwin's theory suggests a small fraction of species are abundant, while the Pareto principle indicates 20% of species perform 80% of functions. High-precision methods are needed but often not all species need to be studied due to the dominant species' significant contribution.
- The rare biosphere consists of species with low abundance; techniques like metagenomics and amplicon sequencing are most precise for detecting these species, requiring deep sequencing and sampling to describe them accurately.
- Dormancy cells in soil can change their abundance over time due to environmental conditions. VBNC (viable but not culturable) cells are metabolically inactive under non-optimal conditions but can become active when specific environmental conditions are present.
- Contamination from external microbes or fecal matter, such as E. coli, can affect soil microbial communities, often entering dormancy states.
- Disturbance events like climate change, invasive species, and pollution impact microbial community stability; resistance is the ability to withstand disturbances, while resilience is the capacity to recover functionality.
- Microbial organisms are categorized as R-strategists (short duplication time) or K-strategists (long duplication time), with cultivation methods causing selection bias due to non-culturable species and symbiotic dependencies.
- Syntropy involves metabolic cooperation between interdependent organisms, while quorum sensing is a type of cell-to-cell communication through signal molecules. Biomolecular methods are generally more effective for describing microbial communities than cultivation-dependent ones.
- Nucleic acid-based approaches like 16S rRNA studies help identify community members and assess richness and evenness, but do not provide direct functional information. Functional genes and transcripts can be analyzed to understand community functions, though this is challenging with unknown
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